| 释义 |
academyn. Origin: A borrowing from Latin; partly modelled on a French lexical item. Etymon: Latin Acadēmīa. Etymology: < classical Latin Acadēmīa gymnasium near Athens where Plato and his successors taught, school of philosophy founded by Plato, dialectical training of this school, title of a work by Cicero, in post-classical Latin also university (15th cent.; from 16th cent. in British sources) < ancient Greek Ἀκαδημία , variant (compare -ia suffix1) of Ἀκαδήμεια gymnasium near Athens where Plato and his successors taught, school of philosophy founded by Plato, use as noun of feminine of Ἀκαδήμειος , adjective < Ἀκάδημος , name of the Attic hero in whose grove Plato's Academy was situated + -ειος , suffix forming adjectives; compare classical Latin silvas Academi groves of Academus (Horace Epistles 2. 2. 45). In later use influenced semantically by Middle French, French académie gymnasium near Athens where Plato and his successors taught (a1517; the sense ‘the philosophical school of Plato and his followers’ is not paralleled until later: 1694), institution of higher learning (c1535 in noble académie , denoting the Collège de France; 1596 denoting universities in general), society or institution for the cultivation and promotion of literature, of arts and sciences (1545; 1635 in Académie Française ), institution where certain branches of knowledge or skills are taught (1566; 1669 with reference to horsemanship, 1690 with reference to fine arts). Compare Catalan acadèmia (1591), Spanish academia (13th cent.), Portuguese academia (15th cent.), Italian accademia (a1275 as †academia ); also Dutch academie (1575), German Akademie , †Academie (1533 with Latin inflectional ending as †academia , 1568 as †academy ; in early use frequently with Latin inflectional ending). Compare academic n., and also later academia n., Academe n.In sense 5(b) originally after similar use of Middle French academie (1577 in the title of the source translated in quot. 1586 at sense 5). In β. forms directly < classical Latin Acadēmīa. In γ. forms aphetic < the α. forms. 1. With capital initial. society > education > place of education > [noun] > educational institution > in ancient Greece the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > garden > [noun] > public gardens > specific a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in (Bodl. 959) (1959) i. l. 17 He þat in athenis was a mayster & myȝty & whos doctryne þe studies of achademy parfytli sownedyn wolde be made a pylgryme & a dyscyple. a1439 J. Lydgate (Bodl. 263) iv. l. 1174 (MED) In Achademye & in Athenys shon The briht lanternis of most reuerencis. [No corresponding sentence in the French original.] c1450 J. Capgrave (1910) 23 (MED) Achademia was a town where Plato tawt. 1474 W. Caxton tr. (1883) iii. iii. 102 Plato..cheese his mansion and dwellynge in achadomye. 1578 A. Golding tr. Seneca vi. xi. f. 87v I sent out twoo boyes (sayeth he) intoo the Academie too seeke Plato, and too bring him too mee. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch 539 He caused plane trees to be set in the market place: and the Academie which before was very drye and naked, he made it now a pleasaunt groue, and full of goodly springes which he brought into it. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch 275 The Academy, a little pingle or plot of ground, was the habitation of Plato. 1688 tr. Diogenes iii. 204 Returning therefore to Athens, he [sc. Plato] continu'd in the Academy. This was a pleasant place in the Suburbs shaded with Trees, and so call'd from a certain Hero, whose name was Academus. 1795 C. Dunster in J. Milton iv. 214/1 The Academy is always described as a woody, shady, place. 1807 J. Robinson i. i. 16 Academy..was a large enclosure of ground which was once the property of a citizen at Athens named Academus... Some however say that it received its name from an ancient hero. 1853 S. J. Hale vii. 185 Would not the present position of the Teutonic race have appeared equally incredible to the founder of the Parthenon, the loungers in the gardens of the Academy? 1910 H. E. Cushman I. i. vii. 124 What was the Academy? It was a public grove or garden in the suburbs of Athens..that had been left to the city for gymnastics by a public-spirited man named Academus. 1933 23 June 18/2 (caption) The Academy of Athens are satisfied that the site of Plato's Academy has been found. Part of the outer wall, or Peribolos..is shown in the larger photograph. 1963 D. B. Thompson 7 The academy of Plato in the valley of the Kephissos was turned into a ‘well-watered grove with trim avenues and shady walks’ by the statesman Kimon. 2003 (Nexis) 13 Apr. a17 The only known sculpture of Plato from his lifetime, a bronze statue that stood in the Academy and is now lost. the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > post-Socratic philosophy > [noun] > Platonism 1549 W. Thomas f. 67v Paule the secounde so muche abhorred learned men, that he accoumpted all theim that were of Platos Academie, to be heretikes. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch 1029 Neither the Græcians nor Romanes haue cause to complaine of the Academy, sith they be both alike praised of the same in this present booke, in the which are conteined the liues of Dion and Brutus. 1631 C. More iv. 120 You would say there were in that place Plato's Academie; but I do the house iniury in comparing it to Plato's academie, wherein there was only disputations of numbers and Geometricall figures, and sometimes of morall vertues. 1677 T. Gale iii. 132 From the Philosophers Scholes, specially from Plato's Academie. 1728 E. Chambers (at cited word) The Ancient Academy doubted of every thing; and went so far as to make it a Doubt, whether or no they ought to doubt. 1776 Lady A. Miller II. xxx. 118 A Platonic Academy is represented as established by Laurento in his country-house at Corregio. 1844 Feb. 54 Plato makes no mention in any part of his writings of Aristotle's name, although Aristotle was by far the most eminent pupil of the Academy. 1871 F. W. Farrar iii. 100 Without eloquence she silenced the subtle dialectics of the Academy. 1922 D. C. Macgregor tr. J. L. Heiberg v. 31 Manifest traces of Pythagorean number-mysticism are to be found in Plato; and his successors in the Academy went farther astray in this direction. 1938 G. Negley tr. H. Kelsen Platonic Justice in 48 379 The literary work of the Academy was not directed so much upon exact science as upon ethical and mystical speculation. 2004 B. Proffitt i. 10 The Academy took an active advisory role in the Dionian government of Syracuse until 354 b.c.e. 2. society > education > place of education > [noun] society > education > place of education > school > [noun] > secondary school c1550 (1979) Prol. 10 Thir tua princis be chance, entrit in the achademya to heir ane lesson of philosophie. a1592 R. Greene (1594) sig. B2 Ioieng that our Academie yeelds A man supposde the woonder of the world. 1618 T. Gainsford i. xiv. 116 Here you haue also ruines of Theaters, vulgarly Brohan, and an Academy enlarged, or rather founded by Lodwick the second 1389. 1695 tr. G. de Courtilz de Sandras 80 The Professors are oblig'd to serve by turns Monthly, and during the time of Waiting, to give Daily Attendance at the Academy, to correct the Students. 1758 T. Warton 2 Dec. 273 The fashionable Academies of our metropolis. 1785 in A. Warder (1872) 196 The Dean reported to the assessors that the Town Council proposed to institute an academy in the town. 1805 A. Holmes II. 462 This academy [sc. Phillips Exeter Academy, in New Hampshire] was founded by the Honourable John Phillips, LL.D., of Exeter. The Andover Academy [See A.D. 1780] was founded by the Honourable Samuel Phillips, Esq. of Andover, and his brother, the above named Dr. Phillips. 1839 C. Dickens iii. 20 At Mr. Wackford Squeers's Academy, Dotheboys Hall, at the delightful village of Dotheboys, near Greta Bridge in Yorkshire. 1849 T. B. Macaulay I. 532 He had been master of an academy which the Dissenters had set up at Islington. 1868 VI. 38 All these four schools have been converted from ancient grammar schools into ‘academies’. This is a term which has apparently a peculiar force in Scotland, and seems frequently to imply that at some period a proprietary element has been added to the ancient burgh institution. 1876 J. Grant ii. ii. 115 The oldest Academy in Scotland is that of Perth. 1920 H. J. Laski ii. 28 Westminster under Dr. Busby may not have been the gentlest of academies, but at least it provided Locke with an admirable training in the classics. 1960 482 [Aberdeenshire] The status and designation of ‘Academy’ was granted to Ellon Secondary School, and that of ‘Rector’ to the headmaster, only a few years ago. 1980 3 iii. 18/1 Although there are Rectors of some episcopal churches in Scotland, a Rector is normally the (non-clergyman) headmaster of an academy (senior secondary school, usually founded over 100 years ago). 1997 21 July 23/2 Goldsmith immediately threw a dinner of celebration for his friends, not least to show them that a man of his means should not be a schoolboy, even if the academy was Eton. 2004 G. Rosie (2006) 144 The quiet, conscientious little boy flourished at Dumfries Academy, studied logic and moral philosophy at Glasgow University and then transferred to Edinburgh University. society > education > place of education > school > [noun] > other types of school 2000 15 Mar. 1/1 The renamed City Academies, modelled on the City Technology Colleges founded by the Conservatives in the late Eighties, will remain in the state sector. 2007 (Nexis) 28 Mar. 8 It has now emerged that a new, unnamed sponsor has been identified with a keen interest in backing two of the academies. 2010 K. Walshe et al. 109 There are plans to have 200 academies in England. 3. society > education > [noun] > societies promoting 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo ii. 61v I pray you yet at the least, to tell and recount vnto me the order of the Academie of the illustrati in this citie, and to declare vnto me the originall of it, and what is the manner of their conuersation together. c1605 R. Carew Let. in H. Ellis (1843) 99 It importes no litle disgrace to our Nation, that others have so many Academyes, and wee none at all. 1641 J. Milton 40 The learned and affable meeting of frequent Academies. 1661 R. Southwell Let. in R. Boyle (2001) I. 460 Your academy in London begins to be much talked of here, and the Prince Ses you make great advances as he understands it. 1669 F. Vernon Let. 1 May in H. Oldenburg (1968) V. 507 The [French] King will not only have a Titular butt an effectuall influence upon his royall Academie. 1688 A. Pitfield tr. C. Perrault (subtitle) The anatomical description of several creatures dissected by the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. 1705 tr. 103 The [French] Academy of Sciences, whose Design is the improvement of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, in Imitation of the Royal Society of England. 1747 tr. J. B. Le Blanc I. vii. 28 The English of all degrees..have their particular clubs. In vain have some affected to grace this sort of associations with the respectable name of academies. 1769 J. Reynolds 1 An Academy, in which the Polite Arts may be regularly cultivated, is at last opened among us by Royal Munificence. 1798 Jan. 53/1 Several academies, and assemblies of learned men, arduously co-operate in disseminating scientific intelligence. These are attached to the Imperial Academy of Sciences at Petersburg, the Academy of the Russian Language, the Academy of Arts, The Economical Society at Petersburgh, &c. 1834 20 Sept. 936/2 At the meeting of the French Academy of Sciences on the 1st inst, M. Magendie read a report on an instrument invented by a Dr. Herisson, called the ‘sphygmometer’, and intended to measure the state of the pulse. 1858 F. M. Müller p. xxxi After the model of the literary academies in Italy, academies were founded at the small courts of Germany. 1887 H. L. Fairchild (title) A history of the New York Academy of Sciences: formerly the Lyceum of Natural History. 1931 May 35/3 According to a glossary of movie terms compiled by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, it [sc. dynamite] refers to ‘an open connection box into which the studio lamps are plugged—dangerous if stepped on’. 1970 D. Ninčić i. 17 The historical process from which international organizations emerged has been vividly described by the French author Bourquin in the lectures he delivered in 1931 at The Hague Academy of International Law. 1990 N. Baker ix. 70 I..made cutting remarks about French academies and low-synonym-count Romance languages in general . 2005 (National ed.) 23 Jan. ii. 24/3 In 2003, when the Academy of Motion Pictures tried to ban the distribution of screeners—privately circulated DVD's of Oscar candidate films—..the I.F.P. led the lawsuit that forced the academy to back down. a1797 H. Walpole (1799) II. cxli. 91 He, some years ago, exhibited at the Academy a Venus... I went to see the pictures before the exhibition was opened.] 1835 July 53/1 This picture is the best, certainly, in this year's academy. 1873 W. Black xii. 197 We were at the Academy all the morning, and mamma is not a bit tired. 1898 30 Apr. 1/3 As Academies go, this Year's Academy is at least not worse than its predecessors. 1954 R. Dahl 177 Say you'd like to do a picture of her for next year's Academy. 1962 4 May 20 (headline) Fewer pictures, but also fewer good ones at this year's Academy. 2010 R. L. Todd vi. 149 By the fall of 1832 they were beginning to show their work—chiefly portraits and genre paintings—at the annual Academy. 4. society > education > place of education > [noun] > educational institution > other types of a1583 H. Gilbert (1869) 12 Wherby your Maiesties and Successors cowrtes shalbe for ever..become a most noble Achademy of Chiuallric pollicy and philosophie. a1667 A. Cowley Elegy on J. Littleton in (1711) III. 50 He that had only talk'd with him, might find A little Academy in his Mind. 1677 R. Gilpin i. x. 82 Evil Company is Sins Nursery, and Satan's Academy. 1713 J. Barker 4 I was about ten or eleven Years old, when my Mother took me from Putney-School, finding those Places the Academies of Vanity and Expence, no ways instructive in the Rudiments of a Country Gentlewoman's Life. 1754 H. Walpole Let. 5 July in (1833) III. 79 That living academy of love-lore, my Lady Vane. 1761 D. Hume II. xli. 425 The assemblies of the zealots in private houses which..had become so many academies of fanaticism. 1802 34 538 We heartily wish that an academy of good sense were instituted in France, which is more necessary than any other institution whatever. 1847 L. Hunt II. xii. 310 The graces and good qualities which she retained..rendered her house a sort of academy of good breeding. 1966 B. Brophy 33 Classroom and playground alike constitute an academy of dramatic art where the pupils learn to turn on laughter on demand and in defiance of the physiological fact that the natural response to a comic stimulus is at the most a giggle and often no outward sign at all. 1983 Apr. 3/2 It offers golden opportunities for academies of educationism, administrative bureaucracies,..even guidance counsellors and change-agents. ?a1612 (Lansdowne 846) f. 103v That no nation bee brought vp in ye Academy to bee a professed rider but Scoth [read Scotch] & English. a1640 P. Massinger (1658) i. ii. 25 At the Academie of valour..where they are taught the ways, Though they refuse to seal for a Duellist, How to decline a challenge. 1686 R. Blome ii. i. 4/2 The Cheval d' Escole is taught several Airs and Lessons, which as they require a great deal of Vigour and Address (as the Gallopade-Relevée, Caprioles, Ballotades, &c.) so they are necessary to be learnt in Academies, to give young Men a firm, and easy Seat. 1706 (new ed.) at Manage A Riding-Academy, or Riding-House. 1728 E. Chambers (at cited word) Academy, is particularly understood of a Riding-School. 1735 tr. C. Rollin IV. 326 They called the places..Gymnasia; which answers very near to our academies. 1754 A. Murphy No. 22 131 I therefore beg of you..to recommend Mr. Hart's or Mr. Duke's dancing Academy for Grown Persons to the aforesaid fat Gentleman. 1759 in H. W. Hodges & E. A. Hughes (1927) 135 Whereas Mr. Nathaniel Peacock has been educated in the Royal Academy at Portsmouth, and is well qualified to serve His Majesty at sea. 1807 17 520 Obituary... Mrs. Bailey, wife of Mr. Bailey, of the Royal Naval Academy, at Portsmouth. 1822 5 Jan. 2/3 The following performers have already been engaged... For the Ballet..Monsieur Paul, Premier Danseur at the Royal Academy of Music, at Paris. 1836 C. Dickens II. 158 It wasn't a dear dancing academy—four-and-sixpence a quarter is decidedly cheap upon the whole. 1875 Sept. 219/2 To establish an Academy of Dramatic Art would be an effort worthy of some of those wealthy patrons of fine arts who find no difficulty whatever in giving a thousand pounds and more for a single picture. 1906 27 Apr. 182/1 The police academy apparently a most important institution. 1910 P. B. Malone 49 Yearling, cadet in his second year at the academy. 1944 18 Dec. 63 (caption,) [S. F. B.] Morse's Sketchbook is treasured by New York's National Academy of Design of which Morse was founder and president. 1977 J. Rechy 182 Nothing in Police Academy had prepared them for this. 1990 D. Peterson i. 16 The unforgettable strains of ‘Patton's Theme’ blared from the Academy's loudspeakers as we..headed for the concrete apron bordering the parade field. 2006 T. Stanwood ii. 29 The ballet mistress at the Chicago Academy of Ballet had spoken in hushed tones. society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > brothel 1621 J. Fletcher et al. i. ii. sig. C An Academ,..In which all principles of lust were practis'd.] 1650 H. Neville 2 These two are the only pillars of Nobility and Hospitality; who, to breed up the young Fry in the Misteries of the Sexe, have erected an Academy, which is opened every Sunday night at the Countesse of Kent's and every Thursday at my Lady of Exceter's. 1699 B. E. Academy, a Bawdy-house. 1732 June 790/1 Diana,..Directress of the Midnight Academy at Vaux-Hall. 1785 F. Grose Academy, or Pushing School, a brothel. [Also in later dictionaries.] society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > a department of study > arts 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye (title) The French academie [Fr. Academie Françoise] wherin is discoursed the institution of maners, and whatsoeuer els concerneth the good and happie life of all estates and callings. 1599 T. Nashe 25 A treatise as bigge garbd as the french Academy. a1610 J. Healey tr. Theophrastus Characters 10 in tr. Epictetus (1636) Whatsoever belongeth to the womens Academie, as paintings, preservings, needle-workes, and such-like. 1623 T. Powell (title) The attourneys academy, or, the manner and forme of proceeding practically, vpon any suite, plaint or action whatsoever, in any court of record whatsoever, within this kingdome. 1675 A. Browne (title) Ars pictoria: or an Academy treating of Drawing, Painting, etc. 1761 (title) A new academy of compliments..With a collection of the newest Play-house Songs. 1787 H. W. Bunbury (title) An academy for grown horsemen: containing the completest instructions for walking, trotting, cantering, galloping, stumbling, and tumbling... By Geoffrey Gambado, Esq. 1799 tr. A. von Kotzebue iv. vi. 89 I wish, brother, you would study the ‘Complete Academy of Compliments’; you would then use your poor sister with a little more tenderness. society > education > member of university > [noun] > academic community 1977 K. Brewster in (transcript of TV programme) 11 Apr. I think students now are much more likely to have one foot in the real world and one foot in the academy all the way through their educational experience. 2012 14 May 24/2 I have lived the most blessed of lives in the academy. Eight years at Union, three years when I first tenured at Yale, six years at Princeton. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. (Chiefly in senses 2 and 4b). 1814 L. Mackintosh 119 It became the practice to advertise in the newspaper the meetings of the Academy Directors. 1936 14 Dec. 49/3 (caption) Academy Director Rudolfo took the cadet's place, fought a prudent tie with Il Duce. 2009 (Nexis) 3 June The academy directors are inviting applications from coaches who would like to advance and gain experience at representative level. 1895 (Iowa Coll.) 30 Mar. 57/2 In case any academy player is needed at varsity practice there should be no hesitation in the action of that player. 1974 25 June He became the first Academy player to be drafted out of the Royals farm system by a rival major league club. 2001 Sept. 141/2 People with direct links to the club: fathers of current players, relatives of Academy players, teenage girls who are friends of friends of the younger players. 1842 21 July 229/3 The pupils of the Institution, have no right to the censure which is universally pronounced against the Academy programmes. 1922 25 Nov. 105 The Academy program includes research work in the fauna, flora and geology of Maine. 2011 (Nexis) 24 Feb. Luigi Galvan,..who selected the academy program because his father is an engineer for AT&T, is interested in both structural and biomedical engineering. b. (In sense 3a). 1785 22 Apr. 2/2 The annual Royal Academy dinner is to be given on Saturday next.] 1809 A. Opie in J. Opie 46 Mr. Fox, who sat opposite to Mr. Opie at the Academy dinner. 1848 J. Forster iv. 566 A fragment of the conversation at this first Academy dinner has survived. 1908 Feb. 434/2 The citizens of Amberley..always bought their tickets to the Academy dinner in mid-August. 1966 41 (heading) Academy dinner and award of the Public Welfare Medal. 2010 (Nexis) 8 Mar. 22 At that time, the Oscars were announced at an academy dinner, and [Hattie] McDaniel was required to sit at a table by herself. 1814 24 Apr. 116/2 T.E.M. is Informed, that no Student is allowed to admit an accompanying Friend to the Royal Academy Lectures.] 1833 May 75 These points may be conveniently illustrated together. The expressions of Fuseli, in the Academy Lectures, printed with the sanction of that body, would sufficiently prove the first. 1852 E. S. Dallas iv. 251 Opening any treatise on the nature of art, whether a college essay or an academy lecture, an article or a volume, we find it blazoned on every page that the Greek strove heart and hand to embody the ideal, to incarnate the Divine. 1904 12 Mar. 289/1 We have seldom heard any discourses more full of solid information in proportion to their length than these four recent Academy lectures. 1957 V. A. Leonard (title) Academy lectures on lie detection. 2003 F. Steinle in F. L. Holmes et al. 100 It was a list of the experiments and instruments Ampère wanted to discuss in his first academy lecture. 1856 June 193/1 One of the academy members maintains that this law had been previously expounded by Leibnitz. 1934 July 218 Francis Stuart, also an Irish resident and an Academy member, began as a poet. 2008 14 Apr. 40/1 Film studios lobby for the votes of Academy members, using means of varying subtlety. C2. society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > [noun] > award 1930 15 Apr. 4/5 Nothing in Miss Pickford's present attitude indicates a contemplated retirement... Recently she won the academy award for the best feminine performance of the year, as ‘Coquette’. 1941 B. Schulberg x. 190 I know we're going to knock them for a row of Academy Awards. 1950 25 3 Johnny Belinda, an Academy award motion picture of 1948. 2007 1 Mar. 160/1 After Crash won the Academy Award for Best Picture a year ago, director-cowriter Paul Haggis was quickly branded Public Enemy No. 1 by cineastes of a certain breed. 1926 A. S. Jennings (ed. 7) xxviii. 301 Academy blue, a mixture of French ultramarine and viridian, ground only in oil and used by artists. 1948 30 Aug. 6/6 (advt.) Tailored classic from Leodian's Autumn collection of dresses and suits..to your measurements in several different materials and a rich profusion of shades of which Rose Flame,..London Twilight, and Academy Blue are but a few. 2005 P. A. Davis 91 Through the glass doors, he saw two people start up the walkway toward them, a tall man wearing an Academy-blue blazer and a slender woman dressed in the uniform of an Air Force lieutenant colonel. 1849 W. Williams i. 9 Millboards are thicker than the Academy boards, and the grounds are prepared with greater care. 1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs 217 Academy board is a thin millboard, on which most of the studies made at the Academy are painted. 1965 C. K. Keck i. 7 Select two paintings, one on fabric and one on a solid support—wood or cardboard, academy board. 2006 56 53 (caption) Oil on academy board. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > [noun] > a drawing > half-lifesize of nude 1715 J. Richardson 137 That this Maxim is true, will appear by an Academy Figure drawn by one ignorant in the Structure, and knitting of the Bones, and Anatomy, compar'd with another who understands these throughly. 1769 J. Reynolds i I have seen also Academy figures by Annibale Caracci..drawn with all the peculiarities of an individual model. 1859 T. J. Gullick & J. Timbs 313 When a painter introduces a figure wanting in repose or in its parts inharmonious..it is at once called ‘Academic’, or an ‘Academy Figure’. 1921 G. C. Williamson xi. 133 Cosway produced a Head of one of the Virtues done in chalk, Smart an Academy Figure in pencil, and both of them were said to be under fourteen years old at the time. 2000 (Nexis) 9 Mar. 16 The best work in this downstairs ghetto is a charming half-draped nude, all flowing classical costume like a traditional academy figure, until you realise that it is just the costume and there is no figure inside. society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > a film > [noun] > ratio of width to height 1954 Dec. 27/3 Ranging from the old standard Academy ratio up to the full Cinema-Scope ratio. 1984 14 Apr. 16/5 Every modern feature film, except those rare few made in the ‘Academy ratio’ (1.3:1) will have its sides clipped to suit TV transmission or video release. 2012 A. Kuhn & G. Westwell 21 The Academy ratio ensured that all films produced in Hollywood during the studio era could be distributed nationally and internationally. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.a1382 |
