† nown.2
Scottish. Obsolete.
= noll n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > [noun]
nolleOE
headOE
topa1225
copc1264
scalpa1300
chiefc1330
crownc1330
jowla1400
poll?a1400
testea1400
ball in the hoodc1400
palleta1425
noddle?1507
costard?1515
nab?1536
neck1560
coxcomb1567
sconce1567
now1568
headpiece1579
mazer1581
mazardc1595
cockcomb1602
costrel1604
cranion1611
pasha1616
noddle pate1622
block1635
cranium1647
sallet1652
poundrel1664
nob1699
crany?1730
knowledge box1755
noodle1762
noggin1769
napper1785
garret1796
pimple1811
knowledge-casket1822
coco1828
cobbra1832
coconut1834
top-piece1838
nut1841
barnet1857
twopenny1859
chump1864
topknot1869
conk1870
masthead1884
filbert1886
bonce1889
crumpet1891
dome1891
roof1897
beanc1905
belfry1907
hat rack1907
melon1907
box1908
lemon1923
loaf1925
pound1933
sconec1945
nana1966
1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 266 Thair durst not ten cum him to tak So nowit he thair nowis.
a1585 Ld. Polwart Flyting with Montgomerie 551 Athort his nitty now Ilke louse lyes linkand like a large lint bow.
1663 ‘P. Stampoy’ Coll. Sc. Prov. 26 He should have a heal pow, that cals his neighbour nikkynow.
1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 133 He had need to have a heal Pow, That calls his Neighbour Nitty Know.
1736 Pilulæ Spleneticæ 41 Because she calls you Nitte now you are evens with her, and call her Scabbed pow.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
† nowv.1
Scottish. Obsolete. rare.
transitive. Probably: to strike on the head. Cf. nob v.1 1.
ΚΠ
1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 266 Thair durst not ten cum him to tak So nowit [a1586 Maitland nobbit] he thair nowis.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2021).
† nowv.2
Obsolete.
transitive. In to now and then (something): to place (something) in the context of both the present and the past.Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 49 Good Casuists would case it, and case it,..now it, and then it, punctually.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online September 2019).
nowadv.conj.n.1adj.
/naʊ/, U.S. /naʊ/ A. adv.
I. In temporal sense.
1.
a. At the present time or moment.Sometimes strengthened by even, just, or right (see also these words).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adverb]
noweOE
nowtheOE
nughuOE
todayOE
nowthenc1225
orc1275
in presentc1330
in this presentc1330
now by dawec1330
of present1340
presentc1385
nowadays?1387
adaysa1393
nowadaya1393
now on daysa1393
presently?a1425
now of daysc1425
now-o'-daysc1450
at (the) presenta1500
at this presenta1500
nowdaysa1500
currently1579
on the presenta1616
actually1663
nowanights1672
naow1824
at this (or the) present speaking1835
again1837
contemporarily1837
nowdays1850
any more1859
hic et nunc1935
at this moment in time1936
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) xi. 5 (6) Propter miseriam inopum et gemitum pauperum, nunc exurgam dicit dominus : fore ermðe weðlena & geamrunge ðearfena nu ic arisu cwið dryhten.
eOE tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) ii. v. 49 Þonne næron naþer gode [ne þa], ne nu.
OE Blickling Homilies 25 Wa eow þe nu hlihaþ, forþon ge eft wepað on ecnesse.
lOE Laws: Gerefa (Corpus Cambr.) xvii. 455 Fela ðinga, ðe ic nu genæmnian ne can.
c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 44 Ic forȝife nu ærest þe, forȝif þu hure syððan.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2683 Ure laffdiȝ marȝe..iss nu. & æfre beoþ Heȝhesst off alle shaffte.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 107 On Italiȝe heo comen to londe, þar Rome nou on stondeð.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2421 (MED) Helpe me nu in þis nede.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3918 To lond moab drugen he so, Ðor nu is a burg ierico.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1250 (MED) But, sire, in þe same seute sett artow nouȝ.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 8094 (MED) Sir, sauued be þou nov and ai.
c1400 Comm. on Canticles (Bodl. 288) in T. Arnold Sel. Eng. Wks. J. Wyclif (1871) III. 24 In þe laste eelde þat now is, þat is clepid myddis of ȝeeris.
a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) ii. 1111 Ther is right now come into town a gest, A Greek espie.
a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 549 (MED) Be hit knowe to them that be now and to come.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 423/2 Fyve pounde you have all redy receyved, but what is behynde nowe onpayed.
1539 Bible (Great) Matt. ix. 18 My daughter is even now diseased.
1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 170 But now I will commit it to thy descretion and judgement.
1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 58 The..little Island, as then called Aualon, now Glastenbury.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 95 Who names not now with honour patient Job? View more context for this quotation
1712 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 26 Mar. (1948) II. 525 Now they don't distinguish between a Cow and a Christian.
1785 W. Cowper Task v. 90 Neither grub, nor root, nor earth-nut, now Repays their labour more.
1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 3 My master is just going to dinner, and can't see any body now.
1852 M. Arnold Empedocles on Etna (1906) ii. 109 They will be our lords, as they are now.
1896 Law Times 100 408/1 The salary of a Chancery taxing master is now only £1500 a year.
1933 S. Barker Dark Hills Under 25 Our voices shall be still, our flesh decay, But do not grieve yourself about it now.
1983 M. Roberts Visitation v. ii. 164 Why does he have to do it now, just when I need him?
b. In extended use: under the present circumstances; in view of what has happened.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > [adverb] > under the present circumstances
nowa1400
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 4503 (MED) Y shulde haue asked whan y had space, But now y wote ys al to late.
1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 215 Thare is na schip that wil the now ressaue.
a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) i. 170 The bybyll tellys it opynly Thar-for I lat it nowe go by.
1594 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis (new ed.) sig. Cij Being mad before, how doth she now for wits?
1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler iv I see now it is a harder matter to catch a Trout than a Chub. View more context for this quotation
1710 S. Centlivre Bickerstaff's Burying i. i. 10 I warrant you think to be an Ambral now.
1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature III. 140 I now plainly perceive the reason.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. v. 55 I can believe anything now,— I can believe now that you could sell little Harry.
a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) ii. iv. 361 I understand now..why we call lovers dotty.
1995 Visit'n: Conversat. with Vermonters (Vermont Folklife Center) 44/2 Apparently they found some kind of cap... I believe now it was a dynamite cap.
2. † b. Repeated to stress immediacy or urgency. Cf. now-now adv. Obsolete.
a. In the time directly following on the present moment; immediately, at once.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > immediacy > [adverb]
soonc825
ratheeOE
rathelyeOE
rekeneOE
rekenlyOE
thereright971
anonOE
forth ona1000
coflyc1000
ferlyc1000
radlyOE
swiftlyc1000
unyoreOE
yareOE
at the forme (also first) wordOE
nowOE
shortlya1050
rightOE
here-rightlOE
right anonlOE
anonc1175
forthrightc1175
forthwithalc1175
skeetc1175
swithc1175
with and withc1175
anon-rightc1225
anon-rights?c1225
belivec1225
lightly?c1225
quickly?c1225
tidelyc1225
fastlyc1275
hastilyc1275
i-radlichec1275
as soon asc1290
aright1297
bedenea1300
in little wevea1300
withoute(n dwella1300
alrightc1300
as fast (as)c1300
at firstc1300
in placec1300
in the placec1300
mididonec1300
outrightc1300
prestc1300
streck13..
titec1300
without delayc1300
that stounds1303
rada1325
readya1325
apacec1325
albedenec1330
as (also also) titec1330
as blivec1330
as line rightc1330
as straight as linec1330
in anec1330
in presentc1330
newlyc1330
suddenlyc1330
titelyc1330
yernec1330
as soon1340
prestly1340
streckly1340
swithly?1370
evenlya1375
redelya1375
redlya1375
rifelya1375
yeplya1375
at one blastc1380
fresha1382
ripelyc1384
presentc1385
presently1385
without arrestc1385
readilyc1390
in the twinkling of a looka1393
derflya1400
forwhya1400
skeetlya1400
straighta1400
swifta1400
maintenantc1400
out of handc1400
wightc1400
at a startc1405
immediately1420
incontinent1425
there and then1428
onenec1429
forwithc1430
downright?a1439
agatec1440
at a tricec1440
right forth1440
withouten wonec1440
whipc1460
forthwith1461
undelayed1470
incessantly1472
at a momentc1475
right nowc1475
synec1475
incontinently1484
promptly1490
in the nonce?a1500
uncontinent1506
on (upon, in) the instant1509
in short1513
at a clap1519
by and by1526
straightway1526
at a twitch1528
at the first chop1528
maintenantly1528
on a tricea1529
with a tricec1530
at once1531
belively1532
straightwaysa1533
short days1533
undelayedly1534
fro hand1535
indelayedly1535
straight forth1536
betimesc1540
livelyc1540
upononc1540
suddenly1544
at one (or a) dash?1550
at (the) first dash?1550
instantly1552
forth of hand1564
upon the nines1568
on the nail1569
at (also in, with) a thoughtc1572
indilately1572
summarily1578
at one (a) chop1581
amain1587
straightwise1588
extempore1593
presto1598
upon the place1600
directly1604
instant1604
just now1606
with a siserary1607
promiscuously1609
at (in) one (an) instant1611
on (also upon) the momenta1616
at (formerly also on or upon) sight1617
hand to fist1634
fastisha1650
nextly1657
to rights1663
straightaway1663
slap1672
at first bolt1676
point-blank1679
in point1680
offhand1686
instanter1688
sonica1688
flush1701
like a thought1720
in a crack1725
momentary1725
bumbye1727
clacka1734
plumba1734
right away1734
momentarily1739
momentaneously1753
in a snap1768
right off1771
straight an end1778
abruptedly1784
in a whistle1784
slap-bang1785
bang?1795
right off the reel1798
in a whiff1800
in a flash1801
like a shot1809
momently1812
in a brace or couple of shakes1816
in a gird1825
(all) in a rush1829
in (also at, on) short (also quick) order1830
straightly1830
toot sweetc1830
in two twos1838
rectly1843
quick-stick1844
short metre1848
right1849
at the drop of a (occasionally the) hat1854
off the hooks1860
quicksticks1860
straight off1873
bang off1886
away1887
in quick sticks (also in a quick stick)1890
ek dum1895
tout de suite1895
bung1899
one time1899
prompt1910
yesterday1911
in two ups1934
presto changeo1946
now-now1966
presto change1987
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 140 Nu ic sceall geendian earmlicum deaþe.
?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 5 Vtan nu mymen [read nymen] æryst ȝewislice þane fruman of þan heafde.
c1225 (?OE) Soul's Addr. to Body (Worcester) (Fragm. C) l. 5 Þu scalt nu ruglunge ridæn to þære eorþe.
c1300 St. James Great (Laud) 29 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 34 ‘Nov,’ he seide, ‘we schullen i-seo ȝwat Iemes þe mai don here’.
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Hunterian) f. 42a/a (MED) Seþ þat þe anothomie of simpel members..be writen, nowe wille y write þe anothomie of singuler members þe whiche ben compounde.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 212 Now sall ȝe here How he kide him in þe courete.
a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 61 (MED) Lordinges, I shal telle yow now Whi þat I sente after yow.
?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. aa.iii But at auenture I wyll now wryte.
a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 151 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 99 I sall not ȝow richt now yair names in ane.
1682 T. D'Urfey Butler's Ghost i. 75 That I will, Cries he. But (quoth the Squire) just now T'must be.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones IV. x. iii. 28 ‘I think I have sufficiently warmed myself,’ answered the Lady; ‘so if you please I will go now .’ View more context for this quotation
1766 T. Jefferson Let. 25 May (1984) 737 I will now give you some account of what I have seen in this metropolis.
1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) I. 333 I am in a hurry, and must go now.
1898 F. Montgomery Tony 11 The train would start now.
1952 B. Pym Excellent Women (1980) i. 11 I've got to write up my field notes now.
1992 T. McMillan Waiting to Exhale (1993) 29 Bernadine wanted to tell him that he could take his little Barbie doll and leave now.
ΚΠ
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Kings xx. 31 Now now send & bryng hym to me, for þe sone of deth he is.
?a1500 Nominale (Yale Beinecke 594) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 588/25 (MED) Jam nunc: rygth nov vel nov nov.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis iv. 82 Ô forlorne Dido, now now wrawd destenye grubs the.
1647 C. Harvey Schola Cordis xxvii. 21 Apply Thy plow be-time; now now beginne To furrow up my stiffe and starvy heart.
3. In the time directly preceding the present moment. Now only in just now (formerly also †even now): see just adv. Phrases 1a. right now: see right adv. 5b. †now of late (also †now (a) late): recently.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > recency > [adverb]
neweneOE
newlyeOE
unyoreeOE
noweOE
newOE
lateOE
yesterdaya1300
freshlya1387
of newa1393
anewa1425
newlingsa1425
latewardc1434
the other dayc1450
lately?c1475
erst1480
latewards1484
sith late1484
alatea1500
recently1509
even now1511
late-whiles1561
late ygo1579
formerly1590
just now1591
lastly1592
just1605
low1610
this moment1696
latewardly1721
shortsyne1768
sometime1779
latterly1821
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) v. 12 Ymb þæt ilce þu giddodest nu hwene ær.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. i. 4 Heo wunað on ælcum tacne swa we nu gerehton.
OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) i. ii. 38 Þa þing þe we nu handledon.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 15 Hwule mon is þet nauet to broken elche dei þas godes laȝe þe ic eou nu cweð?
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) 901 (MED) He lihte nu late of heouenliche leomen.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 2275 ‘Ȝe, certes,’ seide he, ‘y saw hem riȝt now boþe.’
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Judges xv. 5 Þe fruytis now [L. iam] broȝt to gidere & þe ȝit standynge in þe stobil ben brent.
a1450 York Plays (1885) 3 (MED) Þat lufly lorde..vs thus mighty has made, þat nowe was righte noghte.
1475 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 485 Other labore that I have takyn on me nowe in-to Fraunce warde.
?c1475 ( in J. Stevenson Lett. & Papers Illustr. Wars Eng. in France (1864) II. 576 The king shulde take appointement offred now late unto hym at Arras.
1533 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. T. Cromwell (1902) I. 353 Whose Auncestors of longe tyme hadd the same untill nowe of late.
1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie lxxxv. 522 If wee alleage It is not nowalate that this thing came vp.
1593 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia i. f. 9 Howsoeuer now of late the fame flies of the two princes of Thessalia and Macedon, and hath long doone of our noble prince Amphialus.
1633 J. Ford 'Tis Pitty shee's Whore i. iv My barber told me just now, that there is a fellow come to town.
1671 R. Head & F. Kirkman Eng. Rogue IV. viii. 126 Master, said I, (if I mistake not) you were talking just now of the Devil owing you a shame, pray tell me what it was.
1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ii. 28 These shanks are to be rivetted (as you were taught even now).
1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison III. vii. 51 Nor..had I, as I remember, any such violent emotions, as I have had now of late.
1799 C. B. Brown Ormon xxvi. 295 Just now, I pitied thee for want of eyes: 'Twas a foolish compassion.
1816 J. Austen Emma II. xv. 295 What I said just now, meant nothing. View more context for this quotation
1881 D. G. Rossetti House of Life vi Even now my lady's lips did play With these my lips such consonant interlude.
1883 C. Brontë Belinda I. i. xii. 220 Then it is perfectly obvious..as I told that hornet just now, that he has had bad news and been telegraphed for home.
1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage lxxxix. 467 I was wondering in Church just now whether you was any connection of Mr. Carey.
1991 R. Mistry Such Long Journey (1992) 98 Just now I was with Madon, asking him for Friday half-day to see doctor.
4. At this time; at the time spoken of or referred to; then, next, by that time; at this point. Also more generally: over or during the period under discussion.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adverb] > at this time or at the time referred to
then1340
now1548
OE Ælfric Homily: De Populo Israhel (Hatton 115) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1968) II. 646 Nu alysde hi God of ðam laðum þeowte, and heora fynd acwealde.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1131 Nu him behofed þæt he crape in his mycele codde in ælc hyrne gif þær wære hure an unwreste wrenc þæt he mihte get beswicen anes Crist & eall Cristene folc.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 1500 Nu hafð Goffar..igadered his ferde.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 379 Two pilches weren ðurg engeles wrogt And to adam and to eue brogt; Ðor-wið he ben nu boðen srid.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 7811 (MED) Ac riȝt now a litel knape To Bedingram com wiþ raþe And toke a letter to Wawain.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 2290 (MED) A-boute þe quarrer were kene men of armes..to take..þe beres; but god now hem help, slayn worþ þei slepend.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1754 (MED) Nyȝt neȝed ryȝt now wyth nyes fol mony.
c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 693 (MED) Nowe he takez hys leue—and lengez no langere.
a1500 (?a1400) Tale King Edward & Shepherd (Cambr.) (1930) 360 (MED) Þe scheperde ete till þat he swatte, And þan nou erst he drew his hatt Into þe benke-ende.
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Acts 58 For his mother, beeing now a widow, was a Iewe borne.
1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Ciiij Now was she iust before him as he sat. View more context for this quotation
1611 Bible (King James) Mark iv. 37 The waues beat into the ship, so that it was now full. View more context for this quotation
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 112 Swift Rivers, are with sudden Ice constrain'd;..An Hostry now for Waggons. View more context for this quotation
1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvi. 496 What season more important than the hour of death? Every thing now conspires to fill the soul with gloom.
1795 W. Roscoe Life Lorenzo de' Medici I. i. 57 Cosmo now approached the period of his mortal existence.
1849 W. Irving Bk. of Hudson 105 Before the order could be obeyed, the flaw struck the sloop, and threw her on her beam-ends. Everything now was fright and confusion.
1874 G. Bancroft Footpr. of Time viii. 201 The war was now practically concluded.
1912 H. J. Butler Motor Bodies & Chassis 114 Opinion is divided as to when the stopping up should take place. Some painters do it now, while others leave it.
1973 I. Murdoch Black Prince i. 4 This was the name, not pronounced now in my presence for very many years, of my former wife.
II. With temporal sense weakened or lost.
5.
a. In sentences expressing a command or request, or in a question, giving any of various tones (exclaiming, reproving, soothing, etc.). Also used without verb, or with verb implied.In quot. OE3 rhetorically repeated.
ΚΠ
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) ii. 10 Et nunc reges intellegite : & nu cyningas ongeotað.
OE Crist I 243 Cum, nu, sigores weard, meotod moncynnes, ond þine milstse [read miltse] her arfæst ywe!
OE Blickling Homilies 19 Cleopian we nu in eglum mode & inneweardre heortan.
OE Seven Sleepers (Julius) (1994) 57 Ða cwædon hi, ‘Nu nu; God ælmihtig þe eac geunne þæt þu on myrhðe libban mote.’
c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 25 Sæcgð me nu an þing, wæs Iohannis fulluht of heofenum oððe of mannum?
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 17 Andswere me nu, þu un-ȝesælie saule.
a1300 Passion our Lord 1 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 37 (MED) Ihereþ nv one lutele tale þat ich eu wille telle.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 275 (MED) Now telle me, felawe, be þi feiȝþ..sei þou euer þemperour, so þe crist help?
c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) 122 Aspieþ nou specialy þe ȝates ben sperde.
a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe (1940) i. 23 (MED) Now, good ser, amend ȝow & aske God mercy.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 20 Now what sey ye unto thys counceyle?
c1500 Melusine (1895) 251 Fayre lordes, now lightly on horsback.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost ii. i. 123 Now faire befall your maske. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. i. 15 Alas, now pray you Worke not so hard..; pray now rest your selfe.
a1625 J. Fletcher Mad Lover iv. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. D/1 Now your Counsells, For I am at my wits end.
1735 G. Berkeley Def. Free-thinking in Math. in Wks. (1871) III. 316 Now, in the name of truth, I entreat you to tell what this moment is.
1814 Intrigues of Day iii. i, in New Brit. Theatre I. 116 Mrs. H. Oh! I insist upon hearing. Sir J. Nay, now, my dear cousin.
1872 O. W. Holmes Poet at Breakfast-table vi No humbug, now, about my boyhood!
1893 G. Chesney Lesters ii. xxi ‘Now, Peter, behave yourself’; and again the threatening crop was raised.
1937 R. Stout Red Box iv. 54 Llewellyn..was expostulating: ‘Now, Dad, cut it out,—now listen a minute.’
1991 R. R. McCammon Boy's Life i. i. 17 Now, you do what I tell you and keep your smart mouth shut!
b. Similarly now then. Frequently used to introduce a command, or as a mild reproof.
ΚΠ
OE Blickling Homilies 237 Nu þonne aris & gang on ða ceastre to Matheum þinum breþer.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 1 Kings xv. 3 Now þanne go & smyt Amalech..ne spare þou to hym.
c1395 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale D. 2141 Now thanne put thyn hand doun my bak..and grope wel bihynde Bynethe my buttok.
a1425 Adam & Eve (Wheatley) in M. Day Wheatley MS (1921) 87 (MED) Now þanne þou schalt be cursid upon þe erþe, which openede his mouþ, and took þe blood of þi broþir of þin hond.
c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 141 (MED) Now þan lete þe chirche of god graunte al þat folewiþ oute of þe antecedent aȝens which I argue here.
c1500 Melusine (1895) 238 Now thenne, noble Cousyne, seace your wepyng.
?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) 1970 Now thanne, yower puer blyssyng gravnt vs tylle!
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Or Or ça, now then, or goe to.
1693 W. Congreve tr. Juvenal Satire XI 308 in J. Dryden Satires Juvenal & Persius 231 Now then, be all thy weighty Cares away.
1739 P. Aubin Count de Vinevil 3 Now then, my dear Child, let me prevail with you to consent to our Separation.
1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) xix. 190 ‘Keep your eyes open,’ said Wardle... ‘Now then.’
1897 J. Conrad Nigger of ‘Narcissus’ iii. 59 Now then, Mr. Baker, get the men along. What's the matter with them?
1954 I. Murdoch Under Net xii. 173 The police barred my way... ‘Now then!’ said one of them.
1991 J. Cartwright To 3 Oh dear, are you all right, love? He wants to take the weight off his feet, I keep telling him. Now then, two whiskeys.
c. now, now: used as an expression of mild remonstrance.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > expressions of disapproval [interjection]
fie1297
avoyc1300
spyc1315
comec1450
tuta1529
oh1533
hum1598
rufty-tufty1606
aroint thee!1608
hoot1681
boo1778
hoots1824
boo hoo1825
now, now1847
aw1852
tch1898
tsk1947
1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre II. iii. 85 ‘Now, now, good people,’ returned Miss Ingram, ‘don't press upon me.’
1873 T. Hardy Pair of Blue Eyes I. x. 202 ‘Now, now mother!’ said Stephen, with smiling deprecation.
1904 W. S. Gilbert Tom Cobb i. 212 Now, now, do come along.
1967 J. Symons Man who killed Himself i. i. 12 ‘What made you double that heart call?’ Clare asked... Mr. Payne wagged a finger. ‘Now now. No inquests.’
1997 A. Sivanandan When Memory Dies iii. i. 238 ‘Now, now,’ admonished her husband. ‘We don't want go into all that again.’
6. Introducing an important or noteworthy point in an argument or proof, or in a series of statements. Also now then.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > as concession
noweOE
wella1470
yes?1530
ah well1534
well now1550
indeed1563
oh well1582
(a) well a wella1779
eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xlix. 377 Nu ðonne,..nu is to ongietanne æt hu micelre scylde ða beoð befangne.
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1900) II. 142 Nu cwæð se halga Beda þe ðas boc gedihte, þæt hit nan wundor nys.
c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 20 Nu wæs þes kyng þe com to Criste underkyng ihaten on þa ylcan wisæn.
c1225 (?c1200) Sawles Warde (Bodl.) (1938) 22 Nu is riht þenne þet we demen us seolf eauer unmihtie to werien & to witen us.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 53 (MED) Nou behoueþ to habbe tuo mesures, ane little..And anoþre guode and large.
c1426 J. Audelay Poems (1931) 3 (MED) Nou ȝif a woman maryd schal be, Anoon sche schal be boȝt and sold.
?a1475 (a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Harl. 6579) i. xliv. f.28a (MED) Nou euery man þat lyueþ in þis wrecched lyf is gostly syke.
a1500 (c1400) St. Erkenwald (1977) 33 (MED) Now of þis Augustynes art is Erkenwolde bischop.
1525 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. III. 75 Nowe, Sir, as God hathe endued your Grace with Christen courauge [etc.].
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. xix. 29 Now the principall thing required in a witness is fidelitie.
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. iii. 22 Now if thou wert a Poet, I might haue some hope thou didst feigne. View more context for this quotation
1624 Bp. F. White Replie to Iesuit Fishers Answere 323 Now then I subsume, no religious worship..is due to Saints.
1726 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. (ed. 2) I. iii. §54. 498 Now, the Observation may be made very commodiously, after the following..Method.
1744 J. Harris Three Treat. i. 18 And now then, continued he, as we have gone thus far, and have settled between us what we believe Art to be; shall we go a little farther..?
1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 122 Now this was bad enough, occurring as it did three times a week on the average, but this was not all.
1881 B. Jowett tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War I. 150 Now the Acarnanians are famous for their skill in slinging.
1920 J. Conrad Rescue (1950) i. ii. 26 Now, one would think at this time of the year the homeward-bounders from China would be pretty thick here.
1972 A. Bennett Getting On i. 33 Now. I never forget a face. That, unless I'm very much mistaken is my son.
1993 W. Weaver tr. U. Eco Misreadings 138 Now then, the caravel exploits the propulsion system known as ventus et vela, that is, wind and sail.
7.
a. Placed medially or at the end of a clause or question, with emphatic or rhetorical (sometimes ironical) force.
ΚΠ
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xviii. 43 Þeah he nu maran wilnige, he ne mæg furðum þæt forð[brin]gan.
c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 21 Wen is þæt eower sum þisses wundriȝe nu, hu ðe Almihtiȝæ God ælcne mon ihere.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) 977 (MED) Þis is nu þe derfschipe of þi dusi onsware.
c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 4 Hwet is nu þis lare þet tu nimest se deopliche.
c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) 311 (MED) Þi tale nu þu lynne, For horn nis noȝt her inne.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1670 (MED) I kan bi no coyntyse knowe nouȝ þe best, how ȝe mowe un-hent or harmles a-schape.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 3589 (MED) Elde es nou a selcuth thing, For all it ȝernis þat er ȝing.
c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer Legend Good Women 2392 That wol I seyn, al were he now my brother.
a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 709 For to God I make avow Mankynde had leuer now Greue God wyth synys row Þanne þe World to dysplese.
1568 Jok & Jynny 62 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS f. 137 Fyive hundreth fleis now in a flok.
1611 Second Maiden's Trag. (1909) iv. i. 48 What noe? Are ye so short heeld?
1715 S. Centlivre Wife well Managed 3 An will you be after giving me the Moidore indeed, and by my Shoul now?
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. v. vi. 164 I am sure you cannot be in Earnest now . View more context for this quotation
1760 S. Fielding Ophelia II. xxxiii. 34 There's a wise young Woman now!
1821 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 20 Oct. 4/2 Who in the deil are you now?.. My name is John Wilson.
1871 G. MacDonald At Back of North Wind xxi. 206 It belongs to my father and mother, you know. It's not mine to give. Is it now? You would not think it right to give away what wasn't yours—would you now?
1933 ‘R. Kerverne’ Menace ii. 16 ‘I damned near went to my own funeral.’ ‘Did you now?’ said Mr. Harris with zest.
1963 T. Parker Unknown Citizen i. 21 ‘Which way's the station now?’ ‘Down there, turn right.’
1995 I. Banks Whit x. 152 ‘We..are concerned about her.’ ‘Are you now?’
b. Used at the beginning of a clause, or question, or elliptically in a question, with emphatic or rhetorical force.how now?: see how adv., int., and n.3 Phrases 5a.
ΚΠ
c1387–95 G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. 573 Now is nat that of God a ful fair grace That swich a lewed mannes wit shal pace The wisdom of an heep of lerned men?
c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls 2132 But now to purpos as of this matere: To rede forth hit gan me so delite.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 501 Now trewly..that lady were nothinge wise.
1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 75 Nowe to M. Heskins Collections.
1592 J. Lyly Midas iv. i Now Nymphes, what say you?
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida v. iii. 101 Pand. Do you heere my Lord... Troyl. What now?
1680 T. Otway Orphan ii. 19 Now by my Fathers Soul the Witch was honest.
1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews 313 Now, to give him only a Dash or two on the affirmative Side.
1764 S. Foote Mayor of Garret ii. 40 Now for it, Sneak; the enemy's at hand.
1864 J. H. Newman Apologia i And now as to Dr. Whately. I owe him a great deal.
1931 V. Woolf Waves 260 ‘Now to sum up,’ said Bernard.
2000 W. Self How Dead Live (2001) viii. 201 Now, I have peoples here I must talk with.
B. conj.
1. As a consequence of or simultaneously with the fact that; since, seeing that.
ΚΠ
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xxx. 68 Forhwy þe haten dys[i]ge men mid leasre stemne wuldor, nu ðu n[ane] neart?
OE Blickling Homilies 123 Ond nu þeos halige tid englum þus healice to gefean & to blisse wearþ, hwæt þonne huru eallunga seo mennisce gecynd þæs mæg mid rihte þæm Scyppende lof & wuldor secgean.
c1175 ( in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 50 Men, nu we iheræð ðæt God on us eardiȝæn wule..is us swiðe mycel ðearf þæt we us sylfe weorðe don him to eardungstowe.
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 23 (MED) Nu ðu wilt mine name swa ȝiernliche witen, soð ic ðe wile seggen.
c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) 539 (MED) Nu þu hast wille þine, Vn bind me of my pine.
c1330 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Auch.) (1966) 490 (MED) Nou schal swete Florice misse, Schal non oþer of me haue blisse.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. 143 And now persones han parceyued that Freres parte with hem, Þise possessioneres preche and depraue freres.
c1410 (c1350) Gamelyn (Harl. 7334) 232 Now i am older woxe, þou schalt me fynd a more.
a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 539 (MED) Bot, now he lyffis, welle is me.
1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido iii. i Æneas. I understand, your highness sent for me. Dido. No; but, now thou art here, tell me.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. iii. 15 Now they are oppress'd with trauaile, they..cannot vse such vigilance As when they are fresh. View more context for this quotation
1702 D. Defoe Shortest-way with Dissenters 2 There are some People in the World, who now they are unpearcht,..begin with Æsop's-Cock, to preach up Peace.
1816 J. Austen Emma II. ix. 182 My mother will be so very happy to see her—and now we are such a nice party, she cannot refuse. View more context for this quotation
1889 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms xli We'd as good as got a free pardon.., now the police was away.
1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle xiii. 174 Now you're in these pretty clothes you're the dead ringer of the brightest kind of American engineer.
1990 Banking World Dec. 36/1 (advt.) Now he's been in the wars himself, he says it's the RAF Benevolent Fund that really deserves a medal.
2. Similarly now that.Quot. eOE may show this sense, but the intervening line break suggests that an alternative interpretation of þæt as ‘in that’ is perhaps more likely.
ΚΠ
eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) x. 57 Ac hit is wyrse nu, þæt geond þas eorðan æghwær sindon hiora gelican hwon ymbspræce.]
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iii. 265 (MED) Now that I wot my fadres wille..I wole obeie me therto.
a1425 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (1987) iii. 1182 ‘And now,’ quod she, ‘that I have don yow smerte, Foryeve it me.’
c1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess 477 That joye gete I never non, Now that I see my lady bryght..Is fro me ded and ys agoon.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 645/1 I have notted my heed nowe that sommer is come.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iii. iv. 180 'Tis wonderfull, What may be wrought.., Now that their soules are topfull of offence. View more context for this quotation
1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes v. 406 Now that you have brought me forth..leave me not to shift for my selfe.
1676 G. Towerson Explic. Decalogue 383 There is not the same reason, now that the world is peopled [etc.].
1719 J. Barker Amours of Bosvil & Galesia 62 I do remember nothing in which I can accuse myself, even now that I am free from Passion, and capable to make a serious Reflection.
1782 F. Burney Cecilia II. iv. i. 132 Now that he can no longer do that, he takes the disappointment so to heart that he cannot get the better of it.
1844 E. B. Barrett Drama of Exile 30 in Poems I Now that the fruit is plucked,..I hold that Eden is impregnable.
1876 World 5 9 Is there no new field.., now that the schoolmaster is so fearfully and wonderfully abroad?
1902 W. S. Maugham Mrs. Craddock xv. 157 Now that he was dead he could not check her passion, now he was helpless and she kissed him with all her love.
1991 Newsweek 23 Dec. 9/2 Now that the camcorder is part of many families' electronic arsenal, future generations can watch Grandpa describe life on the farm.
C. n.1
1.
a. The present time; the time spoken of or referred to.Gower uses the phrase time now, where now is an adjective, in the same sense: see quot. a1393 at sense D. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [noun]
instancec1374
nowa1393
presenta1425
nowadays?c1425
the time1484
presentens1509
here1608
present tense1630
now1633
the now1720
day1766
today1831
this day and age1832
of the period1859
nowaday1886
these days1936
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. 843 (MED) To peise now with that beforn, The chaf is take for the corn.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 2138 (MED) Ensamples thou hast many on Of now and ek of time gon.
1440 in R. R. Sharpe Cal. Let.-bks. London (1911) K. 243 After many..compleintes made unto us..of divers mysgovernances and mesprisions doon and of nowe usurped..ayens the places of oure fundacioun [etc.].
1549 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. 431 The tyme is tourned: then was then and now is now.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) ii. ii. 140 Though you heare now (too late) yet nowes a time. View more context for this quotation
1631 J. Mabbe tr. F. de Rojas Spanish Bawd vii. 97 Now is now, and then is then; when time serves, we will follow your counsell.
1656 T. Fuller Coll. Serm. 29 Now is an Atome, it will puzzle the skill of an Angell to divide.
1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VI. xv. 40 And what, my dear, is this poor needle's point of now to a boundless eternity?
1861 H. Angus Serm. 44 It is only a make-believe of happiness which does not dwell in now.
1863 C. Patmore Espousals x, in Angel in House (ed. 3) I. 279 Where Now and Then are no more twain.
1942 Punch 18 Feb. 139/1 ‘Will now suit you?’ he said.
1964 C. Isherwood Single Man 7 Now is also a cold reminder; one whole day later than yesterday.
1989 Face Jan. 66/3 He's gone for a complete overhaul—so that you get the noir of Now rather than yesteryear's served up as a covering note.
b. Similarly with the or this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [noun]
instancec1374
nowa1393
presenta1425
nowadays?c1425
the time1484
presentens1509
here1608
present tense1630
now1633
the now1720
day1766
today1831
this day and age1832
of the period1859
nowaday1886
these days1936
1633 J. Ford Broken Heart iv. i. sig. G2v Now, Vncle, now; this Now, is now too late.
1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis i. 2 With scarce a breathing space betwixt, This Now becalm'd, and perishing the next.
1714 N. Rowe Jane Shore ii. i. 28 This present now Some matters of the State detain our leisure.
1771 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) V. 392 Enjoy the very, very now, by enjoying Him ‘whose years fail not’.
1820 W. Scott Monastery III. vii. 186 It must be done this very now, or it may never be done.
1837 W. Wordsworth Memorials Tour in Italy (1849–50) This sea of life without a visible shore, Do neither promise ask nor grace implore In what alone is ours, the living Now.
1851 G. Brimley Ess. (1858) ii. 187 Plant the great hereafter in the now.
1908 Daily Chron. 6 Aug. 3/1 I don't know what it is about this nice Old World that makes one so absolutely contented with the Now.
1984 B. Breytenbach Mouroir 89 Life is in the present, in the now.
2.
a. A present point or moment of time.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [noun] > a or the present point in time
instantc1503
now1623
1623 W. Drummond Flowres of Sion 38 Still is the same thy Day and Yesterday, An vndiuided Now.
1692 J. Dryden Eleonora 20 We can scarcely say she dy'd; For but a Now, did Heav'n and Earth divide.
1751 J. Harris Hermes i. vii. 102 If a Point or Now were extended, each of them would contain within it self infinite..other Nows.
1801 R. Southey Thalaba I. i. 33 Time is not here, nor days, nor months, nor years, An everlasting now of misery!
1870 R. W. Emerson Society & Solitude 71 An everlasting Now reigns in nature.
1962 J. B. Priestley Margin Released 79 Deep in the unconscious, which has its own time and a wider now than consciousness knows, already the war was on, a world ending.
1989 T. Bolt Out of Woods 29 Reshape the gathered day, and scatter out A now of nerves and words.
b. With a possessive adjective: one's present. Chiefly literary.
ΚΠ
a1668 W. Waller Divine Medit. (1839) 146 In this my day, or rather in this my now.
a1711 T. Ken Preparatives for Death in Wks. (1721) IV. 7 I oft made solemn vows To consecrate to God my Nows.
1861 J. R. Lowell Ode to Happiness 49 Man ever with his Now at strife.
1981 W. Bronk Life Supports 71 And yet we are, somehow we are. Our now is a long now.
3. Scottish and Irish English (northern). the now (also in the now): just now; at the moment; in a moment. Cf. sense C. 1b.See etymological note above.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [noun]
instancec1374
nowa1393
presenta1425
nowadays?c1425
the time1484
presentens1509
here1608
present tense1630
now1633
the now1720
day1766
today1831
this day and age1832
of the period1859
nowaday1886
these days1936
1720 in H. Hamilton Select. Monymusk Papers (1945) 87 I have little hops of him but can't gett off for a few days not having settled with him the now.
1828 Paisley Mag. 247 It helps very much to make us cheery the now, as we are rather dull at this time of year.
1873 J. Brown Round Table Club 217 Nae i-the-noo; wait a fillie.
1898 J. Buchan in To Day 5 Nov. 7/2 The river the noo is no three feet deep a' ower, wi' sands and the shift o' the tide-bar.
1902 D. S. Meldrum Conquest of Charlotte II. i Tell her to hasten, for I'll be back i' the now.
1913 A. F. Irvine My Lady of Chimney-corner 94 Jist for th' now these are the handles of a plough.
1953 M. Traynor Eng. Dial. Donegal 199/1 The now, at present, now. Where are you going the noo? How are you the noo?
1975 J. R. L. Anderson Nine-spoked Wheel ii. 37 The doctor's away in London the noo.
1994 I. Welsh Acid House 135 Right love... Bye the now.
D. adj.
1. Of or belonging to the present time.Common in the 17th cent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adjective]
present1340
nowa1393
presentary?a1425
unrun1474
modernc1485
hodiern?a1513
actual1525
modernal1542
instantc1550
this1582
immediate1605
current1608
nowadays1609
nowaday1632
hodiernal1656
living1659
running1659
daily1663
existent1676
existing1827
present-day1833
presential1878
today1908
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. 2379 (MED) Bot I am ferr fro thilke grace As forto speke of tyme now.
1444 Rolls of Parl. V. 75/1 The estate and possession of the saide nowe Maistur and Brethern.
c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 21 (MED) Moche wondir myȝt a wel leerned clerk haue vpon þe greet, ouer long woned rudenes of newe doctouris and of her now folewers.
1565 in F. J. Furnivall Child-marriages, Divorces, & Ratifications Diocese Chester (1897) 136 John Olton decessid, father to the nowe plaintiff.
1586 W. Warner Albions Eng. iii. xv. 60 These Irish, sometime Spanish Scotts, of whence our now-Scotts bee.
1602 W. Watson Decacordon Ten Quodlibeticall Questions 168 Their now surcease from calling this vsurpate authority in question.
1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 3 The Latin..(of which the now French, Spanish, and Italian are several off-springs and derivations).
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 254 His second son, the now Earl of Rochester.
1793 E. Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 147 The dreadful treatment of the now king.
1824 Ld. Byron Deformed Transformed ii. iii. 41 His now escape may furnish A future miracle.
1889 Harper's Mag. Aug. 406/1 It was bequeathed by Dr. Thomas Burnet, his great-grandson, to its late possessor, from whom the now owner obtained it.
1965 Amer. Speech 40 236 Now..present. ‘My now wife’.
1998 Daily Tel. 21 Oct. 11/2 Mr Gould presents the now Trade and Industry Secretary as a man torn between his two friends.
2. colloquial. Modern, fashionable, up to date.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adjective] > modern
modern1585
new-schoolish1844
New World1847
latter day1850
contemporary1859
unantiquated1859
todayish1864
contemporaneous1871
modernistic1878
presentist1878
up to date1888
down to date1893
up-with-the-times1893
de nos jours1909
up to the minute1909
chromium-plate1924
chromium-plated1924
contempo1944
now1955
New Wave1960
nouveau1974
1955 S. Allen Bop Fables 55 ‘Hey, man,’ said the stranger, ‘where you goin' with that here now cow?’
1967 Time 7 Apr. 20 The more mature of the unmarried in the Now Generation say that, far from promoting promiscuity, the pills impose a sense of responsibility.
1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 255 Even a poet as now as Dylan has two kinds of female character in his imagery.
1989 Empire Sept. 108/2 The..singer..has come up with an eclectically ‘now’ assembly of world music and churchy tunes.
2000 PS Nov. 70/2 I like the cultural crossover look, which is very now and chic, though young Asian women have been doing it for years.
Phrases
P1.
a. With prepositions, as by (also ere, or, till, unto, etc.) now. Also for now: for the present, in the mean time.
ΚΠ
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) lxx. 16 (17) Usque nunc pronuntiabo mirabilia tua : oð nu ic forðsecgu wundur ðin.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 14066 Tu þe gode win till nu Aȝȝ hafesst hidd..haldenn.
a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) 11 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 161 (MED) Mest al þet me likede er nu, hit me mislikeð.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxxix.15 (MED) Lord, be þou turned vnto nov [L. usquequo], and be þou bidlich vp þy seruantes.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) :John (Douce 369(2)) xvi. 24 Til now ȝe axiden not ony thing in my name.
c1395 G. Chaucer Friar's Tale 1619 Ne was I neuere er now [v.rr. no, nowe] wydwe ne wyf.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 12800 (MED) Es þou helias halden til nu, Crist or prophet, quam to bu?
1442 Rolls of Parl. V. 42/2 Unto now late that Cristofre Conyers, late the Escheitour of Yorkshire, seisid certeins of the seide Lordships, Manoirs..into your noble hondes.
c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) 17785 Ye wold nevir yt leve or now.
a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 35 If þou haddist lyued unto now in worshipes & lustes of þe worlde.
c1500 Melusine (1895) 121 But as for now I shall reste of hym and I shal retourne there.
1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Giij Her eyes are mad, that they haue wept till now . View more context for this quotation
a1625 J. Fletcher Monsieur Thomas (1639) i. iii. sig. D1v No word of visitation, as ye love me, And so for now Ile leave ye.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 321 The other two who I had kept till now, in my Bower, pinion'd.
1771 H. Mackenzie Man of Feeling xl. 233 Ere now were its notes of accord With the smile of the flow'r-footed muse.
1860 C. Thirlwall Remains (1877) I. 395 Without this, she would have fallen ere now under the blows.
1885 R. Bridges Eros & Psyche xii. iv. 145 She is not hence by now six miles at most.
1901 S. E. White Westerners xxiii. 228 They's a good many ton of ore in four hundred foot of shaft.’.. ‘Let that go for now... We can call that ‘velvet’.’
1913 H. V. Esmond Eliza comes to Stay ii. 35 I'm quite safe up to now.
1957 Listener 5 Dec. 963/1 Most people by now are familiar with the aerosol pack.
1998 New Scientist 30 May 20/2 Till now, designs for DAB receivers have used expensive signal processing chips.
2004 Guardian (Nexis) 1 Apr. (Features section) 17 Pip-pip for now—and thanks for reading.
b. Preceded by fro or from and followed by an adverb, as from now on (also † fro now forth, † fro now forthward, † from now forth, etc.).
ΚΠ
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 3758 (MED) In dew and gress sere o þorth Sal be þi blissing fra no forth.
c1440 (?c1350) in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 19 (MED) Þou sall lufe gastely ilk a man, and flee fra now-forthwarde to lufe fleschly.
1503 Surtees Misc. (1890) 30 John Mitteley & his heires frome now forthe shall wall up..the utter west syde of his swynstye.
1886 R. L. Stevenson Kidnapped xxii. 217 From now on, these weary dragoons of yours will keep the crown of the muirland.
1930 Sun (Baltimore) 18 Aug. 6/1 From now on, we are led to believe, law and order will be on the up and up, as the current phrase is.
1951 J. B. Priestley Festival at Farbridge 52 From now on it's Big Time stuff.
1992 InterCity Mag. Feb. 5/1 From now on, InterCity seat reservations will be free of charge.
c. Preceded by from and followed by a preposition, as from now till, from now to, etc.
ΚΠ
a1754 E. Tollet Poems Several Occasions (1755) 229 To God be Israel's Hope resign'd, From now till Time shall cease.
1849 C. Swain Eng. Melodies ii. 247 Take the world as it is!—there are good and bad in it—And good and bad will be from now to the end.
1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! xvi I could live very well from now till Doomsday without [etc.].
1890 Spectator 10 May 651/2 The Gladstonians could talk with ease on one line of one clause from now till Christmas.
1917 E. A. Robinson Merlin (1937) vii. 301 Your throne is empty, and you may as well Sit on it and be ruler of the world From now till supper-time.
1982 Space World Aug. 10/1 The years from now to the end of the century will be critical in the real ‘star war’ to determine who will exercise control of earth through dominance of space.
P2. † a. now by dawe [compare day n. 15] (also now by day) = nowadays adv. Obsolete. rare.† b. as now: at this time, just now. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adverb]
noweOE
nowtheOE
nughuOE
todayOE
nowthenc1225
orc1275
in presentc1330
in this presentc1330
now by dawec1330
of present1340
presentc1385
nowadays?1387
adaysa1393
nowadaya1393
now on daysa1393
presently?a1425
now of daysc1425
now-o'-daysc1450
at (the) presenta1500
at this presenta1500
nowdaysa1500
currently1579
on the presenta1616
actually1663
nowanights1672
naow1824
at this (or the) present speaking1835
again1837
contemporarily1837
nowdays1850
any more1859
hic et nunc1935
at this moment in time1936
c1330 in T. Wright Polit. Songs Eng. (1839) 326 (MED) Everich man nu bi dawe may sen that thus hit is.
c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 49 (MED) Þer þou schalt fynde..none nyce dameselis wiþ garlondis of gold..ne suche oþir maumetrie as Eue doutres disgisen hem now bi daie.
a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) 5 So faren prestes now by dawe.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adverb] > precisely at present or just now
as nowc1390
instantlyc1485
just now?1615
of the hour1887
c1390 G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale 740 As now at this tyme nay, But..Tomorwe wol I seye thee what me leste.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. 546 (MED) Of thi wittes five I wole as now nomore schryve, Bot only of these ilke tuo.
c1450 C. d'Orleans Poems (1941) 105 (MED) Ther nys as now suche thoughtis me to take.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 102 Ye shall nat so..at thys tyme, for as now I am but youre squyre.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 274 Jt is sufficiand ynouche to me to tell as now, yat [etc.].
a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 2490 (MED) For violent fluxis be perilous as nowe.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xliii. 144 Shew me for what cause ye haue as now sent for me.
1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido i. i Instruct us under what good heaven We breathe as now.
c. now about(s): about this time. Now English regional (rare).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adverb] > about this time or about now
now about(s)1713
1713 S. Sewall Diary 11 June (1973) II. 719 Now about the Govr procures a Letter to be written.
1721 S. Sewall Diary 23 Jan. (1973) II. 971 Now about I gave his Excellency a Ring.
1903 I. Wilkinson in Eng. Dial. Dict. IV. 306/1 [North Yorkshire] T'show will begin nowabouts.
P3.
a. now (one thing), now (another): (used to introduce antithetical clauses, phrases, or words) at one moment one thing, at the next, another; alternately one thing and another.
ΚΠ
?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 93 (MED) Man is lif nis bot a schade; Nov he is, and nov he nis.
c1390 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 160 (MED) Hit fareþ as a foules fliht; Now is hit henne, now is hit here.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. 569 (MED) Now hier, now ther, now to, now fro, Now up, now down, this world goth so.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 24545 (MED) Nu i lig and no i stand, Bunden þus in balful band.
1493 Chastysing Goddes Chyldern (de Worde) viii. sig. Biij/2 Her thoughtes ben full chaungable. now here, now there, now so, now thus, like to wynde.
a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 108 (MED) Þou shalt be founden now glad, now sory, now plesid, now troublid, now deuoute, now indeuoute.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Sam. xi. 25 The swerde consumeth now one now another.
1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 79 It is now abiding vpon the earth now in the waters.
1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 258 Now vsed in this sence, now in that.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 101 The flying Chariot kindles in the Course: And now aloft; and now alow they fly. View more context for this quotation
1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. 21 In this Quandary, now considering, now crying, and not knowing what to do, I pass'd the Time.
1808 W. Scott Marmion vi. xxviii. 357 Now low, now high, The pennon sunk and rose.
1883 R. L. Stevenson Silverado Squatters 9 A great variety of oaks stood, now severally, now in a becoming grove.
1936 A. Ransome Pigeon Post viii. 45 The distant figure was moving fast, now across bare rock, now knee-deep in bracken, now working along the sheep tracks through the heather.
1986 D. Nabokov tr. V. Nabokov Enchanter (1987) vi. 72 We shall live far away, now in the hills, now by the sea.
b. Similarly now (one thing), then (another) and now (one thing) and again (another), etc.
ΚΠ
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) ii. v. 10 Now, one [is] the better: then, another best. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. ii. 401 Now weepe for him, then spit at him. View more context for this quotation
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 5 [The weather is] so vncertaine, that now you shall haue a quiet breath and gale, and suddenly an vnexpected violent gust.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 634 Now [he] shaves with level wing the Deep, then soares. View more context for this quotation
1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 60. ⁋8 His walk was now quick, and again slow.
1869 A. Trollope Phineas Finn II. l. 95 Dr Finn was fully alive to this..saying now a word about the old lord's gout in his legs and arms, and then about the gout in the stomach.
1906 J. London White Fang ii. iv. 96 At..times he was in violent motion, now being turned over or around, and again, being smashed against a rock.
1990 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Oct. 224/1 Nigel Dempster, now the doyen of London gossip columnists, then a humble tipster, went to a party at the Barn one evening.
P4.
a. now and again (also anon, †eft, †now): at one time and another, from time to time.every now and again: see every adj. and pron. Phrases 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > frequency > infrequency > [adverb] > sometimes or occasionally
whiloma900
whilea1000
stoundmealc1000
stundumOE
otherwhileOE
umquhile1154
with and withc1175
by stoundsa1225
otherwhilesc1225
umbestound?c1225
umbewhilec1230
then and thenc1275
sometime…sometime1297
umstounda1300
by while13..
over while13..
sometime1340
umbe throwea1350
at timesa1382
now and again (also anon, eft, now)a1393
umbwhile1393
eftsoona1398
sometimea1400
by sithesc1400
umbestoundsc1400
from time to (formerly unto) time1423
now and (also or) then1445
ever now and nowa1470
when and whenc1470
occasionallya1475
in timesa1500
whiles?a1500
whilomsa1500
sometimes1526
somewhiles1528
at whiles1540
ever now and then1542
a-whiles1546
somewhiles…, somewhiles1547
at sometimes1548
now and thenc1550
ever and anon1558
by occasions1562
on (also upon) occasion1562
as soon…as soon1581
every now and then (also again)1642
by a time1721
once and a while1765
ever and again1788
periodically1825
in spots1851
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 2570 And in the Marches now and eft..He wroghte such knihthode there.
c1395 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 430 She swowned now and now for lakke of blood.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. 570 The seed of mirte..Let yeue hem now & now for chaunge of mete.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 286 Ever now and now com all the knyghtes home that were presoners.
a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) 171 God amongst the Pagans did,..now and anon, reveale the mysterie of Christ Jesus.
1840 Southern Literary Messenger 6 447/2 A quiff would now and again ascend and hang like a tropical cloud over the hemisphere of his cranium.
1863 A. Trollope Rachel Ray I. vi. 127 Now and again she would turn her face upon Rachel's figure.
1926 Brit. Weekly 25 Nov. 242/3 He's a bit batty every now and anon.
1927 V. Woolf To Lighthouse i. xii. 105 An old woman just popped her head in now and again and saw to the fire.
1989 T. Bodett End of Road i. viii. 85 Doug would work now and again sliming fish over at the salmon cannery to support himself.
b. now and (also †or) then: occasionally, intermittently, at intervals.ever now and then: see ever adv. and adj. Phrases 2d. every now and then: see every adj. and pron. Phrases 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > frequency > infrequency > [adverb] > sometimes or occasionally
whiloma900
whilea1000
stoundmealc1000
stundumOE
otherwhileOE
umquhile1154
with and withc1175
by stoundsa1225
otherwhilesc1225
umbestound?c1225
umbewhilec1230
then and thenc1275
sometime…sometime1297
umstounda1300
by while13..
over while13..
sometime1340
umbe throwea1350
at timesa1382
now and again (also anon, eft, now)a1393
umbwhile1393
eftsoona1398
sometimea1400
by sithesc1400
umbestoundsc1400
from time to (formerly unto) time1423
now and (also or) then1445
ever now and nowa1470
when and whenc1470
occasionallya1475
in timesa1500
whiles?a1500
whilomsa1500
sometimes1526
somewhiles1528
at whiles1540
ever now and then1542
a-whiles1546
somewhiles…, somewhiles1547
at sometimes1548
now and thenc1550
ever and anon1558
by occasions1562
on (also upon) occasion1562
as soon…as soon1581
every now and then (also again)1642
by a time1721
once and a while1765
ever and again1788
periodically1825
in spots1851
1445 tr. Claudian's De Consulatu Stilichonis in Anglia (1905) 28 273 (MED) Now and than [L. passim] men the to touche and to speke yivest leve.
a1516 H. Medwall Godely Interlude Fulgens sig. Biiiv Nore maydens be dissayued now and than So greate dyssemblynge now a daye There is conuayed vnder wordes gaye.
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. O.viij Sometyme on the daie, and nowe and than by nyght, they would walke abrode.
1576 A. Fleming Panoplie Epist. 211 (margin) Familiar friends vse ieasting nowe and then, in their letters.
1621 I. C. in T. Bedford's Sin unto Death A j The Apothecaries Glasse or Gally-pot..being emptied by now and then of a little.
1623 N. Byfield Expos. Epist. Coloss. ii. v. 16 Tis not enough to doe good now or then, by flashes.
1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders sig. g2v This manual doth both now and then proffer a word or two to cherish the Readers patience.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 130. ¶3 These Gypsies now and then foretold very strange things.
1761 F. Sheridan Mem. Miss Sidney Bidulph I. 12 The strictness of her notions..now and then gave a tincture of severity to her actions.
1802 W. Wordsworth When I have Borne in Poet. Wks. (1849–50) III. i. xvii What wonder if a Poet now and then..Felt for thee as a lover or a child!
1890 Spectator 11 Oct. 474/2 She never took up, except by moments now and then, the legitimate side.
1955 ‘N. Shute’ Requiem for Wren (1956) 203 If I could take her out into the country now and then I think she'd like it.
1988 G. Greene Captain & Enemy viii. 123 I've been able to help him now and then. He's had his difficulties.
P5. now or (also other) never: used to denote an occasion or opportunity which may never recur; at this moment or not at all.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adverb] > now or never
now or (also other) neverc1400
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 2216 (MED) If any wyȝe oȝt wyl, wynne hider fast, Oþer now oþer neuer, his nedez to spede.
c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 39 (MED) Lette vs now or neuer begyne to be ashamyd of the wykkidnes of oure shamefull conuersacioun.
1474 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 486 I lete yow weete þat Heugh Beamond is deed, wherffor I wolde ye had hys roome, nowe ore neuer iff ye can brynge it a-bowt.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccccxlijv Therfore thought they now, or els neuer, yt God was on theyr side.
a1633 F. Godwin Man in Moone (1638) 111 When then he desired one yeares stay longer, I told him it was manifest I must depart now or never.
a1658 J. Cleveland Rustick Rampant in Wks. (1687) 459 Now or never for the Liberty of the Subject.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 38. ⁋6 Now or never is the Time.
1855 C. Kingsley Westward Ho! xix ‘Come off, now or never,’ cried Amyas.
1860 J. L. Motley Hist. Netherlands IV. 170 Taking the ground that now or never was the time for driving the Spaniards..out of the Netherlands.
1932 P. G. Wodehouse Hot Water xiii. 222 This was the moment when he must put his fortune to the test, to win or lose it all. Now or never must the balloon go up.
1987 Sunday Express Mag. 11 Feb. 34/3 At the moment, she's toying with adding to the brood... ‘At my age it'll have to be now or never!’
P6. colloquial. buy (also live, etc.) now (and) pay (etc.) later.
ΚΠ
1896 N.Y. Times 7 Feb. i. 3 (advt.) Remember, you can buy now and pay later.
1904 Washington Post 12 Aug. 3 (advt.) Buy now. Pay later. Your credit is good.
1937 Z. N. Hurston Their Eyes were watching God xii. 168 De men wuz talkin' 'bout it in de grove tuhday and givin' her and Tea Cake both de devil. Dey figger he's spendin' on her now in order tuh make her spend on him later.
1965 N. Freeling Criminal Conversat. i. vii. 44 Van der Valk the tally-boy; live now and pay later.
1973 P.O. Telephone Directory (§101 London area A–D) 4/1 Telephone credit cards. Talk now—pay later.
1992 Economist 22 Aug. 14/1 When money tomorrow is expected to buy as much as it does today, the mentality of ‘buy now, pay later’ makes less sense.
Compounds
C1. With past participles, as now-departed, now-forgotten, now-neglected, etc.
ΚΠ
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 161 Þer is no such now seid synne so greet neiþer so greet peyne dewe þerto.
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. ii. 59 When valiant Romans warr'd Victoriously on the now-Canton'd Suisses.
a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 180 Whose Ceremonie Shall seeme expedient on the now borne briefe. View more context for this quotation
1617 A. Newman Pleasures Vision 20 Where may my now-lost honours be?
1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey III. xiii. 398 Whose now-neglected altars, in thy reign, Blush'd with the blood of sheep and oxen slain.
1785 A. Seward Let. 30 Mar. (1811) I. 53 Mr. Warton demonstrates, that the general plan of L'Allegro, Il Penseroso, was suggested to Milton by a now-forgotten work of one Burton.
1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. I. ii. x. 583 The now-accumulated stock of experience.
1865 P. H. Gosse Land & Sea 354 The position once borne by the now-fallen fronds.
1909 North-China Herald 18 Sept. 671/3 With their catch crops the Yunnanese..seemed as satisfied as they were at the time before wheat took the place of the now-departed opium.
1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 132/2 Mere attacks on salesmanship are confusing..when these now-forgotten assumptions are missed.
1997 Icon Thoughtstyle Mag. Apr. 70/2 Lynch's movie prequel to the now-cancelled TV series was a critical and financial disaster.
C2. With present participles and verbal nouns, as now-being, now-declining, etc.
ΚΠ
1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion x. 162 Such immortall men As this now-waning world shall hardly heare agen.
1830 I. Taylor Unitarianism 81 The ‘stolid fanaticism’ of this now-passing time.
1845 C. Darwin Jrnl. (ed. 2) xiv. 297 A great bed of now-existing shells.
1854 N. Wiseman Fabiola i. x Looking at the now-declining moon.
1876 A. D. Whitney Sights & Insights vi. 69 It is full of presence..of now-being.
1994 Canad. Geographic Sept. 50/2 The great natural harbour where the now-bustling town of Gaspé grew.
2000 J. Barnes Candle 107 A few continued the now-losing battle against the whipsawing global disaster that was the heritage of the Eurowar.
C3. With adjectives in attributive (or equivalent elliptical) use, as now-big, now-famous, now-full, etc.
ΚΠ
1625 J. Usher (title) An answer to a challenge... Wherein..the noveltie of the now Romish doctrine [is] plainely discovered.
1650 W. Brough Sacred Princ. (title page) The doctrine of the Church of England, as differing from the Now-Roman.
1660 Speech to Gen. Monk 1 Faile not her now-bigg hopes.
1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure 158 When the now necessary refreshment to me, of a glass of wine, and a little eating..had somewhat chear'd, and restor'd me to spirits [etc.].
1817 M. Keating Trav. II. 96 The brightness of the now-full moon.
1916 D. Barnes Last Petit Souper in Bruno's Weekly 29 Apr. 669 And lastly, there came with Yvette the now famous silver wattled cane.
1943 R. Tregaskis Guadalcanal Diary iii. 23 I heard some more of the now-familiar ‘grousing about food’, the marine tradition.
1998 Chicago Tribune 23 Mar. i. 7/5 Mayor Richard Daley's now-defunct plans for a new airport in Lake Calumet.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
> as lemmas
NOW
NOW n. U.S. National Organization for Women.
ΚΠ
1966 N.Y. Times 22 Nov. 44/1 NOW..was formed three weeks ago in Washington to press for ‘true equality for all women in America’.
1989 C. R. Wilson & W. Ferris Encycl. Southern Culture 1570/1 In 1966 Atkinson joined the nascent NOW, where her..genteel Republican connections were put to use in national fund-raising.
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n.21568v.11568v.21647
adv.conj.n.1adj.eOEas lemmas