nihilismn.

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪ(h)ᵻlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈnɪhᵻlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈniː(h)ᵻlɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈnaɪəˌlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈniəˌlɪz(ə)m/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element; perhaps modelled on a Latin lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a French lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: Latin nihil , -ism suffix.

Etymology: < classical Latin nihil nothing (see nihil n.) + -ism suffix, probably after post-classical Latin nihilismus (1733 or earlier), French nihilisme (1787; 1871 in sense 3), or German Nihilismus (F. H. Jacobi, 1799). Compare also Spanish nihilismo (1886 in sense 3), Italian nichilismo (1869 in philosophy; < French or German; also in sense 3), Russian nigilizm (1829 in sense ‘lack of education and cultural refinement’, 1836 in sense ‘emptiness’, 1862 in sense 1 in Turgenev's novel Fathers & Children). N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (nəi·hiliz'm) /ˈnaɪhɪlɪz(ə)m/.

a. Philosophy. The belief or theory that the world has no real existence; the rejection of all notions of reality.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > scepticism > [noun] > nihilism

nihilism1812

nullism1831

1812 J. Stewart Revol. of Reason 69 All the creatures of error; as ghosts, monsters, gods, and the more dangerous subtleties of metaphysicians, necessity, optimism, chivalry of virtue, and nihilism.

1842 W. Hamilton Diss. in T. Reid Wks. I. 129/2 Is the acknowledged result of the Fichtean dogmatism less a nihilism than the scepticism of Hume?

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. xvi. 294 Of positive or dogmatic Nihilism there is no example in modern philosophy.

1857 F. M. Müller in Times 28 Apr. 10/5 Buddhism..cannot be freed from the charge of Nihilism.

1887 W. Pater Imaginary Portraits 128 Actually proud at times of his curious, well-reasoned nihilism.

1909 A. M. Ludovici tr. F. Nietzsche Will to Power I. 16 The extremest form of Nihilism would mean that all belief—all assumption of truth—is false: because no real world is at hand.

1964 P. Roubiczek Existentialism vii. 125 Thus it is no cause for surprise that Sartre lands himself in complete nihilism.

1994 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 54 509 (Phenomenalistic) idealism occupies the ontologically middle ground between the extremes of nihilism and realism.

†b. Nothingness, non-existence. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > non-existence > [noun]

noughtOE

unbeing1435

non-beingc1443

nullity?1573

non esse1585

not-beinga1586

unexistence1593

nihilhood1602

non-essence?1605

inexistence1623

never-being1633

nonentity1643

non-existence1646

no-being1651

inexistency1660

nihility1678

cipherhooda1680

vacuitya1711

nothingness1766

nihilism1856

thinglessness1874

not-ness1933

nullness1949

1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. vii. ii. 335 [To] lose, in utter Nihilism, all sense of any existence separate from the Divine Substance.

1866 Athenæum No. 2006. 454/3 To aim at nihilism as the supreme good.

c. Psychiatry. The delusional belief that the patient's self, the outside world, or parts of either have ceased to exist or to function. Cf. nihilistic adj. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > delusion > types of delusion

lycanthropy1584

cynanthropy1594

hob-thrush1658

wolf-madness1663

syphilomania1815

hippanthropy1847

zoanthropy1856

boanthropy1864

megalomania1885

plutomania1890

uranomania1890

micromania1892

delusions of grandeur1909

omnipotence1916

nihilism1927

apophenia1959

apophany1960

sundowner1974

sundowning1978

1927 D. K. Henderson & R. D. Gillespie Text-bk. Psychiatry viii. 160 The most characteristic involutional qualities lie in the content of the psychosis, especially in the apprehension, hypochondriasis and nihilism.

1957 E. Mayer in P. A. Schilpp Philos. K. Jaspers xi. 451 Jaspers vividly describes nihilism as a symptom of mental illness or..as a manifestation of ultimate situations in which a human being can find himself in depressions and schizophrenias.

1965 J. Pollitt Depression & its Treatm. iii. 33 The most extreme form of hypochondriacal delusion, referred to as ‘nihilism’.

2001 Internat. Jrnl. Geriatric Psychiatry 16 1088/1 Twenty two psychotic patients expressed delusional ideation of paranoid content,..and 7 of nihilism.

2. Total rejection of prevailing religious beliefs, moral principles, laws, etc., often from a sense of despair and the belief that life is devoid of meaning. Also more generally (merging with extended use of sense 3): negativity, destructiveness, hostility to accepted beliefs or established institutions.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > atheism > [noun]

unbeliefc1160

wantruthc1175

mislevea1200

doubta1225

untrothc1380

untruthc1380

unreligiositya1382

irreligiosity1382

unbelieffulnessc1384

unfaithfulness1388

unbelievinga1400

unfaith1415

wanbelevenessc1440

wanbelievingc1440

wantrowinga1450

wanbelevea1470

mistruthc1480

infidelity1509

incredulity1532

atheonismc1534

unbelievingness1561

irreligiousness?1577

faithlessness1579

unreligiousness1579

atheism1587

scruple1600

discredence1627

doubtinga1628

disbelieving1645

atheisticalness1654

diffidelity1659

disbelief1672

atheisticness1691

nothingism1755

scepticism1800

nihilisma1817

infidelisma1834

nothingarianism1842

agnosticism1870

disfaith1870

no-Goddism1931

a1817 T. Dwight Trav. New-Eng. & N.-Y. (1821) II. 238 Hence the transition is easy to mere Nihilism, and a total disregard of moral obligation.

1854 J. C. Bucknill Unsoundness of Mind 8 In Germany, rationalism ending in absolute nihilism has led to results of the same nature.

1881 J. S. Blackie Lay Serm. (1886) iii. 118 The hollow vacuities and negative absurdities of Atheism or Nihilism.

1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism iv. 238 The commercial classes..even before the Civil War, more than half converted to the administrative nihilism which was to be the rule of social policy in the century following it.

1970 J. C. Bennett in In Search Theol. of Devel. (Sodepax) 5 There have been great gains that should not be squandered in a moment of nihilism or revolutionary recklessness.

1992 Utne Reader May 43/1 The band members' main dissatisfaction with their public portrayal is the media depiction of them as rock brats simply mirroring the nihilism they rail against.

3. Usually in form Nihilism. The doctrines or principles of the Russian Nihilists (see nihilist n. 2). Also in extended use. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [noun] > nihilism

nihilism1867

nothingism1890

1867 E. Schuyler in I. S. Turgenef Fathers & Sons Pref. p. vii The Government..used nihilism to stigmatize all revolutionary, and ultra democratic and socialistic tendencies.

1880 Fraser's Mag. May 65 Atheism is, in many respects, the Nihilism of the intellect and conscience.

1882 Macmillan's Mag. Mar. 407 Nihilism in Russia is an explosive compound, generated by the contact of the Sclav character with Western ideas.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 561/1 Thus arose a struggle..which has made the strange term Nihilism a familiar word not only in Russia but in western Europe.

1982 Russ. Rev. 41 277 Stepniak presented an amazingly simplistic explanation of what Russian radicals were working for. He steadfastly denied any connection between nihilism and anarchism.

†4. Theology. = Nihilianism n. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > doctrine > doctrine concerning the Trinity > [noun] > concerning Christ, the Son > nihilianism

nihilism1883

Nihilianism1895

1883 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. II. 1656/2 Nihilism..denotes in theology the view that the human nature of Christ had..no true subsistence.

5. Medicine. More fully therapeutic nihilism. The belief that therapy, or a therapy, usually for a specific disease, group of patients, etc., is inefficacious or otherwise unwarranted.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > medical theories or doctrines > [noun] > other theories or doctrines

Galenism1728

Hippocratism1779

Ayurveda1789

rationalism1800

solidism1832

pneumatism1838

Arabism1847

organicism1853

Thomsonianism1853

physiatrics1858

unicity1861

stoicheiology1875

contrastimulism1881

pangermism1887

nihilism1900

naturopathy1901

physiatry1947

orgonomy1949

bioethics1970

1900 Catholic World Jan. 472 This reaction degenerated into almost therapeutic nihilism on the part of scientific medical men by the middle of the present century.

1916 Science 17 Mar. 377/2 With the development of opportunities to study disease in its incipiency optimistic therapy will more and more take the place of the therapeutic nihilism that haunts the autopsy room.

1959 French Hist. Stud. 1 160 An added attraction of Raspail, the physician, was that he prescribed medication with complete trust in its effectiveness. This attitude contrasted with the therapeutic nihilism typical of the age.

1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 15 Feb. 365/2 You may remember the early thirties when a wave of therapeutic nihilism struck clinical medicine, largely as a protest against the uncritical polypharmacy.

1983 Head & Neck Surg. 5 376 There is little justification for therapeutic nihilism even in the elderly patient.

2002 Jrnl. Vascular Surg. 36 1167 Nihilism has no place in the management of venous disease in the 21st century.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	nihilism
释义	nihilismn. Brit. /ˈnʌɪ(h)ᵻlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈnɪhᵻlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈniː(h)ᵻlɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈnaɪəˌlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈniəˌlɪz(ə)m/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element; perhaps modelled on a Latin lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a French lexical item, or perhaps modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: Latin nihil , -ism suffix. Etymology: < classical Latin nihil nothing (see nihil n.) + -ism suffix, probably after post-classical Latin nihilismus (1733 or earlier), French nihilisme (1787; 1871 in sense 3), or German Nihilismus (F. H. Jacobi, 1799). Compare also Spanish nihilismo (1886 in sense 3), Italian nichilismo (1869 in philosophy; < French or German; also in sense 3), Russian nigilizm (1829 in sense ‘lack of education and cultural refinement’, 1836 in sense ‘emptiness’, 1862 in sense 1 in Turgenev's novel Fathers & Children). N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (nəi·hiliz'm) /ˈnaɪhɪlɪz(ə)m/. 1. a. Philosophy. The belief or theory that the world has no real existence; the rejection of all notions of reality. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > scepticism > [noun] > nihilism nihilism1812 nullism1831 1812 J. Stewart Revol. of Reason 69 All the creatures of error; as ghosts, monsters, gods, and the more dangerous subtleties of metaphysicians, necessity, optimism, chivalry of virtue, and nihilism. 1842 W. Hamilton Diss. in T. Reid Wks. I. 129/2 Is the acknowledged result of the Fichtean dogmatism less a nihilism than the scepticism of Hume? a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. xvi. 294 Of positive or dogmatic Nihilism there is no example in modern philosophy. 1857 F. M. Müller in Times 28 Apr. 10/5 Buddhism..cannot be freed from the charge of Nihilism. 1887 W. Pater Imaginary Portraits 128 Actually proud at times of his curious, well-reasoned nihilism. 1909 A. M. Ludovici tr. F. Nietzsche Will to Power I. 16 The extremest form of Nihilism would mean that all belief—all assumption of truth—is false: because no real world is at hand. 1964 P. Roubiczek Existentialism vii. 125 Thus it is no cause for surprise that Sartre lands himself in complete nihilism. 1994 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 54 509 (Phenomenalistic) idealism occupies the ontologically middle ground between the extremes of nihilism and realism. †b. Nothingness, non-existence. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > non-existence > [noun] noughtOE unbeing1435 non-beingc1443 nullity?1573 non esse1585 not-beinga1586 unexistence1593 nihilhood1602 non-essence?1605 inexistence1623 never-being1633 nonentity1643 non-existence1646 no-being1651 inexistency1660 nihility1678 cipherhooda1680 vacuitya1711 nothingness1766 nihilism1856 thinglessness1874 not-ness1933 nullness1949 1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics I. vii. ii. 335 [To] lose, in utter Nihilism, all sense of any existence separate from the Divine Substance. 1866 Athenæum No. 2006. 454/3 To aim at nihilism as the supreme good. c. Psychiatry. The delusional belief that the patient's self, the outside world, or parts of either have ceased to exist or to function. Cf. nihilistic adj. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > delusion > types of delusion lycanthropy1584 cynanthropy1594 hob-thrush1658 wolf-madness1663 syphilomania1815 hippanthropy1847 zoanthropy1856 boanthropy1864 megalomania1885 plutomania1890 uranomania1890 micromania1892 delusions of grandeur1909 omnipotence1916 nihilism1927 apophenia1959 apophany1960 sundowner1974 sundowning1978 1927 D. K. Henderson & R. D. Gillespie Text-bk. Psychiatry viii. 160 The most characteristic involutional qualities lie in the content of the psychosis, especially in the apprehension, hypochondriasis and nihilism. 1957 E. Mayer in P. A. Schilpp Philos. K. Jaspers xi. 451 Jaspers vividly describes nihilism as a symptom of mental illness or..as a manifestation of ultimate situations in which a human being can find himself in depressions and schizophrenias. 1965 J. Pollitt Depression & its Treatm. iii. 33 The most extreme form of hypochondriacal delusion, referred to as ‘nihilism’. 2001 Internat. Jrnl. Geriatric Psychiatry 16 1088/1 Twenty two psychotic patients expressed delusional ideation of paranoid content,..and 7 of nihilism. 2. Total rejection of prevailing religious beliefs, moral principles, laws, etc., often from a sense of despair and the belief that life is devoid of meaning. Also more generally (merging with extended use of sense 3): negativity, destructiveness, hostility to accepted beliefs or established institutions. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > atheism > [noun] unbeliefc1160 wantruthc1175 mislevea1200 doubta1225 untrothc1380 untruthc1380 unreligiositya1382 irreligiosity1382 unbelieffulnessc1384 unfaithfulness1388 unbelievinga1400 unfaith1415 wanbelevenessc1440 wanbelievingc1440 wantrowinga1450 wanbelevea1470 mistruthc1480 infidelity1509 incredulity1532 atheonismc1534 unbelievingness1561 irreligiousness?1577 faithlessness1579 unreligiousness1579 atheism1587 scruple1600 discredence1627 doubtinga1628 disbelieving1645 atheisticalness1654 diffidelity1659 disbelief1672 atheisticness1691 nothingism1755 scepticism1800 nihilisma1817 infidelisma1834 nothingarianism1842 agnosticism1870 disfaith1870 no-Goddism1931 a1817 T. Dwight Trav. New-Eng. & N.-Y. (1821) II. 238 Hence the transition is easy to mere Nihilism, and a total disregard of moral obligation. 1854 J. C. Bucknill Unsoundness of Mind 8 In Germany, rationalism ending in absolute nihilism has led to results of the same nature. 1881 J. S. Blackie Lay Serm. (1886) iii. 118 The hollow vacuities and negative absurdities of Atheism or Nihilism. 1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism iv. 238 The commercial classes..even before the Civil War, more than half converted to the administrative nihilism which was to be the rule of social policy in the century following it. 1970 J. C. Bennett in In Search Theol. of Devel. (Sodepax) 5 There have been great gains that should not be squandered in a moment of nihilism or revolutionary recklessness. 1992 Utne Reader May 43/1 The band members' main dissatisfaction with their public portrayal is the media depiction of them as rock brats simply mirroring the nihilism they rail against. 3. Usually in form Nihilism. The doctrines or principles of the Russian Nihilists (see nihilist n. 2). Also in extended use. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [noun] > nihilism nihilism1867 nothingism1890 1867 E. Schuyler in I. S. Turgenef Fathers & Sons Pref. p. vii The Government..used nihilism to stigmatize all revolutionary, and ultra democratic and socialistic tendencies. 1880 Fraser's Mag. May 65 Atheism is, in many respects, the Nihilism of the intellect and conscience. 1882 Macmillan's Mag. Mar. 407 Nihilism in Russia is an explosive compound, generated by the contact of the Sclav character with Western ideas. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 561/1 Thus arose a struggle..which has made the strange term Nihilism a familiar word not only in Russia but in western Europe. 1982 Russ. Rev. 41 277 Stepniak presented an amazingly simplistic explanation of what Russian radicals were working for. He steadfastly denied any connection between nihilism and anarchism. †4. Theology. = Nihilianism n. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > doctrine > doctrine concerning the Trinity > [noun] > concerning Christ, the Son > nihilianism nihilism1883 Nihilianism1895 1883 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. II. 1656/2 Nihilism..denotes in theology the view that the human nature of Christ had..no true subsistence. 5. Medicine. More fully therapeutic nihilism. The belief that therapy, or a therapy, usually for a specific disease, group of patients, etc., is inefficacious or otherwise unwarranted. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > medical theories or doctrines > [noun] > other theories or doctrines Galenism1728 Hippocratism1779 Ayurveda1789 rationalism1800 solidism1832 pneumatism1838 Arabism1847 organicism1853 Thomsonianism1853 physiatrics1858 unicity1861 stoicheiology1875 contrastimulism1881 pangermism1887 nihilism1900 naturopathy1901 physiatry1947 orgonomy1949 bioethics1970 1900 Catholic World Jan. 472 This reaction degenerated into almost therapeutic nihilism on the part of scientific medical men by the middle of the present century. 1916 Science 17 Mar. 377/2 With the development of opportunities to study disease in its incipiency optimistic therapy will more and more take the place of the therapeutic nihilism that haunts the autopsy room. 1959 French Hist. Stud. 1 160 An added attraction of Raspail, the physician, was that he prescribed medication with complete trust in its effectiveness. This attitude contrasted with the therapeutic nihilism typical of the age. 1968 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 15 Feb. 365/2 You may remember the early thirties when a wave of therapeutic nihilism struck clinical medicine, largely as a protest against the uncritical polypharmacy. 1983 Head & Neck Surg. 5 376 There is little justification for therapeutic nihilism even in the elderly patient. 2002 Jrnl. Vascular Surg. 36 1167 Nihilism has no place in the management of venous disease in the 21st century. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1812
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