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bankruptn. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Italian. Etymons: French bancque roupte, Italian banca rotta. Etymology: < Middle French bancque roupte, bancque rotte, bancque ropte bankruptcy (a1457; French banqueroute ) and (especially in the β. forms) its apparent etymon Italian banca rotta, banco rotto (see note; compare the later compound bancarotta , †bancarotto (1598 as banchierotto )) < banca , banco market stall, counter (see bank n.2 and compare bank n.3) + rotta , rotto , past participle of rompere to break ( < classical Latin rumpere to break: see rumpent n. and compare rupt adj.). Compare ( < French) Dutch bankroet (1524 as banquerupt), Middle Low German bankerūt, German Bankrott (mid 15th cent.), all in sense ‘bankruptcy’.The Italian expression is said to refer to a former custom of breaking the stall of a trader who had become insolvent. The phrase is difficult to trace in Italian, but compare post-classical Latin banca rupta (1549 or earlier), bancae ruptio (1669 or earlier), both in sense ‘bankruptcy’, and also Middle French banque rompue bankruptcy, rompre banque to become bankrupt (both 16th cent.). Compare further break v. 11 (especially in to break the bank) and broken adj. 7. The α. forms reflect influence from classical Latin ruptus, past participle of rumpere, partly on the English word and partly on its French etymon. Uses relating to a person (branch I.) apparently show a secondary development within English, although the earliest such use is attested slightly earlier than the sense ‘bankruptcy’ (branch II.). Compare post-classical Latin ruptus bankrupt person, beside ruptura bankruptcy (both in an undated Italian source (cited by Du Cange from an edition of 1567), the former also in an Italian source dated 1334). With to play bankrupt at Phrases 2 compare Dutch †bankroet spelen (1600 or earlier), Middle Low German bankerūt spēlen , German †Bankrott spielen (mid 15th cent.), where bankrupt denotes the fact of bankruptcy. The variant to play the bankrupt apparently shows secondary association of the phrase with uses of bankrupt to denote a person (compare sense 1). With to make bankrupt at Phrases 1 compare French faire banqueroute (a1457 in Middle French) and German Bankrott machen (mid 16th cent.). I. An insolvent person, and related senses. 1. society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > waste of money or extravagance > [noun] > spendthrift society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > indebtedness > [noun] > debtor > other types of debtor 1533 T. More xxi. f. 26 Suche banke ruptes..whych whan they haue wasted and mysse spent theyr owne, wolde than very fayne..robbe spyrituall and temporall to. 1548 f. xxxvijv Some banqueroutes, some false Englyshe sanctuary men, some theues. 1574 J. Baret B 124 One that hath riotously wasted his substance, a banqueroute. Decoctor. 1593 R. Harvey 80 By gathering more bankrupts & ruffians to his side. 1604 R. Cawdrey Bankerupt, bankerout, waster. 1614 W. Raleigh i. iv. vii. §1. 294 Vpon instigation of some desperate banckrouts..they made an vproare. 1678 A. Marvell Let. 4 June in (1971) II. 237 A General Bill..to find a more effectuall way for Discovering of the Estates of Bankroutes. 1709 R. Steele No. 44. ⁋6 He can no more live here than if he were a downright Bankrupt. 1811 C. Lamb in 1 425 Advertisements offering rewards for the apprehension of absconded culprits, strayed apprentices, bankrupts who have conveyed away their effects, or debtors that have run away from their bail. the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > very poor person society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [noun] > one who is insolvent ?1563 in I. W. Archer et al. (2003) 79 Many bankruptes, both in Flaund. as the company of Lixsaultes and Flechamer Italians and by reson that Phillipp and the F.K. would not paie the money they borrowed of them for their wares. 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye I. 217 Perceiuing themselues to be brought to the estate of bankrupts, as we commonly say. 1600 W. Shakespeare iv. i. 121 To cut the forfaiture from that bankrout there. View more context for this quotation 1624 R. Bellings sig. H4 Shall my meanes help to make up a Bankrout in his estate? a1653 Z. Boyd (1855) 49 He who in sloath doth like a Dor-Mouse sleepe, Shall at the last sure prove a Banker-up. 1759 Nov. 406 The English are not only bankrupts and beggars, but pirates, robbers, and the common disturbers of Europe. 1844 C. J. Lever II. lxii. 90 You killed some thirty thousand, and made bankrupts of the rest of the nation. 1895 Nov. 122/2 He was a bankrupt, loaded with many hundred millions of debts. 1909 H. G. Wells iii. 87 It's bust me! I'm a bankrupt here and now. 1945 (Hearings U.S. Senate Subcomm. Mil. Affairs, 79th Congr., 1st Sess.) 413 To all intents and purposes Germany had become a bankrupt. 2010 (Nexis) 14 Mar. Hindley has become a total bankrupt because of his heavy drinking and gambling. society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [noun] > bankruptcy > one who is bankrupt 1638 L. Roberts ccciii. sig. Ddd3 All Merchants..are compelled in this manner..to satisfie accounts with their Creditors, and make good their paiments, or in default of this appearance, are by the custome of the place declared as Bankrupts. 1653 No. 47. 375 No lesse then 15 North-Indie Merchants broak, and were accordingly proclaimed Bankrouts on the Exchange. 1707 No. 4335/4 A Commission of Bankrupt being awarded against John Oliver..and he being declared a Bankrupt. 1776 10 Feb. The commissioners in a commission of bankrupts..intend to meet..in order to make a dividend of the..bankrupt's estate and effects. 1800 A. Cullen iii. 386 Although a bankrupt is discharged by a certificate regularly obtained, he may preclude himself from the benefit of it, by making himself liable on a new promise. 1869 lxxi. 76 A single creditor..of not less than fifty pounds, may present a petition to the Court, praying that the debtor be adjudged a bankrupt. 1925 Bankruptcy Ordinance iii. §35.1, in 20 In the distribution of the property of a bankrupt there shall be paid in priority to all other debts: [etc.]. 1990 4 Aug. 36/1 Most credit agencies operate a 15-year ‘black list’ barring bankrupts from receiving credit. the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction > wretched person > at the end of his resources 1578 J. Lyly f. 57 Not onely vnthriftes of their money, but also banckeroutes of good manners. 1594 M. Drayton sig. Cv All is Thine which hath been due to mee, And I a Banckrupt quite vndone by thee. 1600 Countess of Essex in H. Ellis (1824) III. 57 I will..recken my self a bankerout till I have yeelddid some demonstrative testimonie of the best thankfullness that the honestest harte can expresse. 1613 T. Adams 50 These bankrouts of both wealth and honesty, owe all things but loue. 1671 Bp. S. Parker 629 Shall Bankrupts of all Faith and Honesty expect to be trusted upon their bare words? 1785 Feb. 139 We should be sorry to style Mr. Cumberland either a bankrupt in invention, or parsimonious of his exertions. 1827 16 June 126/3 He makes reiterated demands upon Jerome, who perhaps he supposes a spiritual bankrupt. 1893 J. Rhoades 77 Nor grew by glut of worldly gain A bankrupt of the soul. 1929 J. F. Gressitt tr. T. Kagawa vi. 110 They are utter bankrupts in personality; they have no unity of self. 2014 A. L. Kennedy 192 Only a moral bankrupt would attempt to make this tidy over the phone. †II. Insolvency, bankruptcy. society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [noun] > bankruptcy 1539 in (1830) I. 609 With danger to make banke rota. 1540 T. Wyatt in (1849) VIII. 241 He had examined Brauncetour, what he had done, and he knowth nothing, onles it be banko rutto. 1562 W. Bullein Bk. Simples f. 27v, in Vtterly vndone, and cast either into miserable pouertie, prisonment, bankeroute &c. 1664 B. Gerbier (new ed.) i. sig. d6v Trade Strengthned, Encreased, and many Bankrouts prevented. 1684 No. 1980/4 Empowered by the Commissioners of Bankrupt. 1712 J. Arbuthnot iv. 21 A Statute of Bankrupt. 1726 I. 153 The Chancellor may grant a Commission of Bankrupt. 1806 T. Holcroft II. xii. 99 Should bankrupt stare you in the face, Laugh at each creditor you meet. 1901 4 225 All the other statutes of bankrupt, in the clauses which relate to the investigation and proof of the claims of creditors, speak only of ‘debts’. Phrases1539To make banke rota [see sense 3]. 1543 iv. (title) An Act against suche parsons as do make bankrupt. 1552 R. Huloet Banckerowten, or make banckerowte, or banckrupte. society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [verb (intransitive)] > become bankrupt society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > unfaithfulness > be unfaithful [verb (intransitive)] 1548 f. xvj Iherome Bonuise..had plaied Bankroute, and was conueighed out of the realme for debt. 1580 Order Prayer in W. K. Clay (1847) 573 Till he have gotten great sums of money in his hand, that he may play the Bankeroute, to the undoing of such as trust him. a1612 J. Harington (1615) sig. B2 The last game now in vse is Bankerout, Which will be plaid at still, I stand in doubt, Vntill Lauolta turne the wheele of time. 1614 J. Sylvester iii. 70 And with th' Almighty playing banque-rout, With greater Rage his law they persecute. 1623 F. Bacon Let. to T. Matthew in (1763) 346 These modern languages will, at one time or other, play the bankrupts with books. 1721 A. Welwood 121 Our first Earthly Father played the Bankrupt with all, and left us poor, vile, miserable Wretches. 1741 D. Hume I. xv. 186 Absolute princes have also contracted debt; but..an Absolute Prince may play the bankrupt when he pleases. 1805 tr. D. Thiebault I. iii. 451 I have contracted debts in this country, and I expect remittances that will enable me to pay them: does the king wish me to play the bankrupt with his subjects? 1908 June 603/2 Then Carr played the bankrupt and, a little later, went with his wife to Mexico. Compoundssociety > law > branch of the law > [noun] > law relating to bankruptcy 1653 8 That as Leases, Goods, and Bankrupt Lands are sold;..that the Creditors should have the Debtors Lands to sell and dispose of. 1707 (title) An essay on credit and the Bankrupt Act. 1790 4 Jan. 4/2 The Bankrupt Office in the city of Philadelphia. 1809 R. Langford 116 The bankrupt laws in England do not extend to Scotland. 1901 tr. M. Serao xiv. 239 Ninetto Costa's name would be on the bankrupt list. 2009 C. Brown 59 Poor old Thomas was about to go to the bankrupt court by the time Terra finished with him. Derivatives society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [adjective] > going bankrupt > bankrupt 1625 in W. Jones 35 Yet bankerupt-like, who daylie for thy store Without regard of payment, [thou] borrowst more. 1655 S. Gorton 194 He will come to make a bankrupt-like account, when ever his estate comes to be discovered. 1668 H. Rolle I. 47 Thou art a bankruptlike knave. 1763 W. Woty 104 Her spurious Guinea..Who, bankrupt like, rears high her haughty head Blust'ring superb. 1852 Sept. 464 That would be by far the most bankruptlike and most monstrous folly of all the follies I have ever yet seen. 2011 (Nexis) 13 Apr. The congressional budget office says..within the next ten years, we'll go into a bankrupt-like situation. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2021). bankruptadj. Origin: Apparently formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: bankrupt n. Etymology: Apparently < bankrupt n., probably reflecting awareness of the ultimate origin of that word in a participial form. Compare Dutch bankroet (1526), German bankrott (mid 15th cent.), both adjectives. Compare earlier bankrupt v. society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [adjective] > going bankrupt > bankrupt 1565 T. Cooper Decoquere creditoribus,..to consume and wast his substance, that the creditours can haue nothyng: to be banke route. 1570 c. 7 §2 Persons being Bankrupt as is before defined. a1593 C. Marlowe tr. Ovid (c1603) i. xii. sig. B4v The Merchant wayles his banquerout debter. 1631 R. Knevet ii. iii. sig. D3v A bankrupt Tenant..That flyes by night from an unprofitable Farme. 1652 No. 41. 323 To play a merry Jigge to broken Merchants and Bankrout Citizens..and cast up their Accounts before Exchange-time. 1710 (single sheet) The Bankrupt Nation to restore, And pay the Millions lent. 1746 c. 37 §4 It shall not be lawful to make Re-assurance, unless the Assurer shall be insolvent, become Bankrupt, or die. 1786 ‘A. Pasquin’ 31 Shall I come to this? to be bullied by a bog-trotter, the base-born son of a bankrupt saddler? 1847 W. M. Thackeray (1848) xviii. 154 Breaking the heart of that ruined bankrupt man. 1859 J. R. Bartlett (ed. 2) Flat broke, utterly bankrupt, entirely out of money. 1861 3 23 He went bankrupt. 1933 33 221 Lord Mansfield held that the bankrupt tenant, after discharge, could not be sued for future rent. 1976 J. Lukasiewicz 1 Over one-half of the Canadian rail system was bankrupt and became nationalized. 1996 (new ed.) xvi. 226 Unless you have been bankrupt previously or the court otherwise orders, you normally remain bankrupt for three years. 2004 Spring 49/2 All those jobs were lost when the company went bankrupt. 2. figurative. the mind > possession > non-possession > [adjective] > devoid of something > lacking or without 1567 W. Painter II. xxiii. f. 185 But turne we not the example of follies, to be a matter of consequence: for if one or two become bankrupt of their honor, [etc.]. 1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene sig. A3 Those Idiots..that haue made Art bankerout of her ornaments. a1639 H. Wotton Let. in (1651) 474 Yet am I not so bank-rupt of intelligence, but that I have heard of those rural passages. 1681 J. Dryden 6 Bankrupt of Life, yet Prodigal of Ease. 1775 R. Jephson ii. ii. 16 A private man, a subject like yourselves, Bankrupt of power, though rich in gratitude. 1793 in G. Lamoine (1992) 468 Bankrupt in fame and character, they sicken amidst the universal prosperity of their country. 1848 H. Rogers I. vi. 318 A man intellectually poverty-stricken, bank-rupt in all science and argument. 1897 T. W. Speight xxvii. 227 Geoffrey Dare left London a ruined man, bankrupt in love, in friendship, in means. 1914 W. Dallmann xiii. 93 The heathen religions were corrupt and bankrupt, and there was a general and deep longing for something better to satisfy the heart and conscience of man. 1940 C. Isherwood 10 July (2011) I. 102 Institutions..which are at present bankrupt of ideas. 2001 13 July w11/4 A band of morally bankrupt teenagers. the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] ?1589 T. Nashe 9 a Your banquerout inuention, cleane out at the elbowes. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. iv. 40 Sir, if you spend word for word with me, I shall make your wit bankrupt . View more context for this quotation 1623 L. Digges in W. Shakespeare To Rdrs. sig. A6 Nor shall I e're beleeue, or thinke thee dead(Though mist) vntill our bankrout Stage be sped. 1730 J. Thurston i. 14 Already too compleat is Beauty's Store, And Bankrupt Nature can afford no more. 1813 W. Allston 89 And thou, poor suitor to a bankrupt muse, How mad thy toil, how arrogant thy views! 1857 E. L. Youmans iv. iii. 284 Incomplete digestion, or inability promptly to reinforce the exhausted and bankrupt blood. 1902 W. James x. 244 It [sc. the self] is completely bankrupt and without resource, and no works it can accomplish will avail. 2012 L. Scruggs 187 My physical and emotional resources felt bankrupt. I was absolutely drained. the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > [adjective] > of ill repute 1601 W. Cornwallis II. xliii. sig. Ffv To bee out of fashion is to bee banquerupt. 1612 W. Parkes To Rdr. sig. A3 Vertue is bankerout, dares not shew his face. 1639 H. Glapthorne sig. B3 I am so bankrupt growne in my extent Of gratitude, that trust me I could weepe. 1709 A. Aston i. 8 Bankrupt in Gratitude I Run away; You must Loose all, for I have nought to pay. 1749 T. Smollett ii. v. 23 What Recompence (thus bankrupt as I am!) Shall speak my grateful Soul! 1775 R. B. Sheridan v. i. 147 I am bankrupt in gratitude! 1851 G. E. Jewsbury 23 July (1892) 414 His services..drain one's gratitude, if indeed one does not feel bankrupt. 1872 R. H. Major in tr. J. De Béthencourt p. xlv I have to acknowledge a debt of gratitude which would leave me utterly bankrupt, if [etc.]. 1906 J. Bruce xlviii. 421 You have placed us under such a debt of gratitude, that we are bankrupt anyway. 1977 V. A. Olorunsola Acknowl. There are three families to whom I am bankrupt in gratitude. 1780 (ed. 4) Index Execution... On bankrupt goods being seized in execution after bankruptcy, and sold by sheriff. 1817 1 Jan. 43/1 (advt.) ‘Bought for Cash!’—‘Irish Linen Company,’—‘Bankrupt Stock,’—‘Selling off’. 1933 28 June 17/7 (advt.) The entire bankrupt stock..will be sold at public auction..to-wit:..7 pipe cutters, 1 pipe bender, piping and plumbing tools, [etc.]. 1950 26 167/1 Bankrupt machinery and plants were sold at auction and placed again in operation by their purchasers. 1985 J. Sullivan (1999) I. 4th Ser. Episode 4. 227 Rodney. I mean what sort of stock is it? Bankrupt, fire damaged, water damaged, soiled or just plain hooky? Del. It's none of them Rodney! These are near-perfects! 2014 (Nexis) 22 Mar. 13 (heading) Auctions online adverts promise huge discounts on ‘bankrupt stock’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2021). bankruptv.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: bankrupt n. Etymology: < bankrupt n. (compare sense 3 at that entry). Compare later bankrupt adj.In form bankrumpt at Forms probably after classical Latin rumpere to break (see rumpent n.). 1. society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [verb (intransitive)] > become bankrupt 1552 R. Huloet Banckerowten, or make banckerowte, or banckrupte. 1570 P. Levens sig. Sivv/1 To Bankerout, fidem fallere. 1608 G. Chapman iv. sig. G3 He that winnes Empire with the losse of faith, Out-buies it; and will banck-route. 1752 J. Steuart 17 Jan. (1915) 477 William Mclean, who has last sumar stopt payments, and bank-routed. 1778 H. Thrale 7 Mar. (1942) i. 237 My wicked Neighbours here are breaking & bankrupting every day. 1897 in C. T. Russell IV. vii. 379 Skilled farmers are bankrupting, so what show would these men have at that, even if they had land? 1939 9 124 Further speculations by Fordyce in 1772 failed, however, and he bankrupted. 2008 T.-F. Chiu et al. in N. T. Nguyen et al. 710 A firm might bankrupt because of low profits and poor ability of refunding liabilities. the mind > possession > poverty > make poor or impoverish [verb (transitive)] > make extremely poor or destitute society > trade and finance > management of money > insolvency > [verb (transitive)] > bankrupt ?a1625 Lawes of Candy iii. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher (1647) sig. Hhhv/2 He..will be bankrupted so much the sooner. 1650 A. Weldon 58 If they had already impoverished the Kingdome; by the union, they would bankerupt it. 1650 T. Fuller ii. ix. 197 Seven hundred Queens..were able to bankrupt the land of Ophir. 1715 tr. C. Freschot I. Pref. sig. A5v Upon the Whole, the War had bankrupted the Nation. 1748 S. Richardson VII. vii. 34 Tho' thy uncle's death has made thee a rich fellow, art thou sure, that the making good of such a vow, will not totally bankrupt thee? 1794 J. Sinclair XIII. xlii. 655 The last war..put a stop to their speculative plans, bankrupted them effectually, and hurt their landlords. 1865 31 July There is some fear of bankrupting the Treasury. 1889 13 Feb. 407/1 If your best girl thinks that somebody else has sent the Valentine whose purchase has bankrupted you, do not undeceive her. 1920 (Univ. of Boston School of Educ.) 25 Nov. 526/1 He was bankrupted and driven out of business because he could not meet Brindell's demand for $25,000. 2000 A. Bourdain (2001) 143 Gino's..dragged down the entire Silver Shadow empire, bankrupting even the family provisions business. the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > using up, expending, or consuming > use up, expend, or consume [verb (transitive)] > exhaust the resources of 1593 T. Nashe f. 31v Had I the commaund of a thousand singular wits, I should banqroute them all in description. 1598 W. Shakespeare i. i. 27 Make rich the ribbes, but bancrout quite the wits. View more context for this quotation 1641 Ded. sig. A3v Who make it then chiefe Masterpiece of wit, To Banckrupt Honour by out-rayling it. a1658 J. Cleveland Upon Fly in (1687) 231 In this single Death of thee Th' hast bankrupt all Antiquity. 1712 W. Darrell i. 21 He is bankrupted of Patience, Money and Grace. 1771 A. M. E. Cooke Postscript. 56 To hum and bankrupt the judgment and popular credit of their city opponent. 1816 ‘P. Pindar’ IV. 425 Old Sherry! Which tho' well cork'd, and seal'd in quarts and pottles, Too frisky, bouncing, bankrupted the bottles. 1889 W. J. Linton 8 Despair, good-bye! Thou shalt never bankrupt me. 1911 J. Buchan iv. 99 Beyond the lake was the sight that bankrupted me of breath. 2007 B. Kingsolver i. 17 A profit-driven food industry has exploded and nutritionally bankrupted our caloric supply. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < |
