nitro-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: before a vowel usually nitr-.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: nitre n., -o- connective.

Etymology: < nitre n. + -o- connective. Compare Byzantine Greek νιτρο- (in e.g. νιτροπώλος natron-seller), post-classical Latin nitro- (in e.g. nitro-aereus nitro-aereous adj.), French nitro- (formations in which are found from at least the late 18th cent.), Italian nitro- (formations in which are found from at least the late 19th cent.), German nitro- (formations in which are found from at least the early 19th cent.).Attested in one loan from post-classical Latin (late 17th cent.: see nitro-aereous adj.; compare the adaptation nitro-aerial adj.) and in loans from French (from the late 18th cent.: see e.g. nitromuriatic adj., nitrogen n.) and German (from the early 19th cent.: see nitrobenzide n., nitrosamine n.). English formations are relatively rare before the 19th cent., although the earliest examples are found in the late 17th cent. (e.g. nitro-aluminous adj., nitro-tartareous adj. at sense 1, nitrosulphureous adj., nitro-sulphurious adj.). Compounds in sense 2 are all of late 18th- to mid 19th-cent. origin, but sense 3 continues to be freely productive as a word-forming element in systematic chemical nomenclature.

Chemistry.

†1. Containing, combined with, or involving nitre. Obsolete.

nitro-aerian adj. Obsolete rare = nitro-aerial adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > nitro-aerial

nitro-aerial1674

nitro-aereous1676

nitro-atmospherical1793

nitro-aerian1881

1881 R. Routledge Pop. Hist. Sci. x. 234 The water will arise within the jar as the candle removes the ‘nitro-ærian’ particles.

nitro-aluminous adj. Obsolete rare containing or having properties of both nitre and alum.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > partaking of natures of nitre + alum

nitro-aluminous1670

1670 W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 132 It consists of three ingredients, viz. the nitro-aluminous salt.

nitro-atmospherical adj. Obsolete rare = nitro-aerial adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named gases > [adjective] > existing in nitre and air

nitro-aerial1674

nitro-aereous1676

nitro-atmospherical1793

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > nitro-aerial

nitro-aerial1674

nitro-aereous1676

nitro-atmospherical1793

nitro-aerian1881

1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 258 Was not Mayow..infinitely nearer the truth..when he imputed muscular motion to the effervescence of his nitro-atmospherical particles?

nitro-neutral adj. Obsolete designating a neutral salt containing nitre.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > forming nitrate without free nitric acid

nitro-neutral1782

1782 R. Kirwan in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 73 48 The decomposition of nitro-neutral salts by the marine acid depends on the same principles.

1800 H. Davy Res. Nitrous Oxide i. i. 51 The opinions..have been founded on experiments made on the nitro-neutral salts.

nitro-tartareous adj. Obsolete rare containing or having properties of both nitre and tartar.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic salts > [adjective] > tartrates > of the nature of nitre and tartar

nitro-tartareous1663

1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. ii. v. ii. 126 By this Nitro-Tartareous Salt..those Vegetables, whose Juice affords it..may be discriminated from those many others, from whence it is not to..be obtained.

2. Prefixed to the names of inorganic acids to form the names of mixtures containing nitric acid (at first supposed to be distinct dibasic compound acids).

ΚΠ

1789 R. Kerr tr. A. Lavoisier Elements Chem. i. xi. 116 Mr Berthollet has distinctly proved that the peculiar properties of this acid [sc. aqua regia] arise from the combined action of its two acidifiable bases; and for this reason we have judged it necessary to distinguish it by an appropriate name: That of nitro-muriatic acid appears extremely applicable.

1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 245 His nitro-vitriolic acid also dissolves it.

1836–41 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 605 Rhodium is insoluble in acids, but, when alloyed with copper or lead, the nitrohydrochloric acid dissolves it.

1888 Science 9 Mar. 118 Small pieces of the meteorite were then boiled for some time in hydrochloric, sulphuric, and nitromuriatic acids.

1903 Science 11 Dec. 753/2 Nitro-sulphuric acid and its action on organic compounds.

1929 Proc. Royal Soc. 1928–9 B. 104 446 To determine how far the treatment with acid had purified the sand, 60·016 grm. were heated..for 20 minutes with concentrated nitrohydrochloric acid.

a. Originally: prefixed to the names of organic acids and their salts to form the names of derivatives produced by reaction with nitric acid. Later (more widely): prefixed to the names of organic compounds or classes of compound to form the names of derivative compounds which contain the group —NO₂, esp. those in which the nitrogen atom is attached directly to a carbon atom. Also (in wider contexts): prefixed to the names of other substances to form the names of explosive compounds prepared by nitration.See also specific compounds at sense 3b. In relation to explosives cf. also nitro n.

ΚΠ

1821 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 2) III. ix. 207 Leucine..acted upon by nitric acid, affords a crystallizable nitroleucic acid.

1848 Chem. Gaz. 6 420 It is probably the nitrobenzamide recently described by Field, which he obtained by heating the nitrobenzoate of ammonia.

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 399 When valeric acid is boiled..a great part is converted into nitro-valeric acid.

1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 622 By acting upon hippuric acid with nitric and sulphuric acids, it is converted into nitro-hippuric acid.

1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 729 When boiled with nitric acid, it [sc. caprylic acid] is converted into nitrocaprylic acid.

1937 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. I. 391/1 Treatment of the nitro-sulphonates in aqueous solution with nascent chlorine yields the corresponding heteronuclear nitrochloroanthraquinones.

1960 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders Pract. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) ii. 130 Monochloroacetic acid..gives the highest yield of the nitrohydrocarbon.

1978 G. C. Hill & J. S. Holman Chem. in Context xxi. 330 Dynamite is a general term for explosives which contain both nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose.

1989 Adverse Drug Reactions 8 183 Three classes of such nitroheterocyclic drugs have proved to be of great therapeutic value. These are the nitroimidazoles (e.g. metronidazole), nitrothiazoles (e.g. niridazole), and nitrofurans.

nitro-acid n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈasɪd/

/ˈnʌɪtrəʊˌasɪd/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈæsəd/

an organic acid which has undergone nitration, usually by reaction with nitric acid.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds

nitric ether1796

nitro-compound1852

nitro-substitute1852

nitro-acid1857

nitro-substitution1863

nitrocellulose1868

pyrocellulose1901

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 307 Many of the nitro-acids obtained in this manner are yellow, and yield salts which have a yellow colour.

1955 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 3446 The cis- nitro-acid..on reduction gives about equal quantities of cis- and trans-amino acid, thus indicating that some stereomutation occurs during reduction.

1992 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) xi. 628 The mechanism is illustrated for the case of β-keto acids, but it is likely that..α-cyano acids, α-nitro acids, and β,γ-unsaturated acids behave similarly.

nitroalkane n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈalkeɪn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈælˌkeɪn/

an organic compound (general formula RNO₂) consisting of a saturated alkyl group (R) directly attached to the nitrogen atom of a nitro group (cf. nitroparaffin n.).

ΚΠ

1966 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 291 58 Deviations appear when the polar component is ethyl chloride, nitrobenzene or nitroalkanes.

1997 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 11783/1 Some nitroalkanes have also been obtained by treating alkanes with HNO₃ over metal nitrates.

nitrocellulose n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsɛljᵿləʊs/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsɛljᵿləʊz/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈsɛljəˌloʊs/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈsɛljəˌloʊz/

a highly flammable material made by nitrating cellulose (or plant material consisting largely of cellulose) with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, used in the manufacture of explosives and celluloid.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds

nitric ether1796

nitro-compound1852

nitro-substitute1852

nitro-acid1857

nitro-substitution1863

nitrocellulose1868

pyrocellulose1901

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > polysaccharides > [noun] > cellulose > derivatives of

nitrocellulose1868

cellulose nitrate1873

hydrocellulose1876

oxycellulose1882

adipocellulose1887

viscose1896

1868 Westm. Rev. 34 96 What the Austrian General Von Lenk did for gun-cotton or nitro-cellulose, the Swedish mining engineer [sc. Nobel] did for nitro-glycerine.

1882 A. H. Allen Comm. Org. Anal. II. 366 The various nitro-celluloses are soluble in strong caustic soda, undergoing partial saponification with formation of cellulose and sodium nitrate.

1955 F. D. Miles Cellulose Nitrate vi. 221 Nitrocellulose is an almost indispensable component of both the two principal classes of explosive—blasting explosives..and propellant explosives.

1990 Guns & Weapons Sept.–Oct. 75/4 The interior of the case holds the powder charge, which is a modern Nitrocellulose compound usually in stick or granular form.

nitrocotton n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈkɒtn/

/ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˌkɒtn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈkɑtn/

/ˈnaɪtroʊˌkɑtn/

now chiefly historical guncotton.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > cotton

bombast1572

bombace1592

carding1600

cotton wool1857

nitrocotton1867

batting1875

lint1877

delint1896

viscose1896

linters1903

1867 Sci. Amer. Jan. 12/1 I claim the application of nitro-cotton (known as gun cotton), for the purpose of serving as a cushion and an explosive substance in shells, torpedoes, etc.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia VII. 87/1 It was..the most important type of smokeless powder used by the Allies in World War I. It was made from a nitrocotton of relatively low nitrogen content.

nitroethane n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈiːθeɪn/

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈɛθeɪn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈɛˌθeɪn/

[after German Nitroäthan (V. Meyer & O. Stüber 1872, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 5 399)] a colourless liquid, C₂H₅NO₂, used as a solvent and in organic synthesis.

ΚΠ

1872 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 10 682 Nitroethane is a highly refractive liquid, entirely devoid of colour, and possessing an agreeable and peculiar ethereal odour.

1951 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 243 476 At higher compression ratios..nitroethane shows a definite pro-knock effect.

1987 New Scientist 17 Dec. 14/1 Suslick and his colleagues showed that irradiating non-aqueous liquids such as dodecane and nitroethane with ultrasound broke the molecules into highly energetic fragments that emitted light.

nitrofuran n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈfjʊəran/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈf(j)ʊˌræn/

a furan derivative having a nitro group attached to one of the carbon atoms of the furan ring, esp. one which has been used as an antiseptic or antibacterial agent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic compounds > [noun] > heterocyclic compounds > furans > nitrofuran

nitrofuran1930

1930 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52 2550 In connection with the preparation of aminofurans and their diazo-compounds, it was necessary to have a series of readily accessible nitrofurans and their derivatives.

1959 Times 7 Dec. (Agric. Suppl.) p. vii/4 To prevent coccidiosis in chickens, nitrophenid, a sulfonamide, or a nitrofuran is added to the feed.

1989 Adverse Drug Reactions 8 183 Thousands of nitrofuran compounds have been synthesized and the best known example of this class of drugs is nitrofurantoin.

nitro-gelatine n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛlətɪn/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛlətiːn/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)dʒɛləˈtiːn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈdʒɛlətn/

now historical an explosive consisting of guncotton and camphor dissolved in nitroglycerine.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > explosive material > [noun] > other specific explosives

powdera1393

gunpowder1411

saltpetre1501

petre1586

halinitre1608

sal-prunella1664

petre-salt1708

xyloidin1838

gun-cotton1846

pyroxyle1847

pyroxylin1847

pyroglycerin1850

xylidine1850

nitroglycerine1852

gun-sawdust1853

picrate1854

trinitroglycerin1864

nitroleum1866

trinitrin1866

dynamite1867

giant-powder1872

dualin1874

fulgurite1874

rendrock1874

glyoxilin1875

lithofracteur1875

trinitro-cellulose1875

white gunpowder1875

gelatin1878

cotton-powder1879

vigorite1879

blasting gelatine1881

Hercules powder1881

saxifragine1881

tonite1881

dynamogen1882

forcite1883

haloxylin1883

jelly powdera1884

nitro-gelatinea1884

panclastite1883

potentite1883

sebastinea1884

kolloxylin1884

hellhoffite1885

rackarock1885

securite1886

kinetite1887

roburite1887

carbo-dynamite1888

fortis1889

gelatine dynamite1889

gelignite1889

seranine1889

straw-dynamite1889

carbonite1890

amberite1891

nitro powder1892

Schnebelite1893

westfalite1894

thorite1899

soup1902

ammonal1903

cheddite1908

trinitrotoluene1908

Samsonite1909

tolite1909

trinitrotoluol1910

trotyl1910

glyceryl trinitrate1912

T.N.T.1915

nitro1916

amatol1918

cyclonite1923

hexogen1923

lox1923

pentaerythritol tetranitrate1923

hexite1931

aurantia1940

jelly1941

RDX1941

a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 635/2 Nitro-gelatine, an explosive agent invented by Nobel; formed by dissolving gun-cotton in nitro-glycerine, with camphor added in varying proportions.

1899 H. S. Maxim in N. Amer. Rev. Feb. 146 If a projectile was loaded in such a manner that a considerable quantity of air was imprisoned between the base of the projectile and the nitro-gelatine, it would be very violently compressed when the shot was discharged, and the heat developed would sometime cause an explosion.

nitroglycol n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlʌɪkɒl/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlɪkɒl/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlaɪˌkɔl/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlaɪˌkɑl/

[after French nitroglycol (P. Champion 1871, in Comptes Rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 73 571)] a nitro-derivative of glycol; spec. an extremely powerful liquid explosive, 1,2-dinitroethan-1,2-diol, C₂H₄N₂O₆.

ΚΠ

1871 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 24 1036 Nitroglycol is..obtainable by using a mixture of 100 parts fuming nitric acid, 200 of concentrated sulphuric acid, and 42 of glycol.

1931 C. E. Munroe & J. E. Tiffany Physical Testing Explosives 25 Dynamites consist of a mass of pulverized solid material holding a liquid ingredient or ingredients, such as nitroglycerin or mixtures of it with nitroglycol, nitrosugar, or other explosive material.

1981 Internat. Arch. Occupational & Environmental Health 48 339 Nitroglycol..concentrations in blood and urine of dynamite production workers was measured.

nitroimidazole n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊᵻˈmɪdəzəʊl/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊᵻˈmɪdəˌzoʊl/

any of a number of synthetic nitro-substituted imidazole derivatives, which are used as antimicrobial agents, esp. against anaerobic organisms.

ΚΠ

1934 Chem. Abstr. 28 767 (title) Carbon salts of tetranitrobiimidazole and methylation of nitroimidazole.

1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) 658/1 Metronidazole and related nitroimidazole derivatives are..important in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infection.

nitromesidine n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmɛsᵻdiːn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈmɛsəˌdin/

now historical a nitro-derivative of mesidine (2,4,6-trimethylaniline).

ΚΠ

1850 G. Maule in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 2 116 I propose the name Nitromesidine, instead of Nitromesitilidine.

1852 W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Chem. (ed. 3) 223 The reader will observe, that mesitylole is isomeric with cumole, mesidine with cumidine, and nitromesidine with nitrocumidine.

1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. viii. 302 Maule decided to nitrate mesitylene and to reduce the nitrated product to form nitromesidine.

nitromethane n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmiːθeɪn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈmɛˌθeɪn/

[after German Nitromethan (V. Meyer & O. Stüber 1872, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 5 399); compare French nitométhane (1878)] an oily liquid, CH₃NO₂, which is used as a solvent and a rocket fuel, and in the production of nitro-compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > alkanes > alkane derivatives

iodomethane1868

dichloromethane1869

nitromethane1872

methylene chloride1880

diazomethane1894

methylene dichloride1895

1872 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 25 804 Nitromethane is a heavy oil, of a peculiar odour; it boils at 99°.

1972 Materials & Technol. IV. xv. 548 Nitromethane is used as a solvent for cellulose esters and vinyl resins.

1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. ii. iii. 354 To each of these vials has also been added different amounts of a quencher, usually nitromethane.

nitronaphthalene n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈnafθəliːn/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈnapθəliːn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈnæpθəˌlin/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈnæfθəˌlin/

(also †nitronaphthaline) [compare German Nitronaphthalinsäure (de Marignac 1841, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 38 2)] either of two isomeric crystalline compounds, C₁₀H₇NO₂, which are nitro-derivatives of naphthalene.

ΚΠ

1852 W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Chem. (ed. 3) 412 Nitronaphthaline..is best formed by causing nitrous acid to pass through melted naphthaline. It..forms long prisms of a sulphur-yellow colour.

1866 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 48 Nitronaphthalene.

1967 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. xxix. 762 2-Nitronaphthalene..may be prepared by heating 2-naphthalenediazonium borofluoride with sodium nitrite and copper powder.

1991 Mutation Res. 259 111 1-Nitronaphthalene..has been identified..as a noncarcinogen showing some evidence of in vitro genotoxicity.

nitroparaffin n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈparəfɪn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈpɛrəfən/

a substance obtained by the nitration of (a) paraffin; a nitroalkane or mixture of nitroalkanes.

ΚΠ

1874 Manufacturer & Builder Oct. 217/3 Now a new compound is added, nitro-paraffin, formed by the action of fuming nitric acid..and paraffin. It is an oily yellowish-green liquid, to which Mr. Champiar ascribes the formula C₂₄H₂₄NO₂, and calls it paraffin acid.

1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xiii. 265 The nitroparaffins form a homologous series of the general formula C_nH_2n+1·NO₂ in which the characteristic functional group is the nitro group, −NO₂.

1991 N.Y. Times 2 May a21/1 Nitroparaffin, made with nitric acid and propane gas, is used to make pharmaceuticals, adhesives, face creams and a number of other products.

nitrophenol n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈfiːnɒl/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈfiˌnɔl/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈfiˌnɑl/

a compound containing a nitro and a phenolic hydroxyl group; spec. each of three isomeric derivatives of phenol, C₆H₄(NO₂)OH, in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a nitro group.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > benzene derivatives > phenols > others

phenetidine1851

nitrophenol1852

carvacrol1854

guaiacol1864

hydroquinone1865

iodophenol1868

pentachlorophenol1869

trichlorophenol1871

purpurogallin1872

xylenol1872

kosin1875

phloroglucinol1879

cerulignol1883

cannabinol1896

gossypol1899

thiophenol1899

phenol resin1911

oxine1927

nordihydroguaiaretic acid1944

1852 H. B. Jones & A. W. Hofmann Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 4) 646 Nitrophenasic acid = Nitrophenol.

1949 P. W. Vittum tr. H. E. Fierz-David & L. Blangey Fund. Processes Dye Chem. i. 148 o- and p- nitrophenols are the starting materials for o- and p-phenetidine and anisidine.

1972 Materials & Technol. IV. xv. 554 The nitrophenols are extremely hazardous materials; not only as a fire risk but also because the polynitrophenols are explosive.

nitropyrene n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈpʌɪriːn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈpaɪˌrin/

a derivative of pyrene containing a nitro group in place of a hydrogen atom.

ΚΠ

1971 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 93 1812/1 Work-up as with the perylene reactions gave 98 mg of 1-nitropyrene.

1995 Carcinogenesis 16 3027/1 Nitropyrenes are environmental contaminants produced as by-products of combustion.

nitrothiazole n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈθʌɪəzəʊl/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈθaɪəˌzoʊl/

a derivative of thiazole containing a nitro group in place of a hydrogen atom, esp. one used as an antibacterial or antiprotozoal agent or as an anthelmintic.

ΚΠ

1939 Chem. Abstr. 33 3791 Nitration..gave 4-methyl-2-nitramino-5-nitrothiazole.

1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) 61/2 Niridazole is a nitrothiazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

nitrotoluene n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtɒljʊiːn/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtəʊljʊiːn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌin/

each of three isomeric derivatives of toluene, C₆H₄(NO₂)CH₃, obtained by replacing one of the ring hydrogen atoms with a nitro group, two of which (the ortho and para isomers) are used in the manufacture of dyes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > benzene derivatives > toluenes

retinaphtha1837

toluol1848

nitrotoluene1871

toluene1871

methylbenzene1879

trinitrotoluene1908

1871 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 24 871 (table) Nitrotoluene.

1915 Dyestuffs & Coal-tar Products i. 24 2-Nitrotoluene may be..reduced to o-azoxytoluene, which is then acidified.

1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xix. 377 A substituent in the side-chain of toluene may be designated ‘α-’; for example, α-nitrotoluene, C₆H₅.CH₂.NO₂.

1994 Guardian 2 Nov. i. 3/1 Hickson's International, based at Castleford, West Yorkshire, admitted discharging trade effluent and chemicals, including nitrotoluene..into the River Aire.

nitrotoluol n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtɒljʊɒl/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtəʊljʊɒl/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtɒljʊəʊl/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtəʊljʊəʊl/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌɑl/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌɔl/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌoʊl/

(also nitrotoluole) now rare = nitrotoluene n.

ΚΠ

1849 Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1 4 The formation of cumidine from nitrocumol, is analogous to that of aniline and toluidine from nitrobenzol and nitrotoluol.

1870 Philos. Trans. 1869 (Royal Soc.) 159 655 The nitrobenzol..might..contain a little nitrotoluol.

1909 Science 19 Mar. 469/2 Fourteen different liquids were investigated, including nitrobenzol, nitrotoluol,..[etc.].

nitrotyrosine n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtʌɪrə(ʊ)siːn/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈtaɪrəˌsin/

a coloured derivative of tyrosine in which a nitro group is attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the one bearing the hydroxyl group.

ΚΠ

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 628 If cold dilute nitric acid be employed, nitrate of nitrotyrosine..is formed.

1988 L. Stryer Biochem. (ed. 3) x. 238 ATCase was reacted with tetranitromethane to form a colored nitrotyrosine group in each of its catalytic chains.

a. Prefixed to words other than the names of substances, indicating the presence or involvement of the group —NO₂ (see nitro group n. at sense 4b). Frequently without hyphen, functioning as an attributive adjective. Cf. nitro n. 3.See also specific compounds at sense 4b.

ΚΠ

1852 H. B. Jones & A. W. Hofmann Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 4) 599 Salicylamide..is converted by fuming nitric acid into the nitro-substitute, nitro-salicylamide.

1907 G. M. Norman Systematic Pract. Org. Chem. ii. iv. 64 The other derivatives, containing chloro-, bromo-, or nitro-radicals in the benzene nucleus are not very important.

1934 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 149 339 The absence of this strong frequency in the Raman spectra of these alkyl derivatives precludes the assignment of a nitro or nitroso structure to HNSO₅.

1949 S. Miall & L. M. Miall New Dict. Chem. (ed. 2) 364/1 The nitro colours are acid dyestuffs.

1953 A. G. E. Pearse Histochem. i. 5 Ehrlich..observed the effects of heat coagulation in increasing the affinity of haemoglobin for nitro dyes.

1969 Tetrahedron Lett. No. 5. 355 (title) The structure of luteoreticulin, a nitro-containing metabolite of Streptomyces luteoreticuli.

1973 D. H. Williams & I. Fleming Spectrosc. Methods in Org. Chem. (ed. 2) iv. 170 The presence of a methyl group ortho to the nitro-function in o-nitrotoluene introduces a new, low energy process.

1993 Science 17 Sept. 1578 Two Glu-43 mutants, one containing the nitro analog of glutamate and the other containing homoglutamate, retained high catalytic activity at pH 9.9.

nitroaromatic adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊarəˈmatɪk/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˌɛrəˈmædɪk/

(a) adj. designating a compound or group which contains a nitro group attached to an aromatic ring; (b) n. a nitro-aromatic compound (usually in plural).

ΚΠ

1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 149 336 A careful search of the literature on nitro-paraffins and nitro-aromatic compounds revealed only a very slight similarity between the spectrum under consideration and their spectra.

1963 Science 20 Dec. 1550/2 The π/π^* excited state is probably not the lowest excited singlet of nitroaromatics.

1982 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 4492/1 Nitroaromatics, in general, do not undergo rearrangement or isomerization under the reaction conditions.

1992 Daily Tel. 30 Nov. 16/6 Nitroaromatic compounds, materials in widespread use in industrial processes..can, at high doses, reduce sperm production in animals.

nitro-compound n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈkɒmpaʊnd/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈkɑmˌpaʊnd/

(a) an organic compound containing a nitro group; (b) spec. an explosive mixture prepared using nitric acid (now rare).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds

nitric ether1796

nitro-compound1852

nitro-substitute1852

nitro-acid1857

nitro-substitution1863

nitrocellulose1868

pyrocellulose1901

1852 W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Chem. (ed. 3) 151 From it [sc. anisole] are obtained..three nitro-compounds, nitranisole, dinitranisole, and trinitranisole.

1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 317 Gun-cotton is a nitro-compound in a solid form.

1890 Manufacturer & Builder July 154/2 This remarkable explosive substance [sc. nitro-glycerine]..is one of a group of explosive compounds known as nitro-compounds... This group embraces nitro-cellulose (gun cotton), nitro-mannite, nitro-dextrine, nitro-sugar and nitro-glycerine.

1892 Science 29 Apr. 245/2 The bloom of oils may be destroyed or masked by nitric acid, nitro-benzol, di-nitro-naphthalene, and some other nitro-compounds.

1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. xix. 679 The nitro compounds are made by the action of silver nitrite on the alkyl iodide.

1981 P. Sykes Guidebk. to Mechanism in Org. Chem. (ed. 5) x. 277 An interesting situation arises with aliphatic nitrocompounds, e.g. phenylnitromethane.

nitro-derivative n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)dᵻˈrɪvətɪv/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊdəˈrɪvədɪv/

a compound which is derived from another by the addition or substitution of a nitro group.

ΚΠ

1859 Proc. Royal Soc. 1857–9 9 619 The formation of ninaphthylamine promises to add considerably to the number of nitro-derivatives of the aromatic monamines.

1934 C. C. Steele Introd. Plant Biochem. xv. 150 Protein develops a yellow colour with concentrated nitric acid..due to the formation of a yellow nitro-derivative of an aromatic nucleus.

1997 Jrnl. Neurol. Sci. 150 71 Nitroderivatives such as nitroglycerin are known to induce vasodilation via NO release.

nitro-explosive n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊᵻkˈspləʊsɪv/

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊᵻkˈspləʊzɪv/

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊɛkˈspləʊsɪv/

/ˌnʌɪtrəʊɛkˈspləʊzɪv/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊᵻkˈsploʊsɪv/

/ˌnaɪtroʊɛkˈsploʊsɪv/

/ˌnaɪtroʊᵻkˈsploʊzɪv/

/ˌnaɪtroʊɛkˈsploʊzɪv/

an explosive prepared by nitration, typically one containing nitrocellulose or nitroglycerine.

ΚΠ

1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 322 Unconfined wood-powder, in common with other nitro-explosives, may be inflamed without obtaining one-half of the available explosive force.

1904 Notes on Shooting (ed. 8) i. 1 They have..had their intended effect in enhancing the quality of the nitro explosive.

1945 Ecology 26 212/2 Nitro-explosives are in constant disintegration and with rise of temperature the rate of disintegration increases until instantaneous oxidation or explosion follows.

nitro group n.

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ) ɡruːp/

U.S.

/ˈnaɪtroʊ ˌɡrup/

[compare German Nitrogruppe (1885 or earlier)] the group —NO₂, esp. when bonded to a carbon atom as a functional group in organic compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > acids > [noun] > acid radicals

persulphate1813

suberyl1836

nitrion1868

stearyl1868

nitroxyl1871

nitro group1877

haloacyl1951

mevalonate1957

1877 H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. II. 446 Only one nitro-group is obtained in the first instance, so that nitro-amido compounds are obtained.

1938 C. D. Hurd in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. vii. 628 The peculiar activity of the fourth nitro group in C(NO₂)₄ should be mentioned.

1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) vi. 88 (table) After partial reduction of the nitro group, the activated drug causes strand breaks in DNA.

nitro powder n.

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ) ˌpaʊdə/

U.S.

/ˈnaɪtroʊ ˌpaʊdər/

gunpowder prepared from nitro-compounds, typically containing either nitroglycerine or nitrocellulose, or both.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > explosive material > [noun] > other specific explosives

powdera1393

gunpowder1411

saltpetre1501

petre1586

halinitre1608

sal-prunella1664

petre-salt1708

xyloidin1838

gun-cotton1846

pyroxyle1847

pyroxylin1847

pyroglycerin1850

xylidine1850

nitroglycerine1852

gun-sawdust1853

picrate1854

trinitroglycerin1864

nitroleum1866

trinitrin1866

dynamite1867

giant-powder1872

dualin1874

fulgurite1874

rendrock1874

glyoxilin1875

lithofracteur1875

trinitro-cellulose1875

white gunpowder1875

gelatin1878

cotton-powder1879

vigorite1879

blasting gelatine1881

Hercules powder1881

saxifragine1881

tonite1881

dynamogen1882

forcite1883

haloxylin1883

jelly powdera1884

nitro-gelatinea1884

panclastite1883

potentite1883

sebastinea1884

kolloxylin1884

hellhoffite1885

rackarock1885

securite1886

kinetite1887

roburite1887

carbo-dynamite1888

fortis1889

gelatine dynamite1889

gelignite1889

seranine1889

straw-dynamite1889

carbonite1890

amberite1891

nitro powder1892

Schnebelite1893

westfalite1894

thorite1899

soup1902

ammonal1903

cheddite1908

trinitrotoluene1908

Samsonite1909

tolite1909

trinitrotoluol1910

trotyl1910

glyceryl trinitrate1912

T.N.T.1915

nitro1916

amatol1918

cyclonite1923

hexogen1923

lox1923

pentaerythritol tetranitrate1923

hexite1931

aurantia1940

jelly1941

RDX1941

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > ammunition for firearms > [noun] > explosive for use with firearms > specific

serpentine powder1497

musket powder1644

black powder1793

percussion powder1819

wood powder1870

musketry powder1876

Schultze gunpowder1881

sawdust-powder1883

cocoa powder1884

brown powder1886

melinite1886

lyddite1888

rifleite1891

nitro powder1892

turpinite1895

nitro1900

shimose1904

1892 W. W. Greener Breech-loader 163 Nitro powders possess various advantages over black, the chief being the absence of smoke after the discharge.

1920 G. Burrard Notes on Sporting Rifles iv. 38 There is no acid fouling from nitro-powder to eat into the precious barrels.

1950 G. Burrard Mod. Shotgun (rev. ed.) III. 307 This Nitro Proof was not compulsory, because in the early days of nitro powders many guns were sold which were not intended for use with these powders.

† nitro-substitute n. Obsolete a nitro-derivative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds

nitric ether1796

nitro-compound1852

nitro-substitute1852

nitro-acid1857

nitro-substitution1863

nitrocellulose1868

pyrocellulose1901

1852Nitro-substitute [see sense 4a].

1862 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 2) III. 942 Nitrosubstitutes of sugar, starch, &c.

nitro-substituted adj.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsʌbstᵻtjuːtᵻd/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsʌbstᵻtʃuːtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈsəbstəˌt(j)udəd/

(of a compound) having one or more substituents replaced by nitro groups.

ΚΠ

1934 Science 26 Oct. 384/1 These effects are attributable to the nitro substituted molecule.

1998 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 180 5529 Resistance of bacteria to nitro-substituted compounds is believed to result primarily from mutations in genes encoding oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases.

nitro-substitution n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)sʌbstᵻˈtjuːʃn/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)sʌbstᵻˈtʃuːʃn/

U.S.

/ˈˌnaɪtroʊˌsəbstəˈt(j)uʃ(ə)n/

replacement of a hydrogen atom, or other group or radical, by a nitro group; nitration.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds

nitric ether1796

nitro-compound1852

nitro-substitute1852

nitro-acid1857

nitro-substitution1863

nitrocellulose1868

pyrocellulose1901

1863–4 Proc. Royal Soc. 13 150 From this circumstance, and considering its mode of formation, it is evidently a nitro-substitution compound.

1969 Proc. Royal Soc. 172 304 Overton found that nitro substitution, like halogen substitution, actually increased permeation rates through cell membranes.

1997 Phytochemistry 45 1555 Nnitro-substitution of the aromatic acid moiety.

5. Mineralogy. In the name of nitrates occurring as minerals.

nitrobarite n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈbarʌɪt/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈbɛːrʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈbɛˌraɪt/

native barium nitrate, crystallizing in the cubic system and occurring as colourless octahedral crystals.

ΚΠ

1882 Amer. Naturalist 16 78 Groth describes a natural nitrate of Baryta from Chili... An appropriate..name for this mineral would be Nitrobarite.

1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) IX. 102/2 Normal anhydrous and hydrated nitrates occurring as minerals are..nitrobarite, Ba(NO₃)₂, [etc.].

nitrocalcite n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈkalsʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈkælˌsaɪt/

native hydrated calcium nitrate, crystallizing in the monoclinic system and occurring as a whitish efflorescence on soil and calcareous rocks.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > nitrates > [noun] > calcium nitrate

nitrocalcite1835

wall-saltpetre1911

1835 C. U. Shepard Treat. Mineral. II. 84 Nitrocalcite..is found in silky efflorescenses.

1992 National Speleol. Soc. Bull. 54 14 (title) Nitrocalcite in Kartchner Caverns, Kartchner Caverns State Park, Arizona.

1999 Jrnl. Cave & Karst Stud. 61 73/1 The low relative humidity causes the efflorescence of nitrocalcite in the entrance zone of the cave.

nitroglauberite n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlɔːbərʌɪt/

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlaʊbərʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlaʊbəˌraɪt/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlɔbəˌraɪt/

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlɑbəˌraɪt/

now historical a supposed mineral from the Chilean desert, later identified as a mixture of soda nitre and darapskite.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > nitrates > [noun] > sodium nitrate > compounds

nitroglauberite1875

1875 E. S. Dana in J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (new ed.) App. ii. 41 Nitroglauberite. From Atacama (Dr. Schwartzemberg).

1925 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 209 447 The result show..that the alleged mineral nitroglauberite 6NaNO₃.2NaNO₃.3H₂O, does not exist, but is essentially a mixture of sodium nitrate and darapskite.

1970 Amer. Mineralogist 55 782 We recommended that nitroglauberite be deleted from the list of accepted mineral species; this recommendation has been accepted.

nitromagnesite n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmaɡnᵻsʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈmæɡnəˌsaɪt/

native hydrated magnesium nitrate, crystallizing in the monoclinic system and occurring as an efflorescence on certain rocks.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > nitrates > [noun] > other nitrates

nitromagnesite1835

gerhardtite1885

julienite1928

1835 C. U. Shepard Treat. Mineral. II. 85 Nitromagnesite. Magnesian earthysalt.

1893 E. J. Chapman Blowpipe Pract. 194 Nitromagnesite..closely resembles nitrocalcite.

1981 National Speleol. Soc. Bull. 43 131/1 Early reports of nitromagnesite, nitrocalcite and ammonia-niter in the saltpeter caves of Virginia..are erroneous.

6. In more general use: containing, involving, or associated with nitrogen, nitration, or nitrogenous substances.

nitroblue tetrazolium n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)bluː ˌtɛtrəˈzəʊlɪəm/

U.S.

/ˈˌnaɪtroʊˌblu ˌtɛtrəˈzoʊliəm/

a yellow water-soluble dye, C₄₀H₃₀N₁₀O₆Cl₂·3H₂O, which can be reduced to a deep blue water-insoluble formazan; frequently attributive designating a test in which nitroblue tetrazolium dye undergoes reduction, spec. a test of neutrophil function in which reduction of the dye in the cytoplasm of neutrophils (to form deep blue granules) indicates that phagocytosis is occurring normally; abbreviated nitro-BT, NBT.

ΚΠ

1957 Jrnl. Histochem. & Cytochem. 5 592 Several commercially available tetrazolium salts including..nitro-bluetetrazolium (nitro-BT)..were used.

1977 Lancet 11 June 1234/2 The nitroblue tetrazolium test was positive on two occasions.

1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) 25 Tests widely used to measure the killing activity of neutrophils include the nitroblue tetrazolium dye or NBT test.

1992 Sci. Amer. May 32/3 Pearse stained brain slices with a dye called nitro blue tetrazolium.

nitro-BT n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˌbiːˈtiː/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˌbiˈti/

= nitroblue tetrazolium n.

ΚΠ

1956 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78 6140/2 In the case of 2,2′-di-p-nitrophenyl-5,5′-diphenyl-3,3′-(3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)-ditetrazolium chloride (XA, ‘nitro-BT’) a half salt..was obtained.

1987 Acta Pathologica Japonica 37 487 When unfixed slices of brain are stained with nitro-BT, normal tissue containing lactate dehydrogenase..changes..color from pale yellow to dark blue.

Nitrochalk n.

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ)tʃɔːk/

U.S.

/ˈnaɪtrəˌtʃɔk/

/ˈnaɪtrəˌtʃɑk/

(a proprietary name for) a fertilizer consisting of a mixture of ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate (chalk).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] > chemical fertilizer > specific

manure1744

plaster of Paris1787

superphosphate1843

nitrate1846

super1891

Nitragin1896

complete fertilizer1904

nitrolime1908

Nitrochalk1927

Sequestrene1949

Krilium1952

1927 Daily Express 7 Dec. 12/4 To replace Chilean nitrate we shall make..nitrochalk, a rich mixture of nitrogen and calcium.

1954 Jrnl. Brit. Grassland Soc. 9 323 (heading) The influence of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ on established lucerne leys.

1988 J. Elkington & J. Hailes Green Consumer Guide (1989) 82 The Soil Association..prohibits all other mineral fertilizers, including nitrochalk.

nitrolime n.

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ)lʌɪm/

U.S.

/ˈnaɪtrəˌlaɪm/

(also nitrolim) a fertilizer consisting wholly or chiefly of calcium cyanamide.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] > chemical fertilizer > specific

manure1744

plaster of Paris1787

superphosphate1843

nitrate1846

super1891

Nitragin1896

complete fertilizer1904

nitrolime1908

Nitrochalk1927

Sequestrene1949

Krilium1952

1908 Trans. Faraday Soc. 4 104 A great outcry was, and still is, made warning farmers against the use of calcium cyanamide, popularly known as nitrolim, or at least advising that it should be employed with the utmost caution.

1923 J. Hendrick Farmer's Raw Materials x. 156 When nitrolim is applied to the soil its nitrogen quickly turns to ammonia, and the ammonia in turn changes to nitrate.

1998 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 11 Apr. 15 Earthworms disappear and matted turf forms... A light liming and use of nitrolime will usually help.

nitro-metal n.

Brit.

/ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmɛtl/

U.S.

/ˌnaɪtroʊˈmɛd(ə)l/

now historical a compound formed by direct combination of nitrogen dioxide with a metal.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > nitrogen > [noun] > compounds

nitrous ether1791

nitruret1794

azoturet1819

azotane1827

nitride1850

hyponitric acid1854

nitryl1864

azotine1884

nitro-metal1895

tetrazone1895

trinitride1911

nitroxide1950

nitroxyl1969

1895 J. M. Thomson & A. G. Bloxam Bloxam's Chem. (ed. 8) 155 NO₂ is absorbed by many finely divided metals, forming compounds called nitro-metals.

1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) v. 244 Nitrogen peroxide unites directly with certain metals, giving rise to a remarkable series of compounds, to which the name nitro-metals, or metallic nitroxyls, may be given.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	nitro-
释义	nitro-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: before a vowel usually nitr-. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: nitre n., -o- connective. Etymology: < nitre n. + -o- connective. Compare Byzantine Greek νιτρο- (in e.g. νιτροπώλος natron-seller), post-classical Latin nitro- (in e.g. nitro-aereus nitro-aereous adj.), French nitro- (formations in which are found from at least the late 18th cent.), Italian nitro- (formations in which are found from at least the late 19th cent.), German nitro- (formations in which are found from at least the early 19th cent.).Attested in one loan from post-classical Latin (late 17th cent.: see nitro-aereous adj.; compare the adaptation nitro-aerial adj.) and in loans from French (from the late 18th cent.: see e.g. nitromuriatic adj., nitrogen n.) and German (from the early 19th cent.: see nitrobenzide n., nitrosamine n.). English formations are relatively rare before the 19th cent., although the earliest examples are found in the late 17th cent. (e.g. nitro-aluminous adj., nitro-tartareous adj. at sense 1, nitrosulphureous adj., nitro-sulphurious adj.). Compounds in sense 2 are all of late 18th- to mid 19th-cent. origin, but sense 3 continues to be freely productive as a word-forming element in systematic chemical nomenclature. Chemistry. †1. Containing, combined with, or involving nitre. Obsolete. nitro-aerian adj. Obsolete rare = nitro-aerial adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > nitro-aerial nitro-aerial1674 nitro-aereous1676 nitro-atmospherical1793 nitro-aerian1881 1881 R. Routledge Pop. Hist. Sci. x. 234 The water will arise within the jar as the candle removes the ‘nitro-ærian’ particles. nitro-aluminous adj. Obsolete rare containing or having properties of both nitre and alum. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > partaking of natures of nitre + alum nitro-aluminous1670 1670 W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 132 It consists of three ingredients, viz. the nitro-aluminous salt. nitro-atmospherical adj. Obsolete rare = nitro-aerial adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named gases > [adjective] > existing in nitre and air nitro-aerial1674 nitro-aereous1676 nitro-atmospherical1793 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > nitro-aerial nitro-aerial1674 nitro-aereous1676 nitro-atmospherical1793 nitro-aerian1881 1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 258 Was not Mayow..infinitely nearer the truth..when he imputed muscular motion to the effervescence of his nitro-atmospherical particles? nitro-neutral adj. Obsolete designating a neutral salt containing nitre. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [adjective] > named salts > nitrates > forming nitrate without free nitric acid nitro-neutral1782 1782 R. Kirwan in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 73 48 The decomposition of nitro-neutral salts by the marine acid depends on the same principles. 1800 H. Davy Res. Nitrous Oxide i. i. 51 The opinions..have been founded on experiments made on the nitro-neutral salts. nitro-tartareous adj. Obsolete rare containing or having properties of both nitre and tartar. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic salts > [adjective] > tartrates > of the nature of nitre and tartar nitro-tartareous1663 1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. ii. v. ii. 126 By this Nitro-Tartareous Salt..those Vegetables, whose Juice affords it..may be discriminated from those many others, from whence it is not to..be obtained. 2. Prefixed to the names of inorganic acids to form the names of mixtures containing nitric acid (at first supposed to be distinct dibasic compound acids). ΚΠ 1789 R. Kerr tr. A. Lavoisier Elements Chem. i. xi. 116 Mr Berthollet has distinctly proved that the peculiar properties of this acid [sc. aqua regia] arise from the combined action of its two acidifiable bases; and for this reason we have judged it necessary to distinguish it by an appropriate name: That of nitro-muriatic acid appears extremely applicable. 1796 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) II. 245 His nitro-vitriolic acid also dissolves it. 1836–41 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 5) 605 Rhodium is insoluble in acids, but, when alloyed with copper or lead, the nitrohydrochloric acid dissolves it. 1888 Science 9 Mar. 118 Small pieces of the meteorite were then boiled for some time in hydrochloric, sulphuric, and nitromuriatic acids. 1903 Science 11 Dec. 753/2 Nitro-sulphuric acid and its action on organic compounds. 1929 Proc. Royal Soc. 1928–9 B. 104 446 To determine how far the treatment with acid had purified the sand, 60·016 grm. were heated..for 20 minutes with concentrated nitrohydrochloric acid. 3. a. Originally: prefixed to the names of organic acids and their salts to form the names of derivatives produced by reaction with nitric acid. Later (more widely): prefixed to the names of organic compounds or classes of compound to form the names of derivative compounds which contain the group —NO₂, esp. those in which the nitrogen atom is attached directly to a carbon atom. Also (in wider contexts): prefixed to the names of other substances to form the names of explosive compounds prepared by nitration.See also specific compounds at sense 3b. In relation to explosives cf. also nitro n. ΚΠ 1821 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 2) III. ix. 207 Leucine..acted upon by nitric acid, affords a crystallizable nitroleucic acid. 1848 Chem. Gaz. 6 420 It is probably the nitrobenzamide recently described by Field, which he obtained by heating the nitrobenzoate of ammonia. 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 399 When valeric acid is boiled..a great part is converted into nitro-valeric acid. 1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 622 By acting upon hippuric acid with nitric and sulphuric acids, it is converted into nitro-hippuric acid. 1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 729 When boiled with nitric acid, it [sc. caprylic acid] is converted into nitrocaprylic acid. 1937 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. I. 391/1 Treatment of the nitro-sulphonates in aqueous solution with nascent chlorine yields the corresponding heteronuclear nitrochloroanthraquinones. 1960 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders Pract. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) ii. 130 Monochloroacetic acid..gives the highest yield of the nitrohydrocarbon. 1978 G. C. Hill & J. S. Holman Chem. in Context xxi. 330 Dynamite is a general term for explosives which contain both nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose. 1989 Adverse Drug Reactions 8 183 Three classes of such nitroheterocyclic drugs have proved to be of great therapeutic value. These are the nitroimidazoles (e.g. metronidazole), nitrothiazoles (e.g. niridazole), and nitrofurans. b. nitro-acid n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈasɪd/ , /ˈnʌɪtrəʊˌasɪd/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈæsəd/ an organic acid which has undergone nitration, usually by reaction with nitric acid. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds nitric ether1796 nitro-compound1852 nitro-substitute1852 nitro-acid1857 nitro-substitution1863 nitrocellulose1868 pyrocellulose1901 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 307 Many of the nitro-acids obtained in this manner are yellow, and yield salts which have a yellow colour. 1955 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 3446 The cis- nitro-acid..on reduction gives about equal quantities of cis- and trans-amino acid, thus indicating that some stereomutation occurs during reduction. 1992 J. March Adv. Org. Chem. (ed. 4) xi. 628 The mechanism is illustrated for the case of β-keto acids, but it is likely that..α-cyano acids, α-nitro acids, and β,γ-unsaturated acids behave similarly. nitroalkane n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈalkeɪn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈælˌkeɪn/ an organic compound (general formula RNO₂) consisting of a saturated alkyl group (R) directly attached to the nitrogen atom of a nitro group (cf. nitroparaffin n.). ΚΠ 1966 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 291 58 Deviations appear when the polar component is ethyl chloride, nitrobenzene or nitroalkanes. 1997 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 11783/1 Some nitroalkanes have also been obtained by treating alkanes with HNO₃ over metal nitrates. nitrocellulose n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsɛljᵿləʊs/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsɛljᵿləʊz/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈsɛljəˌloʊs/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈsɛljəˌloʊz/ a highly flammable material made by nitrating cellulose (or plant material consisting largely of cellulose) with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, used in the manufacture of explosives and celluloid. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds nitric ether1796 nitro-compound1852 nitro-substitute1852 nitro-acid1857 nitro-substitution1863 nitrocellulose1868 pyrocellulose1901 the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > polysaccharides > [noun] > cellulose > derivatives of nitrocellulose1868 cellulose nitrate1873 hydrocellulose1876 oxycellulose1882 adipocellulose1887 viscose1896 1868 Westm. Rev. 34 96 What the Austrian General Von Lenk did for gun-cotton or nitro-cellulose, the Swedish mining engineer [sc. Nobel] did for nitro-glycerine. 1882 A. H. Allen Comm. Org. Anal. II. 366 The various nitro-celluloses are soluble in strong caustic soda, undergoing partial saponification with formation of cellulose and sodium nitrate. 1955 F. D. Miles Cellulose Nitrate vi. 221 Nitrocellulose is an almost indispensable component of both the two principal classes of explosive—blasting explosives..and propellant explosives. 1990 Guns & Weapons Sept.–Oct. 75/4 The interior of the case holds the powder charge, which is a modern Nitrocellulose compound usually in stick or granular form. nitrocotton n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈkɒtn/ , /ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˌkɒtn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈkɑtn/ , /ˈnaɪtroʊˌkɑtn/ now chiefly historical guncotton. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > cotton bombast1572 bombace1592 carding1600 cotton wool1857 nitrocotton1867 batting1875 lint1877 delint1896 viscose1896 linters1903 1867 Sci. Amer. Jan. 12/1 I claim the application of nitro-cotton (known as gun cotton), for the purpose of serving as a cushion and an explosive substance in shells, torpedoes, etc. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia VII. 87/1 It was..the most important type of smokeless powder used by the Allies in World War I. It was made from a nitrocotton of relatively low nitrogen content. nitroethane n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈiːθeɪn/ , /ˌnʌɪtrəʊˈɛθeɪn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈɛˌθeɪn/ [after German Nitroäthan (V. Meyer & O. Stüber 1872, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 5 399)] a colourless liquid, C₂H₅NO₂, used as a solvent and in organic synthesis. ΚΠ 1872 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 10 682 Nitroethane is a highly refractive liquid, entirely devoid of colour, and possessing an agreeable and peculiar ethereal odour. 1951 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 243 476 At higher compression ratios..nitroethane shows a definite pro-knock effect. 1987 New Scientist 17 Dec. 14/1 Suslick and his colleagues showed that irradiating non-aqueous liquids such as dodecane and nitroethane with ultrasound broke the molecules into highly energetic fragments that emitted light. nitrofuran n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈfjʊəran/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈf(j)ʊˌræn/ a furan derivative having a nitro group attached to one of the carbon atoms of the furan ring, esp. one which has been used as an antiseptic or antibacterial agent. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic compounds > [noun] > heterocyclic compounds > furans > nitrofuran nitrofuran1930 1930 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 52 2550 In connection with the preparation of aminofurans and their diazo-compounds, it was necessary to have a series of readily accessible nitrofurans and their derivatives. 1959 Times 7 Dec. (Agric. Suppl.) p. vii/4 To prevent coccidiosis in chickens, nitrophenid, a sulfonamide, or a nitrofuran is added to the feed. 1989 Adverse Drug Reactions 8 183 Thousands of nitrofuran compounds have been synthesized and the best known example of this class of drugs is nitrofurantoin. nitro-gelatine n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛlətɪn/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛlətiːn/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)dʒɛləˈtiːn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈdʒɛlətn/ now historical an explosive consisting of guncotton and camphor dissolved in nitroglycerine. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > explosive material > [noun] > other specific explosives powdera1393 gunpowder1411 saltpetre1501 petre1586 halinitre1608 sal-prunella1664 petre-salt1708 xyloidin1838 gun-cotton1846 pyroxyle1847 pyroxylin1847 pyroglycerin1850 xylidine1850 nitroglycerine1852 gun-sawdust1853 picrate1854 trinitroglycerin1864 nitroleum1866 trinitrin1866 dynamite1867 giant-powder1872 dualin1874 fulgurite1874 rendrock1874 glyoxilin1875 lithofracteur1875 trinitro-cellulose1875 white gunpowder1875 gelatin1878 cotton-powder1879 vigorite1879 blasting gelatine1881 Hercules powder1881 saxifragine1881 tonite1881 dynamogen1882 forcite1883 haloxylin1883 jelly powdera1884 nitro-gelatinea1884 panclastite1883 potentite1883 sebastinea1884 kolloxylin1884 hellhoffite1885 rackarock1885 securite1886 kinetite1887 roburite1887 carbo-dynamite1888 fortis1889 gelatine dynamite1889 gelignite1889 seranine1889 straw-dynamite1889 carbonite1890 amberite1891 nitro powder1892 Schnebelite1893 westfalite1894 thorite1899 soup1902 ammonal1903 cheddite1908 trinitrotoluene1908 Samsonite1909 tolite1909 trinitrotoluol1910 trotyl1910 glyceryl trinitrate1912 T.N.T.1915 nitro1916 amatol1918 cyclonite1923 hexogen1923 lox1923 pentaerythritol tetranitrate1923 hexite1931 aurantia1940 jelly1941 RDX1941 a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 635/2 Nitro-gelatine, an explosive agent invented by Nobel; formed by dissolving gun-cotton in nitro-glycerine, with camphor added in varying proportions. 1899 H. S. Maxim in N. Amer. Rev. Feb. 146 If a projectile was loaded in such a manner that a considerable quantity of air was imprisoned between the base of the projectile and the nitro-gelatine, it would be very violently compressed when the shot was discharged, and the heat developed would sometime cause an explosion. nitroglycol n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlʌɪkɒl/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlɪkɒl/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlaɪˌkɔl/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlaɪˌkɑl/ [after French nitroglycol (P. Champion 1871, in Comptes Rendus hebd. de l'Acad. des Sci. 73 571)] a nitro-derivative of glycol; spec. an extremely powerful liquid explosive, 1,2-dinitroethan-1,2-diol, C₂H₄N₂O₆. ΚΠ 1871 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 24 1036 Nitroglycol is..obtainable by using a mixture of 100 parts fuming nitric acid, 200 of concentrated sulphuric acid, and 42 of glycol. 1931 C. E. Munroe & J. E. Tiffany Physical Testing Explosives 25 Dynamites consist of a mass of pulverized solid material holding a liquid ingredient or ingredients, such as nitroglycerin or mixtures of it with nitroglycol, nitrosugar, or other explosive material. 1981 Internat. Arch. Occupational & Environmental Health 48 339 Nitroglycol..concentrations in blood and urine of dynamite production workers was measured. nitroimidazole n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrəʊᵻˈmɪdəzəʊl/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊᵻˈmɪdəˌzoʊl/ any of a number of synthetic nitro-substituted imidazole derivatives, which are used as antimicrobial agents, esp. against anaerobic organisms. ΚΠ 1934 Chem. Abstr. 28 767 (title) Carbon salts of tetranitrobiimidazole and methylation of nitroimidazole. 1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) 658/1 Metronidazole and related nitroimidazole derivatives are..important in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infection. nitromesidine n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmɛsᵻdiːn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈmɛsəˌdin/ now historical a nitro-derivative of mesidine (2,4,6-trimethylaniline). ΚΠ 1850 G. Maule in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 2 116 I propose the name Nitromesidine, instead of Nitromesitilidine. 1852 W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Chem. (ed. 3) 223 The reader will observe, that mesitylole is isomeric with cumole, mesidine with cumidine, and nitromesidine with nitrocumidine. 1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. viii. 302 Maule decided to nitrate mesitylene and to reduce the nitrated product to form nitromesidine. nitromethane n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmiːθeɪn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈmɛˌθeɪn/ [after German Nitromethan (V. Meyer & O. Stüber 1872, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 5 399); compare French nitométhane (1878)] an oily liquid, CH₃NO₂, which is used as a solvent and a rocket fuel, and in the production of nitro-compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > alkanes > alkane derivatives iodomethane1868 dichloromethane1869 nitromethane1872 methylene chloride1880 diazomethane1894 methylene dichloride1895 1872 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 25 804 Nitromethane is a heavy oil, of a peculiar odour; it boils at 99°. 1972 Materials & Technol. IV. xv. 548 Nitromethane is used as a solvent for cellulose esters and vinyl resins. 1989 R. Dryer & G. Lata Exper. Biochem. ii. iii. 354 To each of these vials has also been added different amounts of a quencher, usually nitromethane. nitronaphthalene n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈnafθəliːn/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈnapθəliːn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈnæpθəˌlin/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈnæfθəˌlin/ (also †nitronaphthaline) [compare German Nitronaphthalinsäure (de Marignac 1841, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 38 2)] either of two isomeric crystalline compounds, C₁₀H₇NO₂, which are nitro-derivatives of naphthalene. ΚΠ 1852 W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Chem. (ed. 3) 412 Nitronaphthaline..is best formed by causing nitrous acid to pass through melted naphthaline. It..forms long prisms of a sulphur-yellow colour. 1866 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 48 Nitronaphthalene. 1967 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. xxix. 762 2-Nitronaphthalene..may be prepared by heating 2-naphthalenediazonium borofluoride with sodium nitrite and copper powder. 1991 Mutation Res. 259 111 1-Nitronaphthalene..has been identified..as a noncarcinogen showing some evidence of in vitro genotoxicity. nitroparaffin n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈparəfɪn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈpɛrəfən/ a substance obtained by the nitration of (a) paraffin; a nitroalkane or mixture of nitroalkanes. ΚΠ 1874 Manufacturer & Builder Oct. 217/3 Now a new compound is added, nitro-paraffin, formed by the action of fuming nitric acid..and paraffin. It is an oily yellowish-green liquid, to which Mr. Champiar ascribes the formula C₂₄H₂₄NO₂, and calls it paraffin acid. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xiii. 265 The nitroparaffins form a homologous series of the general formula C_nH_2n+1·NO₂ in which the characteristic functional group is the nitro group, −NO₂. 1991 N.Y. Times 2 May a21/1 Nitroparaffin, made with nitric acid and propane gas, is used to make pharmaceuticals, adhesives, face creams and a number of other products. nitrophenol n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈfiːnɒl/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈfiˌnɔl/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈfiˌnɑl/ a compound containing a nitro and a phenolic hydroxyl group; spec. each of three isomeric derivatives of phenol, C₆H₄(NO₂)OH, in which one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a nitro group. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > benzene derivatives > phenols > others phenetidine1851 nitrophenol1852 carvacrol1854 guaiacol1864 hydroquinone1865 iodophenol1868 pentachlorophenol1869 trichlorophenol1871 purpurogallin1872 xylenol1872 kosin1875 phloroglucinol1879 cerulignol1883 cannabinol1896 gossypol1899 thiophenol1899 phenol resin1911 oxine1927 nordihydroguaiaretic acid1944 1852 H. B. Jones & A. W. Hofmann Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 4) 646 Nitrophenasic acid = Nitrophenol. 1949 P. W. Vittum tr. H. E. Fierz-David & L. Blangey Fund. Processes Dye Chem. i. 148 o- and p- nitrophenols are the starting materials for o- and p-phenetidine and anisidine. 1972 Materials & Technol. IV. xv. 554 The nitrophenols are extremely hazardous materials; not only as a fire risk but also because the polynitrophenols are explosive. nitropyrene n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈpʌɪriːn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈpaɪˌrin/ a derivative of pyrene containing a nitro group in place of a hydrogen atom. ΚΠ 1971 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 93 1812/1 Work-up as with the perylene reactions gave 98 mg of 1-nitropyrene. 1995 Carcinogenesis 16 3027/1 Nitropyrenes are environmental contaminants produced as by-products of combustion. nitrothiazole n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈθʌɪəzəʊl/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈθaɪəˌzoʊl/ a derivative of thiazole containing a nitro group in place of a hydrogen atom, esp. one used as an antibacterial or antiprotozoal agent or as an anthelmintic. ΚΠ 1939 Chem. Abstr. 33 3791 Nitration..gave 4-methyl-2-nitramino-5-nitrothiazole. 1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) 61/2 Niridazole is a nitrothiazole derivative with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. nitrotoluene n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtɒljʊiːn/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtəʊljʊiːn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌin/ each of three isomeric derivatives of toluene, C₆H₄(NO₂)CH₃, obtained by replacing one of the ring hydrogen atoms with a nitro group, two of which (the ortho and para isomers) are used in the manufacture of dyes. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > benzene derivatives > toluenes retinaphtha1837 toluol1848 nitrotoluene1871 toluene1871 methylbenzene1879 trinitrotoluene1908 1871 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 24 871 (table) Nitrotoluene. 1915 Dyestuffs & Coal-tar Products i. 24 2-Nitrotoluene may be..reduced to o-azoxytoluene, which is then acidified. 1964 N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. xix. 377 A substituent in the side-chain of toluene may be designated ‘α-’; for example, α-nitrotoluene, C₆H₅.CH₂.NO₂. 1994 Guardian 2 Nov. i. 3/1 Hickson's International, based at Castleford, West Yorkshire, admitted discharging trade effluent and chemicals, including nitrotoluene..into the River Aire. nitrotoluol n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtɒljʊɒl/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtəʊljʊɒl/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtɒljʊəʊl/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtəʊljʊəʊl/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌɑl/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌɔl/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈtɑljuˌoʊl/ (also nitrotoluole) now rare = nitrotoluene n. ΚΠ 1849 Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1 4 The formation of cumidine from nitrocumol, is analogous to that of aniline and toluidine from nitrobenzol and nitrotoluol. 1870 Philos. Trans. 1869 (Royal Soc.) 159 655 The nitrobenzol..might..contain a little nitrotoluol. 1909 Science 19 Mar. 469/2 Fourteen different liquids were investigated, including nitrobenzol, nitrotoluol,..[etc.]. nitrotyrosine n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈtʌɪrə(ʊ)siːn/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈtaɪrəˌsin/ a coloured derivative of tyrosine in which a nitro group is attached to the carbon atom adjacent to the one bearing the hydroxyl group. ΚΠ 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 628 If cold dilute nitric acid be employed, nitrate of nitrotyrosine..is formed. 1988 L. Stryer Biochem. (ed. 3) x. 238 ATCase was reacted with tetranitromethane to form a colored nitrotyrosine group in each of its catalytic chains. 4. a. Prefixed to words other than the names of substances, indicating the presence or involvement of the group —NO₂ (see nitro group n. at sense 4b). Frequently without hyphen, functioning as an attributive adjective. Cf. nitro n. 3.See also specific compounds at sense 4b. ΚΠ 1852 H. B. Jones & A. W. Hofmann Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 4) 599 Salicylamide..is converted by fuming nitric acid into the nitro-substitute, nitro-salicylamide. 1907 G. M. Norman Systematic Pract. Org. Chem. ii. iv. 64 The other derivatives, containing chloro-, bromo-, or nitro-radicals in the benzene nucleus are not very important. 1934 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 149 339 The absence of this strong frequency in the Raman spectra of these alkyl derivatives precludes the assignment of a nitro or nitroso structure to HNSO₅. 1949 S. Miall & L. M. Miall New Dict. Chem. (ed. 2) 364/1 The nitro colours are acid dyestuffs. 1953 A. G. E. Pearse Histochem. i. 5 Ehrlich..observed the effects of heat coagulation in increasing the affinity of haemoglobin for nitro dyes. 1969 Tetrahedron Lett. No. 5. 355 (title) The structure of luteoreticulin, a nitro-containing metabolite of Streptomyces luteoreticuli. 1973 D. H. Williams & I. Fleming Spectrosc. Methods in Org. Chem. (ed. 2) iv. 170 The presence of a methyl group ortho to the nitro-function in o-nitrotoluene introduces a new, low energy process. 1993 Science 17 Sept. 1578 Two Glu-43 mutants, one containing the nitro analog of glutamate and the other containing homoglutamate, retained high catalytic activity at pH 9.9. b. nitroaromatic adj. and n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrəʊarəˈmatɪk/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˌɛrəˈmædɪk/ (a) adj. designating a compound or group which contains a nitro group attached to an aromatic ring; (b) n. a nitro-aromatic compound (usually in plural). ΚΠ 1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 149 336 A careful search of the literature on nitro-paraffins and nitro-aromatic compounds revealed only a very slight similarity between the spectrum under consideration and their spectra. 1963 Science 20 Dec. 1550/2 The π/π^* excited state is probably not the lowest excited singlet of nitroaromatics. 1982 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 4492/1 Nitroaromatics, in general, do not undergo rearrangement or isomerization under the reaction conditions. 1992 Daily Tel. 30 Nov. 16/6 Nitroaromatic compounds, materials in widespread use in industrial processes..can, at high doses, reduce sperm production in animals. nitro-compound n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈkɒmpaʊnd/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈkɑmˌpaʊnd/ (a) an organic compound containing a nitro group; (b) spec. an explosive mixture prepared using nitric acid (now rare). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds nitric ether1796 nitro-compound1852 nitro-substitute1852 nitro-acid1857 nitro-substitution1863 nitrocellulose1868 pyrocellulose1901 1852 W. Gregory Handbk. Org. Chem. (ed. 3) 151 From it [sc. anisole] are obtained..three nitro-compounds, nitranisole, dinitranisole, and trinitranisole. 1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 317 Gun-cotton is a nitro-compound in a solid form. 1890 Manufacturer & Builder July 154/2 This remarkable explosive substance [sc. nitro-glycerine]..is one of a group of explosive compounds known as nitro-compounds... This group embraces nitro-cellulose (gun cotton), nitro-mannite, nitro-dextrine, nitro-sugar and nitro-glycerine. 1892 Science 29 Apr. 245/2 The bloom of oils may be destroyed or masked by nitric acid, nitro-benzol, di-nitro-naphthalene, and some other nitro-compounds. 1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. xix. 679 The nitro compounds are made by the action of silver nitrite on the alkyl iodide. 1981 P. Sykes Guidebk. to Mechanism in Org. Chem. (ed. 5) x. 277 An interesting situation arises with aliphatic nitrocompounds, e.g. phenylnitromethane. nitro-derivative n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)dᵻˈrɪvətɪv/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊdəˈrɪvədɪv/ a compound which is derived from another by the addition or substitution of a nitro group. ΚΠ 1859 Proc. Royal Soc. 1857–9 9 619 The formation of ninaphthylamine promises to add considerably to the number of nitro-derivatives of the aromatic monamines. 1934 C. C. Steele Introd. Plant Biochem. xv. 150 Protein develops a yellow colour with concentrated nitric acid..due to the formation of a yellow nitro-derivative of an aromatic nucleus. 1997 Jrnl. Neurol. Sci. 150 71 Nitroderivatives such as nitroglycerin are known to induce vasodilation via NO release. nitro-explosive n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrəʊᵻkˈspləʊsɪv/ , /ˌnʌɪtrəʊᵻkˈspləʊzɪv/ , /ˌnʌɪtrəʊɛkˈspləʊsɪv/ , /ˌnʌɪtrəʊɛkˈspləʊzɪv/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊᵻkˈsploʊsɪv/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊɛkˈsploʊsɪv/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊᵻkˈsploʊzɪv/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊɛkˈsploʊzɪv/ an explosive prepared by nitration, typically one containing nitrocellulose or nitroglycerine. ΚΠ 1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 322 Unconfined wood-powder, in common with other nitro-explosives, may be inflamed without obtaining one-half of the available explosive force. 1904 Notes on Shooting (ed. 8) i. 1 They have..had their intended effect in enhancing the quality of the nitro explosive. 1945 Ecology 26 212/2 Nitro-explosives are in constant disintegration and with rise of temperature the rate of disintegration increases until instantaneous oxidation or explosion follows. nitro group n. Brit. /ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ) ɡruːp/ , U.S. /ˈnaɪtroʊ ˌɡrup/ [compare German Nitrogruppe (1885 or earlier)] the group —NO₂, esp. when bonded to a carbon atom as a functional group in organic compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > acids > [noun] > acid radicals persulphate1813 suberyl1836 nitrion1868 stearyl1868 nitroxyl1871 nitro group1877 haloacyl1951 mevalonate1957 1877 H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. II. 446 Only one nitro-group is obtained in the first instance, so that nitro-amido compounds are obtained. 1938 C. D. Hurd in H. Gilman Org. Chem. I. vii. 628 The peculiar activity of the fourth nitro group in C(NO₂)₄ should be mentioned. 1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) vi. 88 (table) After partial reduction of the nitro group, the activated drug causes strand breaks in DNA. nitro powder n. Brit. /ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ) ˌpaʊdə/ , U.S. /ˈnaɪtroʊ ˌpaʊdər/ gunpowder prepared from nitro-compounds, typically containing either nitroglycerine or nitrocellulose, or both. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > explosive material > [noun] > other specific explosives powdera1393 gunpowder1411 saltpetre1501 petre1586 halinitre1608 sal-prunella1664 petre-salt1708 xyloidin1838 gun-cotton1846 pyroxyle1847 pyroxylin1847 pyroglycerin1850 xylidine1850 nitroglycerine1852 gun-sawdust1853 picrate1854 trinitroglycerin1864 nitroleum1866 trinitrin1866 dynamite1867 giant-powder1872 dualin1874 fulgurite1874 rendrock1874 glyoxilin1875 lithofracteur1875 trinitro-cellulose1875 white gunpowder1875 gelatin1878 cotton-powder1879 vigorite1879 blasting gelatine1881 Hercules powder1881 saxifragine1881 tonite1881 dynamogen1882 forcite1883 haloxylin1883 jelly powdera1884 nitro-gelatinea1884 panclastite1883 potentite1883 sebastinea1884 kolloxylin1884 hellhoffite1885 rackarock1885 securite1886 kinetite1887 roburite1887 carbo-dynamite1888 fortis1889 gelatine dynamite1889 gelignite1889 seranine1889 straw-dynamite1889 carbonite1890 amberite1891 nitro powder1892 Schnebelite1893 westfalite1894 thorite1899 soup1902 ammonal1903 cheddite1908 trinitrotoluene1908 Samsonite1909 tolite1909 trinitrotoluol1910 trotyl1910 glyceryl trinitrate1912 T.N.T.1915 nitro1916 amatol1918 cyclonite1923 hexogen1923 lox1923 pentaerythritol tetranitrate1923 hexite1931 aurantia1940 jelly1941 RDX1941 society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > missile > ammunition for firearms > [noun] > explosive for use with firearms > specific serpentine powder1497 musket powder1644 black powder1793 percussion powder1819 wood powder1870 musketry powder1876 Schultze gunpowder1881 sawdust-powder1883 cocoa powder1884 brown powder1886 melinite1886 lyddite1888 rifleite1891 nitro powder1892 turpinite1895 nitro1900 shimose1904 1892 W. W. Greener Breech-loader 163 Nitro powders possess various advantages over black, the chief being the absence of smoke after the discharge. 1920 G. Burrard Notes on Sporting Rifles iv. 38 There is no acid fouling from nitro-powder to eat into the precious barrels. 1950 G. Burrard Mod. Shotgun (rev. ed.) III. 307 This Nitro Proof was not compulsory, because in the early days of nitro powders many guns were sold which were not intended for use with these powders. † nitro-substitute n. Obsolete a nitro-derivative. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds nitric ether1796 nitro-compound1852 nitro-substitute1852 nitro-acid1857 nitro-substitution1863 nitrocellulose1868 pyrocellulose1901 1852Nitro-substitute [see sense 4a]. 1862 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 2) III. 942 Nitrosubstitutes of sugar, starch, &c. nitro-substituted adj. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsʌbstᵻtjuːtᵻd/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈsʌbstᵻtʃuːtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈsəbstəˌt(j)udəd/ (of a compound) having one or more substituents replaced by nitro groups. ΚΠ 1934 Science 26 Oct. 384/1 These effects are attributable to the nitro substituted molecule. 1998 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 180 5529 Resistance of bacteria to nitro-substituted compounds is believed to result primarily from mutations in genes encoding oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases. nitro-substitution n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)sʌbstᵻˈtjuːʃn/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)sʌbstᵻˈtʃuːʃn/ , U.S. /ˈˌnaɪtroʊˌsəbstəˈt(j)uʃ(ə)n/ replacement of a hydrogen atom, or other group or radical, by a nitro group; nitration. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > named compounds > [noun] > nitro-compounds nitric ether1796 nitro-compound1852 nitro-substitute1852 nitro-acid1857 nitro-substitution1863 nitrocellulose1868 pyrocellulose1901 1863–4 Proc. Royal Soc. 13 150 From this circumstance, and considering its mode of formation, it is evidently a nitro-substitution compound. 1969 Proc. Royal Soc. 172 304 Overton found that nitro substitution, like halogen substitution, actually increased permeation rates through cell membranes. 1997 Phytochemistry 45 1555 Nnitro-substitution of the aromatic acid moiety. 5. Mineralogy. In the name of nitrates occurring as minerals. nitrobarite n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈbarʌɪt/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈbɛːrʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈbɛˌraɪt/ native barium nitrate, crystallizing in the cubic system and occurring as colourless octahedral crystals. ΚΠ 1882 Amer. Naturalist 16 78 Groth describes a natural nitrate of Baryta from Chili... An appropriate..name for this mineral would be Nitrobarite. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) IX. 102/2 Normal anhydrous and hydrated nitrates occurring as minerals are..nitrobarite, Ba(NO₃)₂, [etc.]. nitrocalcite n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈkalsʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈkælˌsaɪt/ native hydrated calcium nitrate, crystallizing in the monoclinic system and occurring as a whitish efflorescence on soil and calcareous rocks. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > nitrates > [noun] > calcium nitrate nitrocalcite1835 wall-saltpetre1911 1835 C. U. Shepard Treat. Mineral. II. 84 Nitrocalcite..is found in silky efflorescenses. 1992 National Speleol. Soc. Bull. 54 14 (title) Nitrocalcite in Kartchner Caverns, Kartchner Caverns State Park, Arizona. 1999 Jrnl. Cave & Karst Stud. 61 73/1 The low relative humidity causes the efflorescence of nitrocalcite in the entrance zone of the cave. nitroglauberite n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlɔːbərʌɪt/ , /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈɡlaʊbərʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlaʊbəˌraɪt/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlɔbəˌraɪt/ , /ˌnaɪtroʊˈɡlɑbəˌraɪt/ now historical a supposed mineral from the Chilean desert, later identified as a mixture of soda nitre and darapskite. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > nitrates > [noun] > sodium nitrate > compounds nitroglauberite1875 1875 E. S. Dana in J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (new ed.) App. ii. 41 Nitroglauberite. From Atacama (Dr. Schwartzemberg). 1925 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 209 447 The result show..that the alleged mineral nitroglauberite 6NaNO₃.2NaNO₃.3H₂O, does not exist, but is essentially a mixture of sodium nitrate and darapskite. 1970 Amer. Mineralogist 55 782 We recommended that nitroglauberite be deleted from the list of accepted mineral species; this recommendation has been accepted. nitromagnesite n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmaɡnᵻsʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈmæɡnəˌsaɪt/ native hydrated magnesium nitrate, crystallizing in the monoclinic system and occurring as an efflorescence on certain rocks. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > nitrates > [noun] > other nitrates nitromagnesite1835 gerhardtite1885 julienite1928 1835 C. U. Shepard Treat. Mineral. II. 85 Nitromagnesite. Magnesian earthysalt. 1893 E. J. Chapman Blowpipe Pract. 194 Nitromagnesite..closely resembles nitrocalcite. 1981 National Speleol. Soc. Bull. 43 131/1 Early reports of nitromagnesite, nitrocalcite and ammonia-niter in the saltpeter caves of Virginia..are erroneous. 6. In more general use: containing, involving, or associated with nitrogen, nitration, or nitrogenous substances. nitroblue tetrazolium n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)bluː ˌtɛtrəˈzəʊlɪəm/ , U.S. /ˈˌnaɪtroʊˌblu ˌtɛtrəˈzoʊliəm/ a yellow water-soluble dye, C₄₀H₃₀N₁₀O₆Cl₂·3H₂O, which can be reduced to a deep blue water-insoluble formazan; frequently attributive designating a test in which nitroblue tetrazolium dye undergoes reduction, spec. a test of neutrophil function in which reduction of the dye in the cytoplasm of neutrophils (to form deep blue granules) indicates that phagocytosis is occurring normally; abbreviated nitro-BT, NBT. ΚΠ 1957 Jrnl. Histochem. & Cytochem. 5 592 Several commercially available tetrazolium salts including..nitro-bluetetrazolium (nitro-BT)..were used. 1977 Lancet 11 June 1234/2 The nitroblue tetrazolium test was positive on two occasions. 1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) 25 Tests widely used to measure the killing activity of neutrophils include the nitroblue tetrazolium dye or NBT test. 1992 Sci. Amer. May 32/3 Pearse stained brain slices with a dye called nitro blue tetrazolium. nitro-BT n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˌbiːˈtiː/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˌbiˈti/ = nitroblue tetrazolium n. ΚΠ 1956 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78 6140/2 In the case of 2,2′-di-p-nitrophenyl-5,5′-diphenyl-3,3′-(3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)-ditetrazolium chloride (XA, ‘nitro-BT’) a half salt..was obtained. 1987 Acta Pathologica Japonica 37 487 When unfixed slices of brain are stained with nitro-BT, normal tissue containing lactate dehydrogenase..changes..color from pale yellow to dark blue. Nitrochalk n. Brit. /ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ)tʃɔːk/ , U.S. /ˈnaɪtrəˌtʃɔk/ , /ˈnaɪtrəˌtʃɑk/ (a proprietary name for) a fertilizer consisting of a mixture of ammonium nitrate and calcium carbonate (chalk). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] > chemical fertilizer > specific manure1744 plaster of Paris1787 superphosphate1843 nitrate1846 super1891 Nitragin1896 complete fertilizer1904 nitrolime1908 Nitrochalk1927 Sequestrene1949 Krilium1952 1927 Daily Express 7 Dec. 12/4 To replace Chilean nitrate we shall make..nitrochalk, a rich mixture of nitrogen and calcium. 1954 Jrnl. Brit. Grassland Soc. 9 323 (heading) The influence of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ on established lucerne leys. 1988 J. Elkington & J. Hailes Green Consumer Guide (1989) 82 The Soil Association..prohibits all other mineral fertilizers, including nitrochalk. nitrolime n. Brit. /ˈnʌɪtrə(ʊ)lʌɪm/ , U.S. /ˈnaɪtrəˌlaɪm/ (also nitrolim) a fertilizer consisting wholly or chiefly of calcium cyanamide. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] > chemical fertilizer > specific manure1744 plaster of Paris1787 superphosphate1843 nitrate1846 super1891 Nitragin1896 complete fertilizer1904 nitrolime1908 Nitrochalk1927 Sequestrene1949 Krilium1952 1908 Trans. Faraday Soc. 4 104 A great outcry was, and still is, made warning farmers against the use of calcium cyanamide, popularly known as nitrolim, or at least advising that it should be employed with the utmost caution. 1923 J. Hendrick Farmer's Raw Materials x. 156 When nitrolim is applied to the soil its nitrogen quickly turns to ammonia, and the ammonia in turn changes to nitrate. 1998 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) (Nexis) 11 Apr. 15 Earthworms disappear and matted turf forms... A light liming and use of nitrolime will usually help. nitro-metal n. Brit. /ˌnʌɪtrə(ʊ)ˈmɛtl/ , U.S. /ˌnaɪtroʊˈmɛd(ə)l/ now historical a compound formed by direct combination of nitrogen dioxide with a metal. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > nitrogen > [noun] > compounds nitrous ether1791 nitruret1794 azoturet1819 azotane1827 nitride1850 hyponitric acid1854 nitryl1864 azotine1884 nitro-metal1895 tetrazone1895 trinitride1911 nitroxide1950 nitroxyl1969 1895 J. M. Thomson & A. G. Bloxam Bloxam's Chem. (ed. 8) 155 NO₂ is absorbed by many finely divided metals, forming compounds called nitro-metals. 1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) v. 244 Nitrogen peroxide unites directly with certain metals, giving rise to a remarkable series of compounds, to which the name nitro-metals, or metallic nitroxyls, may be given. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < comb. form1663
随便看	to nim blood and bone to nim death to nim love to to nim mankind to run late to run like a hairy goat to run like a hairy goat also, to run like a hairy goat in earliest use dog to run like a redshank to run like the wind to run low to run mad to run madding to run mute to run of to run of a garget to run of water to run off to run off at the mouth to run off from bias to run off from one's bias to run off her feet to run off her legs to run off his feet to run off his legs