† obdureadj.

Origin: Probably a borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin obdurus.

Etymology: Probably < post-classical Latin obdurus hardened, stubborn (5th or 6th cent.) < classical Latin obdūrāre obdurate v. Compare earlier dure adj. N.E.D. (1902) gives the pronunciation as (ǫ̆bdiū^ə·ɹ) /əbˈdjʊə(r)/.

Obsolete.

1. = obdurate adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted

hard hearteOE

steelena1000

hardOE

hard-heartedc1225

stony?c1230

yhert1340

dure1412

hardedc1425

induratec1425

stonishc1450

hardenedc1480

steely1508

flinty1536

endured1540

stiff-stomached1540

heartless1556

indured1558

flint-hearted1560

iron1561

marble1565

stone-hearted?1569

stony-hearted1569

iron-hearted1570

steel-hearted1571

rocky?1578

brawned1582

flinted1582

padded1583

obdure?1590

brawny1596

flintful1596

flint-heart1596

steeled1600

cauterized1603

indurated1604

flinty-hearted1629

ahenean1630

dedolent1633

brawny-hearteda1639

hard-grained1643

callous1647

upsitten1682

seared1684

petrified1720

calloused1746

coreless1813

pebble-hearted1816

hard-shelled1848

hard-plucked1857

steel trap1921

society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [adjective] > insensible to moral influence

clumseda1340

obduratec1450

obdureda1500

obdure?1590

obfirmed1597

society > faith > worship > sacrament > confession > penitence > impenitence > [adjective]

unrepentantc1384

uncontritec1450

unforthinking1483

obdureda1500

unpenitent1530

impenitent1532

unrepenting?1575

irrepentant1583

obdure?1590

unreclaimed1591

unremorseful1598

unconfessing1641

repentless1681

compunctionless1830

unatoning1838

unapologetic1892

?1590–1 J. Burel Passage of Pilgremer ii, in Poems sig. P4 Ye Brigans and ye Bougrers, ye spoilzers of the pure, Ye false Iudgis and Occrers, And ye murdrers obdure.

1608 T. Heywood Rape of Lucrece sig. F4^v My dores the day time to my frinds are free, But in the night the obdure gates are lesse kind.

1639 G. Daniel Ecclus. xvi. 45 Hee made obdure the heart of y^t proud King Pharoh.

a1641 J. Webster & T. Heywood Appius & Virginia (1654) iv.50 If the Generals heart be so obdure to an old begging souldier, Have I here no honest Legionary of mine own Troop?

1757 E. Perronet Mitre (new ed.) iii. lxxvii. 156 The noble mind: From vulgar dross and dregs refin'd: High polish'd——and obdure!

1785 E. Perronet Sinner's Wish in Occas. Verses 51 My will perverse, my heart obdure, My every action sin.

1850 E. B. Browning Meaning of Look in Poems I. 334 When thy deathly need is obdurest [1844 bitterest, later edd. dreariest].

2. = obdurate adj. 2. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [adjective]

hardeOE

braasny1382

dure1412

flinty?1541

obdurate1598

putaminous1598

oakeda1618

marblya1620

obdure1625

marmorean1656

durous1666

calculous1682

scirrhous1694

horn-hard1768

marmoreal1798

1625 F. Quarles Sions Sonets xxiv. sig. F4 Direct those hearts, that Errour leades astray, Dissolue the waxe, but make obdure the Clay.

1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies (1660) ii. xiv. 54 Gods sacred Word is like the Lamp of Day, Which softens wax, but makes obdure the clay.

Derivatives

obdurely adv.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adverb] > obdurately

indurately1553

obdurately1704

obdurely1848

1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton King Arthur ix. civ The morsels least obdurely tough.

obdureness n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > obduracy

hardnessOE

rigourc1425

induration1493

indurateness1537

induritness1558

obduracy1600

obdurance1606

obdurateness1612

obdureness1624

obduredness1633

obdurity1655

society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [noun] > insensibility to moral influence

clumstheada1340

clumstnessa1340

obduracy1600

obdurateness1612

obdureness1624

obduredness1633

society > faith > worship > sacrament > confession > penitence > impenitence > [noun]

unrepentancec1400

obdurationc1450

unforthinking1483

impenitency1563

obfirmation1592

obduracy1600

irrepentance1607

obdurateness1612

unrepentingness1615

impenitence1624

obdureness1624

obduredness1633

1624 T. Heywood Γυναικεῖον i. 55 The fates For her obdurenesse turn'd her into stone.

1634 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. Hist. New Test. (STC 12640.5) 246 Oh the sottishnesse, and obdurenesse of this sonne of perdition!

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2020).

† obdurev.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin obdūrāre.

Etymology: < classical Latin obdūrāre obdurate v. Compare Italian †obdurare (a1342), Catalan †obdurar (1463). Compare earlier obdured adj., obdure adj. N.E.D. (1902) gives the pronunciation as (ǫ̆bdiū^ə·ɹ) /əbˈdjʊə(r)/.

Obsolete.

1. transitive. = obdurate v. 1.In quot. 1640: to strengthen, fortify.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] > make hard or callous

hardc1325

hardenc1350

engrege1382

endurec1384

indurec1450

indurate1538

obduratea1540

brawn1571

hard heart1581

sear1582

cauterize1587

myrmidonize1593

obdure1598

Gorgonize1609

stonea1616

petrifya1631

petrificate1647

roborate1652

case-harden1687

ossify1803

hard-boil1929

society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [verb (transitive)] > be insensible to good influence > make insensible to moral influence

obduratea1540

obfirm1570

obdure1598

obfirmate1616

occrustate1662

1598 B. Yong tr. J. de Montemayor Diana 24 The fault is now apayed Vnto my cost: Now mollifie thy dire Hardnes and brest of thine so much obdured [Sp. endurescido].

1604 A. Craig Poet. Ess. sig. B3^v Doe not thine eares Demetrius-like obdure.

1633 T. Heywood Eng. Trav. v, in Wks. (1874) IV. 90 Hath..sinne so obdur'd thy heart?

1640 Bp. J. Hall Christian Moderation i. 161 It concerns a wise man to obdure himself against these weak feares.

1678 R. Barclay Apol. True Christian Divinity v. §18. 153 God seems..to have obdur'd their Hearts, to force them unto great Sins.

1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 84 Not..from God, dooming to perdition, reprobating, obdurating, damning, but from man..obduring or hardening himself in sin.

2. intransitive. To become or remain obdurate; to harden.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > become hard [verb (intransitive)]

hardeOE

hardenc1350

obdure1609

indurate1626

obdurate1659

accrust1881

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > be or become obstinate or stubborn [verb (intransitive)]

persist1531

to stand in this1538

to make it tougha1549

obdure1609

opiniatre1678

to ride rusty1709

to dig in one's toes1933

1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica vi. ii Sencelesse of good as stones they soone obdure.

1641 S. Marshall et al. Answer Hvmble Remonstr. (1653) Post. 88 Becket obdures, denies that the..Courts have authoritie to judge him.

a1667 G. Wither Speculum Speculativum in Misc. Wks. (1872–7) V. 111 Left they fall into that great Offence Which may obdure into Impenitence.

a1763 W. Shenstone Wks. Verse & Prose (1764) I. 315 Resolute in wrongs the priest obdur'd.

3. transitive. = obdurate v. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > make hard [verb (transitive)]

hardenc1175

forharda1325

enharden1502

forharden1571

roche1582

obdurate1583

indurate1594

obdure1624

1624 T. Heywood Γυναικεῖον i. 55 A dragon they espie Obdur'd to stone.

1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 119 Brick..hardened by the Sun, which makes them..no less solid and usefull than those the Fire obdures.

Derivatives

obduring n. rare

ΚΠ

1643 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce 41 He..would little perplex his thought for the obduring of nine hunderd and ninety such as will daily take wors liberties.

1855 W. H. Curran Life of J. P. Curran 210 The charge of obduring that bigotry which had torn and disgraced his country.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online September 2019).

单词	obdure
释义	† obdureadj. Origin: Probably a borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin obdurus. Etymology: Probably < post-classical Latin obdurus hardened, stubborn (5th or 6th cent.) < classical Latin obdūrāre obdurate v. Compare earlier dure adj. N.E.D. (1902) gives the pronunciation as (ǫ̆bdiū^ə·ɹ) /əbˈdjʊə(r)/. Obsolete. 1. = obdurate adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted hard hearteOE steelena1000 hardOE hard-heartedc1225 stony?c1230 yhert1340 dure1412 hardedc1425 induratec1425 stonishc1450 hardenedc1480 steely1508 flinty1536 endured1540 stiff-stomached1540 heartless1556 indured1558 flint-hearted1560 iron1561 marble1565 stone-hearted?1569 stony-hearted1569 iron-hearted1570 steel-hearted1571 rocky?1578 brawned1582 flinted1582 padded1583 obdure?1590 brawny1596 flintful1596 flint-heart1596 steeled1600 cauterized1603 indurated1604 flinty-hearted1629 ahenean1630 dedolent1633 brawny-hearteda1639 hard-grained1643 callous1647 upsitten1682 seared1684 petrified1720 calloused1746 coreless1813 pebble-hearted1816 hard-shelled1848 hard-plucked1857 steel trap1921 society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [adjective] > insensible to moral influence clumseda1340 obduratec1450 obdureda1500 obdure?1590 obfirmed1597 society > faith > worship > sacrament > confession > penitence > impenitence > [adjective] unrepentantc1384 uncontritec1450 unforthinking1483 obdureda1500 unpenitent1530 impenitent1532 unrepenting?1575 irrepentant1583 obdure?1590 unreclaimed1591 unremorseful1598 unconfessing1641 repentless1681 compunctionless1830 unatoning1838 unapologetic1892 ?1590–1 J. Burel Passage of Pilgremer ii, in Poems sig. P4 Ye Brigans and ye Bougrers, ye spoilzers of the pure, Ye false Iudgis and Occrers, And ye murdrers obdure. 1608 T. Heywood Rape of Lucrece sig. F4^v My dores the day time to my frinds are free, But in the night the obdure gates are lesse kind. 1639 G. Daniel Ecclus. xvi. 45 Hee made obdure the heart of y^t proud King Pharoh. a1641 J. Webster & T. Heywood Appius & Virginia (1654) iv.50 If the Generals heart be so obdure to an old begging souldier, Have I here no honest Legionary of mine own Troop? 1757 E. Perronet Mitre (new ed.) iii. lxxvii. 156 The noble mind: From vulgar dross and dregs refin'd: High polish'd——and obdure! 1785 E. Perronet Sinner's Wish in Occas. Verses 51 My will perverse, my heart obdure, My every action sin. 1850 E. B. Browning Meaning of Look in Poems I. 334 When thy deathly need is obdurest [1844 bitterest, later edd. dreariest]. 2. = obdurate adj. 2. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [adjective] hardeOE braasny1382 dure1412 flinty?1541 obdurate1598 putaminous1598 oakeda1618 marblya1620 obdure1625 marmorean1656 durous1666 calculous1682 scirrhous1694 horn-hard1768 marmoreal1798 1625 F. Quarles Sions Sonets xxiv. sig. F4 Direct those hearts, that Errour leades astray, Dissolue the waxe, but make obdure the Clay. 1632 F. Quarles Divine Fancies (1660) ii. xiv. 54 Gods sacred Word is like the Lamp of Day, Which softens wax, but makes obdure the clay. Derivatives obdurely adv. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adverb] > obdurately indurately1553 obdurately1704 obdurely1848 1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton King Arthur ix. civ The morsels least obdurely tough. obdureness n. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] > obduracy hardnessOE rigourc1425 induration1493 indurateness1537 induritness1558 obduracy1600 obdurance1606 obdurateness1612 obdureness1624 obduredness1633 obdurity1655 society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [noun] > insensibility to moral influence clumstheada1340 clumstnessa1340 obduracy1600 obdurateness1612 obdureness1624 obduredness1633 society > faith > worship > sacrament > confession > penitence > impenitence > [noun] unrepentancec1400 obdurationc1450 unforthinking1483 impenitency1563 obfirmation1592 obduracy1600 irrepentance1607 obdurateness1612 unrepentingness1615 impenitence1624 obdureness1624 obduredness1633 1624 T. Heywood Γυναικεῖον i. 55 The fates For her obdurenesse turn'd her into stone. 1634 Bp. J. Hall Contempl. Hist. New Test. (STC 12640.5) 246 Oh the sottishnesse, and obdurenesse of this sonne of perdition! This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2020). † obdurev. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin obdūrāre. Etymology: < classical Latin obdūrāre obdurate v. Compare Italian †obdurare (a1342), Catalan †obdurar (1463). Compare earlier obdured adj., obdure adj. N.E.D. (1902) gives the pronunciation as (ǫ̆bdiū^ə·ɹ) /əbˈdjʊə(r)/. Obsolete. 1. transitive. = obdurate v. 1.In quot. 1640: to strengthen, fortify. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > make emotionally unfeeling [verb (transitive)] > make hard or callous hardc1325 hardenc1350 engrege1382 endurec1384 indurec1450 indurate1538 obduratea1540 brawn1571 hard heart1581 sear1582 cauterize1587 myrmidonize1593 obdure1598 Gorgonize1609 stonea1616 petrifya1631 petrificate1647 roborate1652 case-harden1687 ossify1803 hard-boil1929 society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [verb (transitive)] > be insensible to good influence > make insensible to moral influence obduratea1540 obfirm1570 obdure1598 obfirmate1616 occrustate1662 1598 B. Yong tr. J. de Montemayor Diana 24 The fault is now apayed Vnto my cost: Now mollifie thy dire Hardnes and brest of thine so much obdured [Sp. endurescido]. 1604 A. Craig Poet. Ess. sig. B3^v Doe not thine eares Demetrius-like obdure. 1633 T. Heywood Eng. Trav. v, in Wks. (1874) IV. 90 Hath..sinne so obdur'd thy heart? 1640 Bp. J. Hall Christian Moderation i. 161 It concerns a wise man to obdure himself against these weak feares. 1678 R. Barclay Apol. True Christian Divinity v. §18. 153 God seems..to have obdur'd their Hearts, to force them unto great Sins. 1860 E. B. Pusey Minor Prophets 84 Not..from God, dooming to perdition, reprobating, obdurating, damning, but from man..obduring or hardening himself in sin. 2. intransitive. To become or remain obdurate; to harden. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > become hard [verb (intransitive)] hardeOE hardenc1350 obdure1609 indurate1626 obdurate1659 accrust1881 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > be or become obstinate or stubborn [verb (intransitive)] persist1531 to stand in this1538 to make it tougha1549 obdure1609 opiniatre1678 to ride rusty1709 to dig in one's toes1933 1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica vi. ii Sencelesse of good as stones they soone obdure. 1641 S. Marshall et al. Answer Hvmble Remonstr. (1653) Post. 88 Becket obdures, denies that the..Courts have authoritie to judge him. a1667 G. Wither Speculum Speculativum in Misc. Wks. (1872–7) V. 111 Left they fall into that great Offence Which may obdure into Impenitence. a1763 W. Shenstone Wks. Verse & Prose (1764) I. 315 Resolute in wrongs the priest obdur'd. 3. transitive. = obdurate v. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > make hard [verb (transitive)] hardenc1175 forharda1325 enharden1502 forharden1571 roche1582 obdurate1583 indurate1594 obdure1624 1624 T. Heywood Γυναικεῖον i. 55 A dragon they espie Obdur'd to stone. 1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 119 Brick..hardened by the Sun, which makes them..no less solid and usefull than those the Fire obdures. Derivatives obduring n. rare ΚΠ 1643 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce 41 He..would little perplex his thought for the obduring of nine hunderd and ninety such as will daily take wors liberties. 1855 W. H. Curran Life of J. P. Curran 210 The charge of obduring that bigotry which had torn and disgraced his country. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online September 2019). < adj.?1590v.1598
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