observern.

Brit.

/əbˈzəːvə/, U.S.

/əbˈzərvər/

Forms: 1500s observar, 1500s–1600s obseruer, 1500s– observer, 1600s observor.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: observe v., -er suffix¹.

Etymology: < observe v. + -er suffix¹. Compare Middle French observeur (15th cent. in an isolated attestation in sense 1a).

a. An adherent or follower of a law, religion, custom, ritual, method, etc. Usually with of.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > carrying out > observance or carrying out a promise, law, etc. > [noun] > one who

keeper1382

observanta1500

observator1502

observer1550

the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > [noun] > one who observes or keeps

keeper1382

observanta1500

observator1502

observer1550

redeemer1552

observatrix1653

1550 N. Udall tr. P. M. Vermigli Disc. Sacrament Lordes Supper f. lvi But I wonder muche, howe they become thus sodainely so reuerent obseruers of the true worshyppinge.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 258^v A diligente obseruer of his accustomed religion.

1638 A. Henderson Serm., Prayers & Pulpit Addresses (1867) 6 I ever kent you to be diligent observers of the Lord's day.

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 256 in Justice Vindicated A devout observor of the government, rites, and ceremonies of the Church of England.

1721 G. Roussillon tr. R. A. de Vertot Hist. Rev. Portugal 84 Suppos'd to be a conceal'd observer of the Jewish law.

1747 S. Richardson Clarissa II. xxxi. 212 I am such an observer of method, that I can go to a bit of ribband..blindfold.

1782 J. H. St. J. de Crèvecoeur Lett. from Amer. Farmer iv. 142 To this day they remain strict observers of the laws and customs of that religion.

1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur iv. xv They were..rigorous observers of the Law as found in the books of Moses.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 715/1 Mahommed..was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law.

1993 R. Gray Prophetic Figures Late Second Temple Jewish Palestine 157 It is worth noting that the Pharisees are said by Josephus to have a reputation as both strict interpreters and strict observers of the law.

†b. A person showing respect, deference, or dutiful attention; an obsequious follower. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > respect > [noun] > one who shows respect > one who shows respectful attention

observer1601

observicer1625

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [noun] > dutiful or attentive

observer1601

observant1608

1601 W. Cornwallis Disc. Seneca sig. D1^v The soule cherished and obserued, recompenseth her obseruer.

1613 G. Chapman Reuenge Bussy D'Ambois iv. sig. H2 His iust contempt of Iesters, Parasites, Seruile obseruers.

a1640 P. Massinger Guardian i. ii. 19 in 3 New Playes (1655) You are my gracious Patroness and supportress, And I your poor observer.

a. A person who watches or takes notice; a spectator.Frequently in titles of newspapers; cf. observator n. 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > attention > notice, observation > [noun] > one who takes note

marker1531

observer1555

digester1713

observist1827

spotter1913

1555 R. Pownoll tr. W. Musculus (title) The Temporisour (that is to say, the Observer of Tyme) translated into Inglishe.

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxix. 216 His obseruer, whom he [sc. Plato] alloweth to go abroad to see fashions.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 203 He is a great Obseruer, and he lookes Quite through the Deeds of men.

1674 A. Cremer tr. J. Scheffer Hist. Lapland Pref. Amidst the barbarity and darkness which reign in Lapland, there appear strictures of light which will entertain the eie of the most knowing observer.

1729 B. Franklin Busy-Body, No. 3 18 Feb. in Papers (1959) I. 119 The most trifling Actions of a Man..as well as the smallest Features..of the Face, give a nice Observer some Notion of his Mind.

1773 (title) The Observer.

1813 J. Austen Pride & Prejudice II. xii. 142 The serenity of your sister's countenance and air was such, as might have given the most acute observer, a conviction that..her heart was not likely to be easily touched.

1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles II. xxxiv. 185 A peasant girl but very moderately prepossessing to the casual observer in her simple condition and attire, will bloom as an amazing beauty if clothed as a woman of fashion.

a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) I. xii. 194 Susan had early been made a critical observer of feet by the unusual symmetry of her own.

1989 M. Meyer Not Prince Hamlet iii. 37 He was a country poet, a brilliantly precise observer of landscape and of bird and animal life.

b. A person who watches for and interprets omens. Cf. observe v. 6b. rare after 17th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > augury, divination from omens > [noun] > observer of omens

observer1588

observator1652

1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Comm. Notable Thinges in tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 348 They were great Agorismers or obseruers of times..if they..meete with a Cayman or lyzarde..they know it to be a signe of euill fortune.

1611 Bible (King James) Deut. xviii. 10 An obseruer of times, or an inchanter, or a witch.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 193 Strict Observers of Omens.

1971 Daily Tel. 17 Aug. 8/1 Their predictions have no more validity..than the predictions of crystal-gazers..and observers of the flights of birds.

c. A person who observes in an official capacity without participating; spec. (a) one who attends a conference, inquiry, etc., to note the proceedings; (b) one posted to an area of conflict to monitor events, supervise a ceasefire, etc.; frequently attributive in observer force, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > one who sees > [noun] > observer

advisora1325

viewer1572

notary1589

observator1642

remarkera1684

noticer1880

observer1925

eyeball1976

1925 A. Toynbee Surv. Internat. Affairs 1920–23 10 Several meetings were attended by an American observer.

1929 J. B. Priestley Good Compan. i. ii. 62 I'm an observer, I want to see but not to feel. That's my duty now, to watch and record.

1949 Ann. Reg. 1948 292 The U.N. Balkans Commission..sent observers to watch the fighting there.

1958 Observer 10 Aug. 4/6 Any measures.., in addition to the original observer group, which would serve to ensure the territorial integrity and political independence of Lebanon.

1970 Guardian 13 Jan. 9/8 The French and the Pope have already called for a new observer force.

1977 Times 9 Dec. 1/3 Sir David attended the inquest in Pretoria as an independent observer at the invitation of the Association of Law Societies of South Africa.

2001 Middle East Times (Egypt) 7 Apr. 2/3 During the summit, the United States heaped humiliation on its Arab ‘allies’ by vetoing the dispatch of a U.N. observer force to the Israeli-occupied territories.

a. A person who observes objects or phenomena scientifically; a person who makes scientific observations; such a person (real or hypothetical) regarded as having a particular viewpoint or effect. Also: a person in charge of an observatory.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > head of observatory

observer1611

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientist > relying on observation or experiment

empiric?c1425

observer1611

empirical philosophera1626

spectator1646

empiricist1867

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > representational device > [noun] > observatory > one who is in charge of

observer1611

1611 J. Donne Anat. World sig. A7 If a slow pac'd starre had stolne away From the obseruers marking, he might stay Two or three hundred yeares to see't againe, And then make vp his obseruation plaine.

1683 J. Flamsteed Gresham Lect. (1975) 377 O[u]r Noble observer himselfe well understood there was some sensible fault committed in his calculations.

1795 Proc. Board of Longitude 6 June 11 (note) The..Astronomical Observer at the new Observatory, founded by the Trustees of the Radcliffe money.

1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 563 It has been, and is still my intention..to confine the present survey to original observers of the disease.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species ii. 57 I have..consulted some sagacious and experienced observers.

1871 B. Stewart Heat (ed. 2) §40 Dilatations obtained after this method by different observers.

1891 Dict. National Biogr. XXVII. 373 Immediately on his [sc. Hornsby's] appointment in 1772 as the first Radcliffe Observer [at Oxford], he laid the foundation-stone of the present observatory.

1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation iv. 69 The observer and his measuring-appliances.

1988 S. Hawking Brief Hist. Time (BNC) 143 The discovery that the speed of light appeared the same to every observer, no matter how he was moving, led to the theory of relativity.

1993 Time 20 Dec. 76/1 Hubble..is the kind of robot observer that scientists like to claim is the real way to explore space.

b. Military. A person responsible for observation; spec. (a) a person carried in an aeroplane, or (formerly) in a balloon, to observe enemy positions, direct ground forces, etc.; (b) a member of an artillery unit responsible for identifying targets and watching and directing fire; (c) a person trained to keep watch for and identify incoming aircraft, missiles, etc., as a safeguard against enemy air attack. Frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > hostilities in the air > airman > [noun] > aircrew with specific duties

observer1870

strafer1915

air gunner1916

air bomber1918

gunner1918

rear gunner1918

bombardier1932

bomb-aimer1935

tail gunner1939

tail-end Charlie1941

arse-end Charlie1942

waist-gunner1942

spotter pilot1944

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier with special duty > [noun] > others

artificera1553

man-catcher1649

stormer1655

sallier1685

pressmana1694

camp colour-man1753

sharpshooter1802

train soldier1833

escalader1849

adviser1854

outflanker1854

observer1870

spiker1884

mopper-up1917

slushy1919

wire-cutter1922

televisionary1925

flash-spotter1930

spotter1931

parashooter1940

parashot1940

bunker buster1944

sound-ranger1978

yomper1982

technical1992

1870 tr. F. Marion Wonderful Balloon Ascents iii. iv. 215 The soldiers of the enemy, all who saw the observer [Fr. observateur] watching them.., came to the idea that they could do nothing without being seen.

1903 Heavy Artillery Training 36 If the target is not visible from the guns or ground quite close to them,..two observers are required.

1911 Chambers's Jrnl. Aug. 505/1 The military aeroplane must carry at least two men, one..as a pilot, and the other as an observer.

1932 Flight 22 July 677/2 It is very necessary to see, at least once a year, how the Observer Corps is functioning.

1954 P. K. Kemp Fleet Air Arm 52 During 1916, the Admiralty opened a special school for training observers and instituted a new rank of Observer Officer.

1977 J. Cleary High Road to China i. 26 The Bristol Fighter..carried two guns, one fired straight ahead by the pilot and the other able to be fired in a complete circle by the observer.

1990 Airforces Monthly Nov. 26/1 (advt.) It's the Observer who controls the combat tactics, which might involve an entire task group.

†4. A person who makes a verbal observation or remark. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > one who speaks > [noun] > one who comments

mentioner1607

observator1646

observer1724

commentator1928

1724 J. Swift Let. to Molesworth 1 The Maxim of common Observers, that those who meddle in Matters out of their Calling, will have Reason to repent.

Compounds

C1. Used attributively with reference to the effect of subjective factors on the accuracy or veracity of scientific observations.

ΚΠ

1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 31 July 441/2 Proper consideration of evidence, allowance for observer-error, the clarification of language as a communicative medium—these..are the barriers which stand between us and the irrational abyss.

1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 90 It takes another psychiatrist to explain to her the function of observer bias.

1971 Brit. Med. Bull. 27 8/1 There was little evidence to suggest variation between observers or observer bias.

1991 Biometrics 47 1327 Observer disagreement comprises both of these components.

C2.

observer's paradox n. (also with capital initials) Linguistics the apparent paradox whereby the vernacular speech of a person being studied is altered by the presence of the observer, thus compromising the accuracy of the observation; also used more generally.

ΚΠ

1972 W. Labov Sociolinguistic Patterns viii. 209 We are then left with the Observer's Paradox: the aim of linguistic research in the community must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain those data by systematic observation.

1980 Eng. World-wide 1 182 Gaining access to a speaker's vernacular in sufficient quantities..presents the sociolinguist with the Observer's Paradox.

2002 Slate Mag. (Nexis) 15 Aug. This is the television version of the observer's paradox... There's no way to document sex without somehow affecting the nature of the sex you are going to see.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	observer
释义	observern. Brit. /əbˈzəːvə/, U.S. /əbˈzərvər/ Forms: 1500s observar, 1500s–1600s obseruer, 1500s– observer, 1600s observor. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: observe v., -er suffix¹. Etymology: < observe v. + -er suffix¹. Compare Middle French observeur (15th cent. in an isolated attestation in sense 1a). 1. a. An adherent or follower of a law, religion, custom, ritual, method, etc. Usually with of. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > carrying out > observance or carrying out a promise, law, etc. > [noun] > one who keeper1382 observanta1500 observator1502 observer1550 the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > [noun] > one who observes or keeps keeper1382 observanta1500 observator1502 observer1550 redeemer1552 observatrix1653 1550 N. Udall tr. P. M. Vermigli Disc. Sacrament Lordes Supper f. lvi But I wonder muche, howe they become thus sodainely so reuerent obseruers of the true worshyppinge. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 258^v A diligente obseruer of his accustomed religion. 1638 A. Henderson Serm., Prayers & Pulpit Addresses (1867) 6 I ever kent you to be diligent observers of the Lord's day. 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 256 in Justice Vindicated A devout observor of the government, rites, and ceremonies of the Church of England. 1721 G. Roussillon tr. R. A. de Vertot Hist. Rev. Portugal 84 Suppos'd to be a conceal'd observer of the Jewish law. 1747 S. Richardson Clarissa II. xxxi. 212 I am such an observer of method, that I can go to a bit of ribband..blindfold. 1782 J. H. St. J. de Crèvecoeur Lett. from Amer. Farmer iv. 142 To this day they remain strict observers of the laws and customs of that religion. 1880 L. Wallace Ben-Hur iv. xv They were..rigorous observers of the Law as found in the books of Moses. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 715/1 Mahommed..was a rigid predestinarian and a strict observer of the law. 1993 R. Gray Prophetic Figures Late Second Temple Jewish Palestine 157 It is worth noting that the Pharisees are said by Josephus to have a reputation as both strict interpreters and strict observers of the law. †b. A person showing respect, deference, or dutiful attention; an obsequious follower. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > respect > [noun] > one who shows respect > one who shows respectful attention observer1601 observicer1625 society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [noun] > dutiful or attentive observer1601 observant1608 1601 W. Cornwallis Disc. Seneca sig. D1^v The soule cherished and obserued, recompenseth her obseruer. 1613 G. Chapman Reuenge Bussy D'Ambois iv. sig. H2 His iust contempt of Iesters, Parasites, Seruile obseruers. a1640 P. Massinger Guardian i. ii. 19 in 3 New Playes (1655) You are my gracious Patroness and supportress, And I your poor observer. 2. a. A person who watches or takes notice; a spectator.Frequently in titles of newspapers; cf. observator n. 3b. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > attention > notice, observation > [noun] > one who takes note marker1531 observer1555 digester1713 observist1827 spotter1913 1555 R. Pownoll tr. W. Musculus (title) The Temporisour (that is to say, the Observer of Tyme) translated into Inglishe. 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxix. 216 His obseruer, whom he [sc. Plato] alloweth to go abroad to see fashions. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. ii. 203 He is a great Obseruer, and he lookes Quite through the Deeds of men. View more context for this quotation 1674 A. Cremer tr. J. Scheffer Hist. Lapland Pref. Amidst the barbarity and darkness which reign in Lapland, there appear strictures of light which will entertain the eie of the most knowing observer. 1729 B. Franklin Busy-Body, No. 3 18 Feb. in Papers (1959) I. 119 The most trifling Actions of a Man..as well as the smallest Features..of the Face, give a nice Observer some Notion of his Mind. 1773 (title) The Observer. 1813 J. Austen Pride & Prejudice II. xii. 142 The serenity of your sister's countenance and air was such, as might have given the most acute observer, a conviction that..her heart was not likely to be easily touched. View more context for this quotation 1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles II. xxxiv. 185 A peasant girl but very moderately prepossessing to the casual observer in her simple condition and attire, will bloom as an amazing beauty if clothed as a woman of fashion. a1911 D. G. Phillips Susan Lenox (1917) I. xii. 194 Susan had early been made a critical observer of feet by the unusual symmetry of her own. 1989 M. Meyer Not Prince Hamlet iii. 37 He was a country poet, a brilliantly precise observer of landscape and of bird and animal life. b. A person who watches for and interprets omens. Cf. observe v. 6b. rare after 17th cent. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > augury, divination from omens > [noun] > observer of omens observer1588 observator1652 1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Comm. Notable Thinges in tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 348 They were great Agorismers or obseruers of times..if they..meete with a Cayman or lyzarde..they know it to be a signe of euill fortune. 1611 Bible (King James) Deut. xviii. 10 An obseruer of times, or an inchanter, or a witch. View more context for this quotation 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 193 Strict Observers of Omens. 1971 Daily Tel. 17 Aug. 8/1 Their predictions have no more validity..than the predictions of crystal-gazers..and observers of the flights of birds. c. A person who observes in an official capacity without participating; spec. (a) one who attends a conference, inquiry, etc., to note the proceedings; (b) one posted to an area of conflict to monitor events, supervise a ceasefire, etc.; frequently attributive in observer force, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > one who sees > [noun] > observer advisora1325 viewer1572 notary1589 observator1642 remarkera1684 noticer1880 observer1925 eyeball1976 1925 A. Toynbee Surv. Internat. Affairs 1920–23 10 Several meetings were attended by an American observer. 1929 J. B. Priestley Good Compan. i. ii. 62 I'm an observer, I want to see but not to feel. That's my duty now, to watch and record. 1949 Ann. Reg. 1948 292 The U.N. Balkans Commission..sent observers to watch the fighting there. 1958 Observer 10 Aug. 4/6 Any measures.., in addition to the original observer group, which would serve to ensure the territorial integrity and political independence of Lebanon. 1970 Guardian 13 Jan. 9/8 The French and the Pope have already called for a new observer force. 1977 Times 9 Dec. 1/3 Sir David attended the inquest in Pretoria as an independent observer at the invitation of the Association of Law Societies of South Africa. 2001 Middle East Times (Egypt) 7 Apr. 2/3 During the summit, the United States heaped humiliation on its Arab ‘allies’ by vetoing the dispatch of a U.N. observer force to the Israeli-occupied territories. 3. a. A person who observes objects or phenomena scientifically; a person who makes scientific observations; such a person (real or hypothetical) regarded as having a particular viewpoint or effect. Also: a person in charge of an observatory. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > head of observatory observer1611 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientist > relying on observation or experiment empiric?c1425 observer1611 empirical philosophera1626 spectator1646 empiricist1867 the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > representational device > [noun] > observatory > one who is in charge of observer1611 1611 J. Donne Anat. World sig. A7 If a slow pac'd starre had stolne away From the obseruers marking, he might stay Two or three hundred yeares to see't againe, And then make vp his obseruation plaine. 1683 J. Flamsteed Gresham Lect. (1975) 377 O[u]r Noble observer himselfe well understood there was some sensible fault committed in his calculations. 1795 Proc. Board of Longitude 6 June 11 (note) The..Astronomical Observer at the new Observatory, founded by the Trustees of the Radcliffe money. 1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 563 It has been, and is still my intention..to confine the present survey to original observers of the disease. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species ii. 57 I have..consulted some sagacious and experienced observers. 1871 B. Stewart Heat (ed. 2) §40 Dilatations obtained after this method by different observers. 1891 Dict. National Biogr. XXVII. 373 Immediately on his [sc. Hornsby's] appointment in 1772 as the first Radcliffe Observer [at Oxford], he laid the foundation-stone of the present observatory. 1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation iv. 69 The observer and his measuring-appliances. 1988 S. Hawking Brief Hist. Time (BNC) 143 The discovery that the speed of light appeared the same to every observer, no matter how he was moving, led to the theory of relativity. 1993 Time 20 Dec. 76/1 Hubble..is the kind of robot observer that scientists like to claim is the real way to explore space. b. Military. A person responsible for observation; spec. (a) a person carried in an aeroplane, or (formerly) in a balloon, to observe enemy positions, direct ground forces, etc.; (b) a member of an artillery unit responsible for identifying targets and watching and directing fire; (c) a person trained to keep watch for and identify incoming aircraft, missiles, etc., as a safeguard against enemy air attack. Frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > hostilities in the air > airman > [noun] > aircrew with specific duties observer1870 strafer1915 air gunner1916 air bomber1918 gunner1918 rear gunner1918 bombardier1932 bomb-aimer1935 tail gunner1939 tail-end Charlie1941 arse-end Charlie1942 waist-gunner1942 spotter pilot1944 society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier with special duty > [noun] > others artificera1553 man-catcher1649 stormer1655 sallier1685 pressmana1694 camp colour-man1753 sharpshooter1802 train soldier1833 escalader1849 adviser1854 outflanker1854 observer1870 spiker1884 mopper-up1917 slushy1919 wire-cutter1922 televisionary1925 flash-spotter1930 spotter1931 parashooter1940 parashot1940 bunker buster1944 sound-ranger1978 yomper1982 technical1992 1870 tr. F. Marion Wonderful Balloon Ascents iii. iv. 215 The soldiers of the enemy, all who saw the observer [Fr. observateur] watching them.., came to the idea that they could do nothing without being seen. 1903 Heavy Artillery Training 36 If the target is not visible from the guns or ground quite close to them,..two observers are required. 1911 Chambers's Jrnl. Aug. 505/1 The military aeroplane must carry at least two men, one..as a pilot, and the other as an observer. 1932 Flight 22 July 677/2 It is very necessary to see, at least once a year, how the Observer Corps is functioning. 1954 P. K. Kemp Fleet Air Arm 52 During 1916, the Admiralty opened a special school for training observers and instituted a new rank of Observer Officer. 1977 J. Cleary High Road to China i. 26 The Bristol Fighter..carried two guns, one fired straight ahead by the pilot and the other able to be fired in a complete circle by the observer. 1990 Airforces Monthly Nov. 26/1 (advt.) It's the Observer who controls the combat tactics, which might involve an entire task group. †4. A person who makes a verbal observation or remark. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > one who speaks > [noun] > one who comments mentioner1607 observator1646 observer1724 commentator1928 1724 J. Swift Let. to Molesworth 1 The Maxim of common Observers, that those who meddle in Matters out of their Calling, will have Reason to repent. Compounds C1. Used attributively with reference to the effect of subjective factors on the accuracy or veracity of scientific observations. ΚΠ 1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 31 July 441/2 Proper consideration of evidence, allowance for observer-error, the clarification of language as a communicative medium—these..are the barriers which stand between us and the irrational abyss. 1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 90 It takes another psychiatrist to explain to her the function of observer bias. 1971 Brit. Med. Bull. 27 8/1 There was little evidence to suggest variation between observers or observer bias. 1991 Biometrics 47 1327 Observer disagreement comprises both of these components. C2. observer's paradox n. (also with capital initials) Linguistics the apparent paradox whereby the vernacular speech of a person being studied is altered by the presence of the observer, thus compromising the accuracy of the observation; also used more generally. ΚΠ 1972 W. Labov Sociolinguistic Patterns viii. 209 We are then left with the Observer's Paradox: the aim of linguistic research in the community must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain those data by systematic observation. 1980 Eng. World-wide 1 182 Gaining access to a speaker's vernacular in sufficient quantities..presents the sociolinguist with the Observer's Paradox. 2002 Slate Mag. (Nexis) 15 Aug. This is the television version of the observer's paradox... There's no way to document sex without somehow affecting the nature of the sex you are going to see. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1550
随便看	rattiness rattinesses rattinet ratting ratting canoe ratting cat ratting match ratting season ratting spear ratting spirit ratting terrier rattish rattle rattle a person's cage rattle away rattle barrel rattle bush rattle grass rattle it out rattle man rattle one's dags rattle the sabre rattle your dags rattle-baby rattle-bag