nucleotiden.

1908 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 94 i. 587 It is suggested that the nucleic acids are composed of simpler complexes, the nucleotides, each formed of phosphoric acid, a carbohydrate, and a base.

1937 Nature 30 Oct. 745/2 The co-ferments now described as phosphopyridine nucleotides, the nature of which has been at last worked out.

1952 Sci. News 24 33 The complete nucleic acid molecules are generally considered as being built up of nucleotides, linked through the hydroxyl (OH) groups of the sugar and the acid groups of the phosphoric acid.

1968 Observer 10 Mar. (Colour Suppl.) 15/1 The DNA molecule..is a two-stranded helix. Each strand is built up of smaller molecules called nucleotides.

1973 J. F. Henderson & A. R. P. Paterson Nucleotide Metabolism p. xiv The terms ‘nucleoside’ and ‘nucleotide’ in the strictest sense refer to N-glycosides, and phosphorylated N-glycosides, respectively, derived from nucleic acids. The term is now used, however, in several broader ways. Thus, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is not derived from nucleic acids, but is quite legitimately a nucleotide through its relation to adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which is so derived. Other N-ribosides, such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), are called nucleotides only by extension and analogy, and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺), etc., are called dinucleotides only by a similar process. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) is a step still further removed, as it contains ribitol instead of ribose, and flavin-adenine dinucleotide similarly extends the meaning of dinucleotide. N-glycosides such as orotidylate (OMP) and adenylosuccinate are called nucleotides through their close relationship to the ‘true’ nucleotides.

1994 Chicago Tribune 15 Apr. i. 1/1 The glitch could have been as minuscule as a simple point mutation..—the alteration of one critical nucleotide in the DNA sequence of thousands of nucleotides that constitutes a normal gene.

1954 F. H. C. Crick & J. D. Watson in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 223 84 This distance..suggests that the nucleotide bases on a given chain are arranged at right angles to the fibre axis and spaced 3·4 Å above each other.

1989 J. L. Casti Paradigms Lost ii. 78 The opposite end of the tRNA strand contains a sequence of three nucleotide bases.

1993 Sci. News 6 Nov. 303/1 The analogy often used..is that the nucleotide bases are the four-letter ‘alphabet’ used to write genes.

1957 Science 7 June 1126/3 Mutation consists of a change in nucleotide sequence.

1980 Jrnl. Molecular Evol. 16 23 A method for estimating the evolutionary rates of synonymous and amino acid substitutions from homologous nucleotide sequences is presented.

1994 Sci. Amer. Mar. 34/2 The process by which specified changes are introduced into the nucleotide sequence of a chosen gene is termed gene targeting.

2001 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 19 July 36/4 These products, nucleotide sequences called ‘messenger RNAs’, are then used by the cell to manufacture the polypeptides.