optativeadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈɒptətɪv/,

/ɒpˈteɪtɪv/, U.S.

/ˈɑptədɪv/

Forms: late Middle English optatyf, 1500s optatyfe, 1500s optatyve, 1500s–1600s optatiue, 1500s– optative, 1600s optativa.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French optatif; Latin optativus.

Etymology: < Middle French, French optatif (adjective) expressing desire (second half of the 14th cent.), (noun) optative mood (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), word expressing a wish (1374) and its etymon post-classical Latin optativus (adjective) expressing desire (4th cent. in grammatical context), (noun) optative mood (4th cent.; compare Hellenistic Greek ἡ εὐκτική ) < classical Latin optāt- , past participial stem of optāre optate v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Italian ottativo (early 14th cent. as †optativo, noun and adjective), Spanish optativo (1490 as noun), both in grammatical sense.Compare the following early use of the post-classical Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 125 Þæt ðridde gemet ys optativvs, þæt ys, gewiscendlic.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 131 Optativo modo gewiscendlicum gemete.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 208 Fores hæfð optativvm utinam forem eala gyf ic wære. N.E.D. (1903) notes that ‘the first pronunciation above is the normal one (cf. ablative, precative, relative), recognized by orthoepists generally, but the second prevails in English grammar school and college use.’

A. adj.

1. Grammar. Having the function of expressing wish or desire. optative mood (also mode) n. [after post-classical Latin optativus modus (4th cent.), in turn after Hellenistic Greek εὐκτικὴ ἔγκλισις] the mood or form of the verb of which a prominent function is the expression of wish or desire, as in ancient Greek μὴ γένοιτο ‘may it not happen!’.With reference to the Indo-European verb modern scholarship reconstructs an optative mood which probably expressed a wish, but which also could have potential value. Vedic Sanskrit and ancient Greek preserve a contrast between the optative and the subjunctive moods, while other Indo-European languages (including Germanic) mostly formed their so-called subjunctive mood from the forms of the optative or from a combination of optative and subjunctive forms. The term has also been applied to syntactical forms expressing the sense of the Greek optative mood, as in classical Latin utinam essem, fuissem ‘would that I were’, ‘would that I had been’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adjective] > optative or desiderative

optativec1400

desiderative1552

preparative1552

meditative1755

benedictive1841

volitive1846

voluntative1870

c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 (MED) Þe indicatif mod is þat þat schewis þe sothe or þe false; þe inperatif þat commandis; þe optatif þat yernys.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 How many moodes bu ther?..Indicatyf, imperatyf, optatyf, coniunctyf, and infinityf.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 25 Qwerby knowyst optatyf mood? For it welyth or desiryth..vtinam, ne, quatinus, o si, ar þe synes of optatyf mood.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 84 The optative mode whiche they use whan they wisshe a dede to be done, as bien parle il, wel speke he or well myght he speke.

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lx. 6) Some transpose the preter-tence of the verb into the optative moode, that it may bee a continual prayer.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1355 Thus you see, how in this little word Ei there is an optative power sufficiently declared.

a1652 R. Brome Queen & Concubine (1873) iii. vii 60 Shew us th' Imperative mood or warrant for her death, Or we shall put you into the Optativa mood, By punishment to wish your selves dead.

1751 J. Harris Hermes i. ii. 16 To speak Sentences interrogative, imperative, precative, or optative.

1806 W. Carey Gram. Sungskrit Lang. p. vi Optative verbs.

1845 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 53/1 We should not be inclined to separate the optative mood from the imperative, were it not that various Languages, and particularly the Greek, distinguish it by a separate inflection.

1879 H. J. Roby Gram. Lat. Lang. II. xxi. 282 Use of the subjunctive mood to express desire: Optative and jussive subjunctive.

1943 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 4 242 ‘Fred is buying groceries’ asserts the state of affairs participially signifiable by ‘Fred buying groceries (now).’... ‘Oh that Fred may be buying groceries’ [presents it] in the optative mood.

1988 Church Times 16 Dec. 5/3 The Greek for ‘be it unto me’ is in the optative mood, which expresses an element of wishing.

2001 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Sept. 68/1 The women speak only in the optative and subjunctive moods.

a. Relating to choice, or expressing desire; relating to the future and to the decisions it involves.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > [adjective]

room1481

optative1611

optive1656

optional1766

1611 W. Sclater Key to Key of Script. 142 It is eyther optatiue in the wish, or desire of the heart, or occasionall.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan i. vi. 29 The language of Vain-Glory, of Indignation, Pitty and Revengefulness, Optative.

1850 J. McCosh Method Divine Govt. (ed. 2) iii. i. 271 The Will or Optative Power, choosing or rejecting among the objects presented to the mind.

1921 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 32 103 The religious sanction is valuable..even if its common meaning be stretched..in terms of a naturalistic psychology and an optative theology.

1985 G. T. Nurse et al. Peoples of S. Afr. xi. 297 There could be the progressive extension of miscegenation coupled..with largely optative social membership of racially described groups.

2001 Insight on News (Nexis) 3 Dec. 10 California's GOP gubernatorial primary is shaping up to be an optative problem.

†b. Roman Law. [Translating classical Latin optīvus.] = optive adj. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [adjective] > having right to choose a guardian

optive1656

optative1875

1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) i. §154 A guardian nominated by the testator is called a dative guardian; one selected by the widow is called an optative guardian.

B. n.

1. Grammar. The optative mood.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [noun] > optative or desiderative

optativec1450

yearning1522

volitive1823

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 How knowyst the optatyf? That at wyllyth or desyryth, as ‘God wolde that I were a good man.’

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 36 Some want theyr present and indiffinit optatyve, savyng onely the thyrde parson synguler.

1614 T. Adams in C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David (1882) VI. Ps. cxix. 4, 5 [Verse 4] is God's imperative..[Verse 5] should be our optative.

1837 Southern Literary Messenger 3 167/1 Modifying the meaning of the root in a variety of ways by adding to it the ideas of time, activity or passiveness, desire (as the Greek optative does), number, [etc.].

1869 J. Eadie Comm. Epist. Gal. (ii. 2) 108 The first verb in the present subjunctive, where perhaps an optative might have been expected.

1930 Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 3 627 Such verbs, for example, as and should and ought, representing the optative, appear with astounding frequency.

1994 Guardian 6 Aug. 27/1 Nothing is more astounding in our resources of syntax than the evolution of optatives, of subjunctives, of counter-factual propositions.

†2. Something to be desired; a desirable thing. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > desire > [noun] > object of desire

willeOE

desire1340

appetitec1386

flight1530

optative1605

catch1609

desiderate1640

desirable1645

desideratuma1651

eligible1656

appetible1715

lookout1795

desideration1836

ooh-ah1957

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ii1^v That by these Optatiues and Potentialls, Mans enquirie may bee the more awake.

1702 ‘T. Snow’ Apiroscopy sig. A8 By Optatives is to be understood, all those Perfections, that being desirable, are rather very difficult, than absolutely impossible to be obtained.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	optative
释义	optativeadj.n. Brit. /ˈɒptətɪv/, /ɒpˈteɪtɪv/, U.S. /ˈɑptədɪv/ Forms: late Middle English optatyf, 1500s optatyfe, 1500s optatyve, 1500s–1600s optatiue, 1500s– optative, 1600s optativa. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French optatif; Latin optativus. Etymology: < Middle French, French optatif (adjective) expressing desire (second half of the 14th cent.), (noun) optative mood (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), word expressing a wish (1374) and its etymon post-classical Latin optativus (adjective) expressing desire (4th cent. in grammatical context), (noun) optative mood (4th cent.; compare Hellenistic Greek ἡ εὐκτική ) < classical Latin optāt- , past participial stem of optāre optate v. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Italian ottativo (early 14th cent. as †optativo, noun and adjective), Spanish optativo (1490 as noun), both in grammatical sense.Compare the following early use of the post-classical Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B. 1) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 125 Þæt ðridde gemet ys optativvs, þæt ys, gewiscendlic.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 131 Optativo modo gewiscendlicum gemete.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 208 Fores hæfð optativvm utinam forem eala gyf ic wære. N.E.D. (1903) notes that ‘the first pronunciation above is the normal one (cf. ablative, precative, relative), recognized by orthoepists generally, but the second prevails in English grammar school and college use.’ A. adj. 1. Grammar. Having the function of expressing wish or desire. optative mood (also mode) n. [after post-classical Latin optativus modus (4th cent.), in turn after Hellenistic Greek εὐκτικὴ ἔγκλισις] the mood or form of the verb of which a prominent function is the expression of wish or desire, as in ancient Greek μὴ γένοιτο ‘may it not happen!’.With reference to the Indo-European verb modern scholarship reconstructs an optative mood which probably expressed a wish, but which also could have potential value. Vedic Sanskrit and ancient Greek preserve a contrast between the optative and the subjunctive moods, while other Indo-European languages (including Germanic) mostly formed their so-called subjunctive mood from the forms of the optative or from a combination of optative and subjunctive forms. The term has also been applied to syntactical forms expressing the sense of the Greek optative mood, as in classical Latin utinam essem, fuissem ‘would that I were’, ‘would that I had been’. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adjective] > optative or desiderative optativec1400 desiderative1552 preparative1552 meditative1755 benedictive1841 volitive1846 voluntative1870 c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 (MED) Þe indicatif mod is þat þat schewis þe sothe or þe false; þe inperatif þat commandis; þe optatif þat yernys. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 How many moodes bu ther?..Indicatyf, imperatyf, optatyf, coniunctyf, and infinityf. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 25 Qwerby knowyst optatyf mood? For it welyth or desiryth..vtinam, ne, quatinus, o si, ar þe synes of optatyf mood. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 84 The optative mode whiche they use whan they wisshe a dede to be done, as bien parle il, wel speke he or well myght he speke. 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lx. 6) Some transpose the preter-tence of the verb into the optative moode, that it may bee a continual prayer. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1355 Thus you see, how in this little word Ei there is an optative power sufficiently declared. a1652 R. Brome Queen & Concubine (1873) iii. vii 60 Shew us th' Imperative mood or warrant for her death, Or we shall put you into the Optativa mood, By punishment to wish your selves dead. 1751 J. Harris Hermes i. ii. 16 To speak Sentences interrogative, imperative, precative, or optative. 1806 W. Carey Gram. Sungskrit Lang. p. vi Optative verbs. 1845 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1847) I. 53/1 We should not be inclined to separate the optative mood from the imperative, were it not that various Languages, and particularly the Greek, distinguish it by a separate inflection. 1879 H. J. Roby Gram. Lat. Lang. II. xxi. 282 Use of the subjunctive mood to express desire: Optative and jussive subjunctive. 1943 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 4 242 ‘Fred is buying groceries’ asserts the state of affairs participially signifiable by ‘Fred buying groceries (now).’... ‘Oh that Fred may be buying groceries’ [presents it] in the optative mood. 1988 Church Times 16 Dec. 5/3 The Greek for ‘be it unto me’ is in the optative mood, which expresses an element of wishing. 2001 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 20 Sept. 68/1 The women speak only in the optative and subjunctive moods. 2. a. Relating to choice, or expressing desire; relating to the future and to the decisions it involves. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > [adjective] room1481 optative1611 optive1656 optional1766 1611 W. Sclater Key to Key of Script. 142 It is eyther optatiue in the wish, or desire of the heart, or occasionall. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan i. vi. 29 The language of Vain-Glory, of Indignation, Pitty and Revengefulness, Optative. 1850 J. McCosh Method Divine Govt. (ed. 2) iii. i. 271 The Will or Optative Power, choosing or rejecting among the objects presented to the mind. 1921 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 32 103 The religious sanction is valuable..even if its common meaning be stretched..in terms of a naturalistic psychology and an optative theology. 1985 G. T. Nurse et al. Peoples of S. Afr. xi. 297 There could be the progressive extension of miscegenation coupled..with largely optative social membership of racially described groups. 2001 Insight on News (Nexis) 3 Dec. 10 California's GOP gubernatorial primary is shaping up to be an optative problem. †b. Roman Law. [Translating classical Latin optīvus.] = optive adj. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [adjective] > having right to choose a guardian optive1656 optative1875 1875 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis (ed. 2) i. §154 A guardian nominated by the testator is called a dative guardian; one selected by the widow is called an optative guardian. B. n. 1. Grammar. The optative mood. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [noun] > optative or desiderative optativec1450 yearning1522 volitive1823 c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 38 How knowyst the optatyf? That at wyllyth or desyryth, as ‘God wolde that I were a good man.’ 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 36 Some want theyr present and indiffinit optatyve, savyng onely the thyrde parson synguler. 1614 T. Adams in C. H. Spurgeon Treasury of David (1882) VI. Ps. cxix. 4, 5 [Verse 4] is God's imperative..[Verse 5] should be our optative. 1837 Southern Literary Messenger 3 167/1 Modifying the meaning of the root in a variety of ways by adding to it the ideas of time, activity or passiveness, desire (as the Greek optative does), number, [etc.]. 1869 J. Eadie Comm. Epist. Gal. (ii. 2) 108 The first verb in the present subjunctive, where perhaps an optative might have been expected. 1930 Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 3 627 Such verbs, for example, as and should and ought, representing the optative, appear with astounding frequency. 1994 Guardian 6 Aug. 27/1 Nothing is more astounding in our resources of syntax than the evolution of optatives, of subjunctives, of counter-factual propositions. †2. Something to be desired; a desirable thing. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > desire > [noun] > object of desire willeOE desire1340 appetitec1386 flight1530 optative1605 catch1609 desiderate1640 desirable1645 desideratuma1651 eligible1656 appetible1715 lookout1795 desideration1836 ooh-ah1957 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ii1^v That by these Optatiues and Potentialls, Mans enquirie may bee the more awake. View more context for this quotation 1702 ‘T. Snow’ Apiroscopy sig. A8 By Optatives is to be understood, all those Perfections, that being desirable, are rather very difficult, than absolutely impossible to be obtained. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.c1400
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