nightshaden.¹

Brit.

/ˈnʌɪtʃeɪd/, U.S.

/ˈnaɪtˌʃeɪd/

Forms: Old English nihtscada, early Middle English nictscade, Middle English nichsode, Middle English nichtheschode, Middle English nighcode (transmission error), Middle English nightscode, Middle English nightshede, Middle English niȝteschede, Middle English niȝteschode, Middle English niththeschod, Middle English nyghtshode, Middle English nyȝteschode, Middle English nyȝtestlade (transmission error), Middle English nyȝtschode, Middle English nyȝtsclade (transmission error), Middle English nytischode, Middle English nytisshede, Middle English–1500s nyghtshade, 1500s nighteshad, 1500s nighteshade, 1500s nightshad, 1500s– nightshade; U.S. regional 1900s– nightshed; also Scottish pre-1700 nychtschaid. N.E.D. (1907) also records forms Middle English nichtheshod, Middle English nichtheshode, 1500s nyghteshade, 1500s nyghteshed.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch nachtscāde , nachtscādue , nachtscāduwe (Dutch nachtschade , Dutch regional nachtschaduwe ), Old Saxon nahtscado (Middle Low German nachtschāde , nachtschēde ( > Old Swedish natskada , natskeda , early modern Danish natskade )), Old High German nahtscato (Middle High German nahtschate , early modern German nachtschatt , German Nachtschatten ; > Swedish nattskatta ), apparently < the Germanic base of night n. + the Germanic base of shade n., probably with allusion to the poisonous or narcotic properties of the berries. The development of sense was perhaps from ‘the darkness of night’ to ‘something evoking the terror of the darkness of night’; compare the following transferred uses of the same word: German regional Nachtschade , Nachtschatten , Old Swedish natskädha (Swedish regional nattskatta ), Danish regional natskade , all in sense ‘nightjar’, also Swedish regional nattskata bat. The second element may further show alteration by folk etymology in some languages: e.g. with Middle English forms in -schede , -schode , perhaps compare forms of shode n.; with Middle Low German forms in -schēde perhaps compare schēde sheath n.¹ Compare night-shade n.²An alternative etymology derives the second element from the Germanic base of scathe n. (with which the word is connected by folk etymology in Dutch because of the coincidence of the form schade): see F. A. Wood ‘Some Revised Etymologies’ in Mod. Philol. (1926) 24 217–8.

1. Any of several plants of the genus Solanum (family Solanaceae) and of the allied genus Atropa noted for their poisonous or narcotic properties, esp. woody nightshade ( S. dulcamara), black nightshade ( S. nigrum), and deadly nightshade ( A. belladonna) (cf. sense 2a). Also: gen. a plant of the genus Solanum or the family Solanaceae.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > poisonous or harmful plants > poisonous bush or tree > [noun] > deadly nightshade

nightshadeOE

dwale14..

garden nightshade1576

deadly nightshade1578

sleeping nightshade1578

belladonna1597

death's herb1598

sleepy nightshade1611

banewort1861

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Solanaceae (nightshade and allies) > [noun]

morela1400

nightshadea1400

petty morel?a1425

hound's-berryc1485

micklewort1531

manicon1543

garden nightshade1576

dulcamara1578

mad nightshade1578

raging nightshade1578

sleeping nightshade1578

solanum1578

tree nightshade1597

black nightshade1607

moonshade1626

mumme tree1629

winter cherry1629

blue bindweeda1637

canker berry1651

shrub-nightshade1666

poison berry1672

nightshade1733

woody nightshade1796

Sodom apple1808

African nightshade1839

solanal1846

felon-wood1861

shoo-fly plant1949

OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 110 Strumus et uua lupina, nihtscada.

a1200 ( Laud Plant Gloss. 60 Striunus .i. uua lupina uel nictscade.

a1400 Alphita (Selden) (1887) 119 Morella..anglice nichtheschode [v.r. niȝteschede] uel houndesberie.

?a1425 (a1400) Alphita (Sloane 284) (1887) 176 Solatrum mortale..an. niththeschod uel houndesberye.

?a1450 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (BL Add. 12056) (1894) 55 (MED) Put to þis medycine þe jus of sum colde erbe: as morel, nyȝtschode [L. solatri], penywort, [etc.].

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 73^v (MED) Here þou schalt haue a noble waischynge þat is necessarie generaliche to alle maner woundis of senewis..oile of rosis, bole armoniac, þe iuys of Nyȝtschode or of synegrene, [etc.].

1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon i. xxiii. sig. cii/1 The v. [water is] of the herbes that be nat to hote nor to moyste..as..nyghtshade water.

1562 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 141 Nighte shad or Petemorell..is a bushy herbe, whyche is vsed to be eaten.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 443 Nightshade hath rounde stalkes of a foote long, full of branches.

1657 S. Purchas Theatre Flying-insects 93 Those that are soporiferous, and Narcotick as..Night-shade.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 32 A Drink,..made of Bang..mingled with Dutry (the deadliest sort of Solanum, or Nightshade) named Post.

1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 138 Some will have them to grow on a kind of Night-shade.

1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 757 Some sprigs of mournful mint, Of nightshade, or valerian.

1810 G. Crabbe Borough xviii. 247 Here the dull Nightshade hangs her deadly Fruit.

1846 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom 619 The most immediate affinity of Nightshades seem to be with Oliveworts and Bindweeds.

1884 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 499/2 The species to which the name of Nightshade is commonly given in England is the Solanum Dulcamara, L.

1927 W. Cather Death comes for Archbishop iii. iii. 99 The size and luxuriance of these nightshades astonished him.

1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. xxv. 489 Two wild relatives of the potato, nightshade and henbane, have been artificially infected with the disease.

1996 Nature 7 Nov. 27/1 Some nightshades (including potato)..have reflexed petals, and stamens that form a projecting conical mass.

2. With distinguishing word.

a. Any of certain plants of the genus Solanum or other genera of the family Solanaceae.black, common, deadly, garden, woody nightshade, etc.: see the first element.

ΚΠ

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xc. 444 (heading) Of Red Nightshade, winter Cherrie and Alcakengy.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 447 This solanum cooleth..more strongly than the Common Nightshade.

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. li. 268 In English it [sc. Solanum hortense] is called Garden Nightshade; Morell, and petie Morell.

1664 J. Evelyn Kal. Hort. June (1729) 208 Shrub Nightshade.

1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 485 We gave a Dog a piece of Bread steep'd in two Ounces of the juice of Dutch Night-shade.

1719 tr. J. Pitton de Tournefort Compl. Herbal I. 212 Solanum Americanum... Shrubby and prickly American Nightshade.

1724 J. J. Dillenius Ray's Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Brit. (ed. 3) 265 Solanum lignosum seu Dulcamara..Woody Nightshade, or Bitter-sweet.

1768 O. Goldsmith Good Natur'd Man i. 6 A coffin and cross bones; a bundle of rue; a sprig of deadly night shade.

1798 J. Baillie De Monfort iii. iii, in Series of Plays I. 365 Leave me: begone! Put hemlock in thy soup, Or deadly night-shade, or rank hellebore, And I will mess upon it.

1819 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. 2nd Ser. VIII. 170 In July the lover of plants is gratified with..the common iris, the woody and black nightshades.

1964 E. Salisbury Weeds & Aliens (ed. 2) vi. 188 Red-fruited Nightshade (S. miniatum) has bright red, often slightly oval, fruits.

1996 R. Mabey Flora Britannica 302/2 Two South American annuals, green nightshade, S. physalifolium, and leafy-fruited nightshade, S. sarachoides, are cropping up increasingly as casuals on tips and waste ground.

b. Any of certain plants of other families thought to resemble the nightshades in appearance, properties, etc.Earliest in enchanter's nightshade at enchanter n. 2.Malabar, three-leaved nightshade, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Solanaceae (nightshade and allies) > [noun]

morela1400

nightshadea1400

petty morel?a1425

hound's-berryc1485

micklewort1531

manicon1543

garden nightshade1576

dulcamara1578

mad nightshade1578

raging nightshade1578

sleeping nightshade1578

solanum1578

tree nightshade1597

black nightshade1607

moonshade1626

mumme tree1629

winter cherry1629

blue bindweeda1637

canker berry1651

shrub-nightshade1666

poison berry1672

nightshade1733

woody nightshade1796

Sodom apple1808

African nightshade1839

solanal1846

felon-wood1861

shoo-fly plant1949

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 280 Inchaunters Nightshade hath leaues like vnto Petimorell.

1733 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. Phytolacca;..American Nightshade,..commonly call'd Virginian Poke or Porke Physick.

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 320 Nightshade, American, Rivinia.

1853 W. Darlington Flora Cestrica (ed. 3) 241 Kalm, in his Travels, calls the plant [sc. Phytolacca decandra] by the name of American Nightshade.

1899 Fresno (Calif.) Morning Republican 9 Mar. 7/3 The pokeweed or American nightshade is another very common plant used..in medicine, but poisonous when an overdose is given.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XX. 686/2 The three-leaved nightshade is an American species of Trillium.

1972 Y. Lovelock Veg. Bk. i. 229 It [sc. red basella] was introduced into England early in the eighteenth century, where it is alternatively known as red Malabar nightshade.

1975 Ruston (Louisiana) Daily Leader 20 Oct. 6/1 ‘Pokeweed’ is probably the most used of all its names, but it is also called..Pocan or Pocan bush, American nightshade, and Chongras.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	nightshade
释义	nightshaden.¹ Brit. /ˈnʌɪtʃeɪd/, U.S. /ˈnaɪtˌʃeɪd/ Forms: Old English nihtscada, early Middle English nictscade, Middle English nichsode, Middle English nichtheschode, Middle English nighcode (transmission error), Middle English nightscode, Middle English nightshede, Middle English niȝteschede, Middle English niȝteschode, Middle English niththeschod, Middle English nyghtshode, Middle English nyȝteschode, Middle English nyȝtestlade (transmission error), Middle English nyȝtschode, Middle English nyȝtsclade (transmission error), Middle English nytischode, Middle English nytisshede, Middle English–1500s nyghtshade, 1500s nighteshad, 1500s nighteshade, 1500s nightshad, 1500s– nightshade; U.S. regional 1900s– nightshed; also Scottish pre-1700 nychtschaid. N.E.D. (1907) also records forms Middle English nichtheshod, Middle English nichtheshode, 1500s nyghteshade, 1500s nyghteshed. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch nachtscāde , nachtscādue , nachtscāduwe (Dutch nachtschade , Dutch regional nachtschaduwe ), Old Saxon nahtscado (Middle Low German nachtschāde , nachtschēde ( > Old Swedish natskada , natskeda , early modern Danish natskade )), Old High German nahtscato (Middle High German nahtschate , early modern German nachtschatt , German Nachtschatten ; > Swedish nattskatta ), apparently < the Germanic base of night n. + the Germanic base of shade n., probably with allusion to the poisonous or narcotic properties of the berries. The development of sense was perhaps from ‘the darkness of night’ to ‘something evoking the terror of the darkness of night’; compare the following transferred uses of the same word: German regional Nachtschade , Nachtschatten , Old Swedish natskädha (Swedish regional nattskatta ), Danish regional natskade , all in sense ‘nightjar’, also Swedish regional nattskata bat. The second element may further show alteration by folk etymology in some languages: e.g. with Middle English forms in -schede , -schode , perhaps compare forms of shode n.; with Middle Low German forms in -schēde perhaps compare schēde sheath n.¹ Compare night-shade n.²An alternative etymology derives the second element from the Germanic base of scathe n. (with which the word is connected by folk etymology in Dutch because of the coincidence of the form schade): see F. A. Wood ‘Some Revised Etymologies’ in Mod. Philol. (1926) 24 217–8. 1. Any of several plants of the genus Solanum (family Solanaceae) and of the allied genus Atropa noted for their poisonous or narcotic properties, esp. woody nightshade ( S. dulcamara), black nightshade ( S. nigrum), and deadly nightshade ( A. belladonna) (cf. sense 2a). Also: gen. a plant of the genus Solanum or the family Solanaceae. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants perceived as weeds or harmful plants > poisonous or harmful plants > poisonous bush or tree > [noun] > deadly nightshade nightshadeOE dwale14.. garden nightshade1576 deadly nightshade1578 sleeping nightshade1578 belladonna1597 death's herb1598 sleepy nightshade1611 banewort1861 the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Solanaceae (nightshade and allies) > [noun] morela1400 nightshadea1400 petty morel?a1425 hound's-berryc1485 micklewort1531 manicon1543 garden nightshade1576 dulcamara1578 mad nightshade1578 raging nightshade1578 sleeping nightshade1578 solanum1578 tree nightshade1597 black nightshade1607 moonshade1626 mumme tree1629 winter cherry1629 blue bindweeda1637 canker berry1651 shrub-nightshade1666 poison berry1672 nightshade1733 woody nightshade1796 Sodom apple1808 African nightshade1839 solanal1846 felon-wood1861 shoo-fly plant1949 OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 110 Strumus et uua lupina, nihtscada. a1200 ( Laud Plant Gloss. 60 Striunus .i. uua lupina uel nictscade. a1400 Alphita (Selden) (1887) 119 Morella..anglice nichtheschode [v.r. niȝteschede] uel houndesberie. ?a1425 (a1400) Alphita (Sloane 284) (1887) 176 Solatrum mortale..an. niththeschod uel houndesberye. ?a1450 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (BL Add. 12056) (1894) 55 (MED) Put to þis medycine þe jus of sum colde erbe: as morel, nyȝtschode [L. solatri], penywort, [etc.]. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 73^v (MED) Here þou schalt haue a noble waischynge þat is necessarie generaliche to alle maner woundis of senewis..oile of rosis, bole armoniac, þe iuys of Nyȝtschode or of synegrene, [etc.]. 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon i. xxiii. sig. cii/1 The v. [water is] of the herbes that be nat to hote nor to moyste..as..nyghtshade water. 1562 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 141 Nighte shad or Petemorell..is a bushy herbe, whyche is vsed to be eaten. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 443 Nightshade hath rounde stalkes of a foote long, full of branches. 1657 S. Purchas Theatre Flying-insects 93 Those that are soporiferous, and Narcotick as..Night-shade. 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 32 A Drink,..made of Bang..mingled with Dutry (the deadliest sort of Solanum, or Nightshade) named Post. 1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 138 Some will have them to grow on a kind of Night-shade. 1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 757 Some sprigs of mournful mint, Of nightshade, or valerian. 1810 G. Crabbe Borough xviii. 247 Here the dull Nightshade hangs her deadly Fruit. 1846 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom 619 The most immediate affinity of Nightshades seem to be with Oliveworts and Bindweeds. 1884 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 499/2 The species to which the name of Nightshade is commonly given in England is the Solanum Dulcamara, L. 1927 W. Cather Death comes for Archbishop iii. iii. 99 The size and luxuriance of these nightshades astonished him. 1946 A. Nelson Princ. Agric. Bot. xxv. 489 Two wild relatives of the potato, nightshade and henbane, have been artificially infected with the disease. 1996 Nature 7 Nov. 27/1 Some nightshades (including potato)..have reflexed petals, and stamens that form a projecting conical mass. 2. With distinguishing word. a. Any of certain plants of the genus Solanum or other genera of the family Solanaceae.black, common, deadly, garden, woody nightshade, etc.: see the first element. ΚΠ 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xc. 444 (heading) Of Red Nightshade, winter Cherrie and Alcakengy. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 447 This solanum cooleth..more strongly than the Common Nightshade. 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. li. 268 In English it [sc. Solanum hortense] is called Garden Nightshade; Morell, and petie Morell. 1664 J. Evelyn Kal. Hort. June (1729) 208 Shrub Nightshade. 1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 485 We gave a Dog a piece of Bread steep'd in two Ounces of the juice of Dutch Night-shade. 1719 tr. J. Pitton de Tournefort Compl. Herbal I. 212 Solanum Americanum... Shrubby and prickly American Nightshade. 1724 J. J. Dillenius Ray's Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Brit. (ed. 3) 265 Solanum lignosum seu Dulcamara..Woody Nightshade, or Bitter-sweet. 1768 O. Goldsmith Good Natur'd Man i. 6 A coffin and cross bones; a bundle of rue; a sprig of deadly night shade. 1798 J. Baillie De Monfort iii. iii, in Series of Plays I. 365 Leave me: begone! Put hemlock in thy soup, Or deadly night-shade, or rank hellebore, And I will mess upon it. 1819 Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. 2nd Ser. VIII. 170 In July the lover of plants is gratified with..the common iris, the woody and black nightshades. 1964 E. Salisbury Weeds & Aliens (ed. 2) vi. 188 Red-fruited Nightshade (S. miniatum) has bright red, often slightly oval, fruits. 1996 R. Mabey Flora Britannica 302/2 Two South American annuals, green nightshade, S. physalifolium, and leafy-fruited nightshade, S. sarachoides, are cropping up increasingly as casuals on tips and waste ground. b. Any of certain plants of other families thought to resemble the nightshades in appearance, properties, etc.Earliest in enchanter's nightshade at enchanter n. 2.Malabar, three-leaved nightshade, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Solanaceae (nightshade and allies) > [noun] morela1400 nightshadea1400 petty morel?a1425 hound's-berryc1485 micklewort1531 manicon1543 garden nightshade1576 dulcamara1578 mad nightshade1578 raging nightshade1578 sleeping nightshade1578 solanum1578 tree nightshade1597 black nightshade1607 moonshade1626 mumme tree1629 winter cherry1629 blue bindweeda1637 canker berry1651 shrub-nightshade1666 poison berry1672 nightshade1733 woody nightshade1796 Sodom apple1808 African nightshade1839 solanal1846 felon-wood1861 shoo-fly plant1949 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 280 Inchaunters Nightshade hath leaues like vnto Petimorell. 1733 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. Phytolacca;..American Nightshade,..commonly call'd Virginian Poke or Porke Physick. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 320 Nightshade, American, Rivinia. 1853 W. Darlington Flora Cestrica (ed. 3) 241 Kalm, in his Travels, calls the plant [sc. Phytolacca decandra] by the name of American Nightshade. 1899 Fresno (Calif.) Morning Republican 9 Mar. 7/3 The pokeweed or American nightshade is another very common plant used..in medicine, but poisonous when an overdose is given. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XX. 686/2 The three-leaved nightshade is an American species of Trillium. 1972 Y. Lovelock Veg. Bk. i. 229 It [sc. red basella] was introduced into England early in the eighteenth century, where it is alternatively known as red Malabar nightshade. 1975 Ruston (Louisiana) Daily Leader 20 Oct. 6/1 ‘Pokeweed’ is probably the most used of all its names, but it is also called..Pocan or Pocan bush, American nightshade, and Chongras. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > see also also refers to : night-shaden.² < n.¹OE see also
随便看	reichsführer reichsführer ss reichskanzler reichsmark reichsmarks reichsmarschall reichsminister reichsrat reichstag reichstag building reichstag fire reichstag trial reichstaler reichstalers reichsthaler reichsthalers reichswehr reid reidentification reidentified reidentifies reidentify reidentifying reif reification

nightshaden.1

> see also

nightshaden.¹