Newtonianadj.n.

Brit.

/njᵿˈtəʊnɪən/,

/njuːˈtəʊnɪən/, U.S.

/n(j)uˈtoʊniən/

Origin: From a proper name, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Newton , -ian suffix.

Etymology: < the name of Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), English mathematician and natural philosopher + -ian suffix. With use as noun compare Newtonist n., and French newtonien (1718).

A. adj.

a. Devised, discovered, or suggested by Newton; relating to or arising from the work of Newton, esp. his physical or optical theories.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > theory > [adjective] > specific

Ptolemean1623

Ptolemaical1653

Ptolemaic1654

Copernican1667

Tychonic1670

Newtonian1676

Tychonian1710

Galilean1728

vortician1734

pre-Copernican1851

Ptolemaian1864

pre-Galilean1880

post-Einsteinian1938

Velikovskian1974

1676 Philos. Trans. 1675 (Royal Soc.) 10 491 A Reply to a Letter formerly printed by way of Answer to another of the said Mr. Linus, which relates to the Newtonian Theory of Light and Colours.

1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. ii. v. 52 The Pressure of the Atmosphere, and the Newtonian Attraction.

1766 T. Amory Life John Buncle II. viii. 285 By these lights..the acute Leïbnitz might have learned the Newtonian method.

1779 W. Marshall Exper. & Observ. conc. Agric. & Weather 146 The Philosophy of the Weather may happily be rendered as obvious as the Newtonian Principles.

1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. i. iii. 40 For which reason they objected to the Newtonian theory of gravitation.

a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) xxi. 343 The grand simplicity of the Newtonian discoveries.

1894 Nature 2 Aug. 330/2 This G, the gravitation constant, or as I prefer to call it..the Newtonian Constant of Gravitation, has nothing to do with that other quantity generally written g.

1919 A. N. Whitehead Enq. Princ. Nat. Knowl. 39 They [sc. Newton's equations] are invariant for the spatio-temporal transformations from one such set to another within the Newtonian group.

1973 C. W. Misner et al. Gravitation vii. 177 Newtonian gravitational fields propagate with infinite velocity.

1990 Protein Engin. 4 164/2 The integration of the Newtonian equations of motion was performed..without constraints on the internal co-ordinates.

b. Resembling or characteristic of Newton; advocating the views of Newton.

ΚΠ

1745 E. Young Consolation 91 Ye searching, ye Newtonian, Angels! tell, Where, your Great Master's Orb?

1769 W. Falconer Shipwreck (ed. 3) i. 44 Borne on Newtonian wing thro' air she flies.

1823 Gentleman's Mag. 93 i. 628 From these data the Newtonian philosophers have drawn conclusions [etc.].

1871 J. Morley Condorcet in Crit. Misc. (1878) 1st Ser. 87 Men of Newtonian capacity.

1988 M. J. Buckley in R. J. Russell et al. Physics, Philos. & Theol. 82 Two remarkably important and mutually contradicting developments within modernity: the Newtonian settlement and the rise of atheism.

1991 S. J. Gould Bully for Brontosaurus xxv. 377 Whiston's arguments..are neither marginal nor oracular, but preeminently Newtonian in both spirit and substance.

2. Astronomy. Designating or relating to a kind of reflecting telescope having an oblique plane secondary mirror which produces a focus at an aperture in the side of the telescope.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instrument for distant vision > [adjective] > telescope > reflecting telescope

specular1651

Newtonian1737

Gregorian1762

Herschelian1792

Cassegrainian1813

1737 Philos. Trans. 1735–6 (Royal Soc.) 39 260 To remedy these Defects I have contrived a Microscope on the Model of the Newtonian Telescope.

1756 T. Amory Life John Buncle I. 334 They had..made several good alterations in the solar or camera obscura microscope; and in the catoptric microscope, which is made on the model of the Newtonian telescope.

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. II. xxii. 528 A reflecting telescope was produced to the world of the Newtonian construction.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xlii. 353 The Newtonian telescope, which may be regarded as an improvement upon the Gregorian one.

1872 R. A. Proctor Ess. Astron. i. 4 An excellentty Newtonian reflector.

1906 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 77 50 The focus of this instrument was very carefully determined before leaving England by attaching it to a Newtonian reflector of about three times its focal length.

1992 Astronomy May 65 In a Newtonian reflector, which inverts the image, south is up and east is to the right.

3. Physics. Also with lower-case initial. Designating, relating to, or describable in terms of classical physics, esp. as opposed to special or general relativity or quantum physics; spec. non-relativistic.

ΚΠ

1906 Science 12 Jan. 55/2 The object should be to arrive at a mechanics, on the one hand sufficiently general for the electron theory, on the other such as to include the Newtonian mechanics as a special case.

1932 J. Frenkel Wave Mech. i. 11 The case m₀=0 has, in Newtonian mechanics, absolutely no sense. In Einstein's mechanics, on the other hand, it represents those particles which move with the velocity of light.

1968 A. P. French Special Relativity i. 15 One sees a smooth but unmistakable departure from Newtonian behaviour when sufficiently high energies, and speeds approaching that of light, are involved.

1984 M. S. Longair Theoret. Concepts Physics xiii. 265 In Newtonian relativity, observers in S and S¹ always agree everywhere about simultaneity. This is clear from the Newtonian limit of relation.

1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 299/1 Might not this missing mass puzzle signal..the breakdown of the newtonian limit of gravitational theory for very large systems?

4. Physics. Also with lower-case initial. Relating to or designating fluid flow in which the tangential force between two adjacent layers in laminar flow is proportional to the velocity gradient in a direction perpendicular to the flow; (of a fluid) exhibiting this kind of flow; having a having a viscosity which does not vary with the rate of shear or the velocity gradient. Cf. non-Newtonian adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > fluid dynamics > [adjective] > designations of specific concepts

Darcy1881

Venturi1887

non-Newtonian1908

Newtonian1932

1932 Jrnl. Rheol. 3 250 Rheology came into existence through the attempt to approximate more closely the natural body of which the Hooke-body and the Newtonian liquid offered only one-sided and rather superficial aspects.

1958 V. L. Streeter Fluid Mech. (ed. 2) i. 5 Gases and thin liquids tend toward Newtonian fluids.

1959 N. Feather Mass, Length & Time (1961) xiii. 261 In respect of Newtonian viscosity we are primarily concerned with the fact that the medium shall offer no permanent resistance to change of shape—that it shall be ‘mobile’.

1962 Lancet 15 Dec. 1263/1 They suggest that the plastic or pseudoplastic flow of abnormally viscous bile caused by metallic ions is converted into a newtonian flow by the action of chelating agents.

1978 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. xxiv. 805 In the region of Newtonian flow the velocity varies uniformly from one plate to the other.

1991 Progress Polymer Sci. 16 3 If the ratio τ₁₂/.γ is constant, we speak of Newtonian flow, and η = τ₁₂/.γ is called Newtonian viscosity. For a Newtonian fluid the normal stresses disappear: (τ₁₁—τ₁₂) = (τ₃₃) = 0.

B. n.

1. A follower or supporter of Newton; esp. a person who accepts the Newtonian or classical system of physics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > follower of Newtonianism

Newtonian1741

Newtonist1741

the world > matter > physics > [noun] > physics > scientist involved with > follower of Newton

Newtonian1741

Newtonist1741

1741 tr. Marquis d'Argens Chinese Lett. xvii. 117 The Newtonian having said, That Descartes was an Ignoramus, the Disciple of that Philosopher reply'd in a Passion, You lie.

1806 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 96 13 Those, who are considered as Newtonians, conceive that the forces are in the simple ratio of the velocities.

1842 Southern Q. Rev. July 205 It might, perhaps, have been well if the Newtonians had..restricted their theories.

1893 Philos. Rev. 2 57 Though they were both ardent Newtonians, Lambert did not accept the law of gravitation as necessarily a metaphysical truth.

1937 H. Williams in J. Swift Poems 468 (note) Samuel Clarke, theologian, Newtonian, and metaphysician. He became rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, in 1709.

1993 Isis 84 337 Barrow came to be a pawn in a much larger game launched by the Newtonians.

2. A Newtonian reflecting telescope.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instrument for distant vision > [noun] > telescope > reflecting telescopes

reflecting telescope1672

reflector1735

speculum1789

Herschelian telescope1792

Newtonian1820

reflector telescope1840

Cassegrain1888

Nasmyth1960

Nasmyth–Cassegrain1972

1820 London Jrnl. Arts & Sci. 1 44 The eye-glass..in a five feet Newtonian, would require to be only of one-tenth of an inch focus for a power of 400 times.

1877 G. F. Chambers Handbk. Descr. Astron. (ed. 3) vii. iii. 661 Awkwardness of reflectors (that is to say Newtonians, which virtually are the only ones in use).

1989 Sky & Telescope Dec. 647/3 Will Leathead..uses careful baffling in his long-focus Newtonian to reduce scattered light.

1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 97 Thro' Gregorians and Newtonians, achromatick and rainbow-smear'd, brand-new reflectors made for the occasion.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	newtonian
释义	Newtonianadj.n. Brit. /njᵿˈtəʊnɪən/, /njuːˈtəʊnɪən/, U.S. /n(j)uˈtoʊniən/ Origin: From a proper name, combined with an English element. Etymons: proper name Newton , -ian suffix. Etymology: < the name of Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727), English mathematician and natural philosopher + -ian suffix. With use as noun compare Newtonist n., and French newtonien (1718). A. adj. 1. a. Devised, discovered, or suggested by Newton; relating to or arising from the work of Newton, esp. his physical or optical theories. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > theory > [adjective] > specific Ptolemean1623 Ptolemaical1653 Ptolemaic1654 Copernican1667 Tychonic1670 Newtonian1676 Tychonian1710 Galilean1728 vortician1734 pre-Copernican1851 Ptolemaian1864 pre-Galilean1880 post-Einsteinian1938 Velikovskian1974 1676 Philos. Trans. 1675 (Royal Soc.) 10 491 A Reply to a Letter formerly printed by way of Answer to another of the said Mr. Linus, which relates to the Newtonian Theory of Light and Colours. 1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. ii. v. 52 The Pressure of the Atmosphere, and the Newtonian Attraction. 1766 T. Amory Life John Buncle II. viii. 285 By these lights..the acute Leïbnitz might have learned the Newtonian method. 1779 W. Marshall Exper. & Observ. conc. Agric. & Weather 146 The Philosophy of the Weather may happily be rendered as obvious as the Newtonian Principles. 1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. i. iii. 40 For which reason they objected to the Newtonian theory of gravitation. a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) xxi. 343 The grand simplicity of the Newtonian discoveries. 1894 Nature 2 Aug. 330/2 This G, the gravitation constant, or as I prefer to call it..the Newtonian Constant of Gravitation, has nothing to do with that other quantity generally written g. 1919 A. N. Whitehead Enq. Princ. Nat. Knowl. 39 They [sc. Newton's equations] are invariant for the spatio-temporal transformations from one such set to another within the Newtonian group. 1973 C. W. Misner et al. Gravitation vii. 177 Newtonian gravitational fields propagate with infinite velocity. 1990 Protein Engin. 4 164/2 The integration of the Newtonian equations of motion was performed..without constraints on the internal co-ordinates. b. Resembling or characteristic of Newton; advocating the views of Newton. ΚΠ 1745 E. Young Consolation 91 Ye searching, ye Newtonian, Angels! tell, Where, your Great Master's Orb? 1769 W. Falconer Shipwreck (ed. 3) i. 44 Borne on Newtonian wing thro' air she flies. 1823 Gentleman's Mag. 93 i. 628 From these data the Newtonian philosophers have drawn conclusions [etc.]. 1871 J. Morley Condorcet in Crit. Misc. (1878) 1st Ser. 87 Men of Newtonian capacity. 1988 M. J. Buckley in R. J. Russell et al. Physics, Philos. & Theol. 82 Two remarkably important and mutually contradicting developments within modernity: the Newtonian settlement and the rise of atheism. 1991 S. J. Gould Bully for Brontosaurus xxv. 377 Whiston's arguments..are neither marginal nor oracular, but preeminently Newtonian in both spirit and substance. 2. Astronomy. Designating or relating to a kind of reflecting telescope having an oblique plane secondary mirror which produces a focus at an aperture in the side of the telescope. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instrument for distant vision > [adjective] > telescope > reflecting telescope specular1651 Newtonian1737 Gregorian1762 Herschelian1792 Cassegrainian1813 1737 Philos. Trans. 1735–6 (Royal Soc.) 39 260 To remedy these Defects I have contrived a Microscope on the Model of the Newtonian Telescope. 1756 T. Amory Life John Buncle I. 334 They had..made several good alterations in the solar or camera obscura microscope; and in the catoptric microscope, which is made on the model of the Newtonian telescope. 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. II. xxii. 528 A reflecting telescope was produced to the world of the Newtonian construction. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xlii. 353 The Newtonian telescope, which may be regarded as an improvement upon the Gregorian one. 1872 R. A. Proctor Ess. Astron. i. 4 An excellentty Newtonian reflector. 1906 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 77 50 The focus of this instrument was very carefully determined before leaving England by attaching it to a Newtonian reflector of about three times its focal length. 1992 Astronomy May 65 In a Newtonian reflector, which inverts the image, south is up and east is to the right. 3. Physics. Also with lower-case initial. Designating, relating to, or describable in terms of classical physics, esp. as opposed to special or general relativity or quantum physics; spec. non-relativistic. ΚΠ 1906 Science 12 Jan. 55/2 The object should be to arrive at a mechanics, on the one hand sufficiently general for the electron theory, on the other such as to include the Newtonian mechanics as a special case. 1932 J. Frenkel Wave Mech. i. 11 The case m₀=0 has, in Newtonian mechanics, absolutely no sense. In Einstein's mechanics, on the other hand, it represents those particles which move with the velocity of light. 1968 A. P. French Special Relativity i. 15 One sees a smooth but unmistakable departure from Newtonian behaviour when sufficiently high energies, and speeds approaching that of light, are involved. 1984 M. S. Longair Theoret. Concepts Physics xiii. 265 In Newtonian relativity, observers in S and S¹ always agree everywhere about simultaneity. This is clear from the Newtonian limit of relation. 1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 299/1 Might not this missing mass puzzle signal..the breakdown of the newtonian limit of gravitational theory for very large systems? 4. Physics. Also with lower-case initial. Relating to or designating fluid flow in which the tangential force between two adjacent layers in laminar flow is proportional to the velocity gradient in a direction perpendicular to the flow; (of a fluid) exhibiting this kind of flow; having a having a viscosity which does not vary with the rate of shear or the velocity gradient. Cf. non-Newtonian adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > fluid dynamics > [adjective] > designations of specific concepts Darcy1881 Venturi1887 non-Newtonian1908 Newtonian1932 1932 Jrnl. Rheol. 3 250 Rheology came into existence through the attempt to approximate more closely the natural body of which the Hooke-body and the Newtonian liquid offered only one-sided and rather superficial aspects. 1958 V. L. Streeter Fluid Mech. (ed. 2) i. 5 Gases and thin liquids tend toward Newtonian fluids. 1959 N. Feather Mass, Length & Time (1961) xiii. 261 In respect of Newtonian viscosity we are primarily concerned with the fact that the medium shall offer no permanent resistance to change of shape—that it shall be ‘mobile’. 1962 Lancet 15 Dec. 1263/1 They suggest that the plastic or pseudoplastic flow of abnormally viscous bile caused by metallic ions is converted into a newtonian flow by the action of chelating agents. 1978 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. xxiv. 805 In the region of Newtonian flow the velocity varies uniformly from one plate to the other. 1991 Progress Polymer Sci. 16 3 If the ratio τ₁₂/.γ is constant, we speak of Newtonian flow, and η = τ₁₂/.γ is called Newtonian viscosity. For a Newtonian fluid the normal stresses disappear: (τ₁₁—τ₁₂) = (τ₃₃) = 0. B. n. 1. A follower or supporter of Newton; esp. a person who accepts the Newtonian or classical system of physics. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > follower of Newtonianism Newtonian1741 Newtonist1741 the world > matter > physics > [noun] > physics > scientist involved with > follower of Newton Newtonian1741 Newtonist1741 1741 tr. Marquis d'Argens Chinese Lett. xvii. 117 The Newtonian having said, That Descartes was an Ignoramus, the Disciple of that Philosopher reply'd in a Passion, You lie. 1806 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 96 13 Those, who are considered as Newtonians, conceive that the forces are in the simple ratio of the velocities. 1842 Southern Q. Rev. July 205 It might, perhaps, have been well if the Newtonians had..restricted their theories. 1893 Philos. Rev. 2 57 Though they were both ardent Newtonians, Lambert did not accept the law of gravitation as necessarily a metaphysical truth. 1937 H. Williams in J. Swift Poems 468 (note) Samuel Clarke, theologian, Newtonian, and metaphysician. He became rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, in 1709. 1993 Isis 84 337 Barrow came to be a pawn in a much larger game launched by the Newtonians. 2. A Newtonian reflecting telescope. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical instruments > instrument for distant vision > [noun] > telescope > reflecting telescopes reflecting telescope1672 reflector1735 speculum1789 Herschelian telescope1792 Newtonian1820 reflector telescope1840 Cassegrain1888 Nasmyth1960 Nasmyth–Cassegrain1972 1820 London Jrnl. Arts & Sci. 1 44 The eye-glass..in a five feet Newtonian, would require to be only of one-tenth of an inch focus for a power of 400 times. 1877 G. F. Chambers Handbk. Descr. Astron. (ed. 3) vii. iii. 661 Awkwardness of reflectors (that is to say Newtonians, which virtually are the only ones in use). 1989 Sky & Telescope Dec. 647/3 Will Leathead..uses careful baffling in his long-focus Newtonian to reduce scattered light. 1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon 97 Thro' Gregorians and Newtonians, achromatick and rainbow-smear'd, brand-new reflectors made for the occasion. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1676
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