Newtonn.

Brit.

/ˈnjuːtn/, U.S.

/ˈn(j)utn/

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Newton.

Etymology: < the name of Sir Isaac Newton (see Newtonian adj. and n.).

I. attributive and in the genitive. Designating things associated with Newton.

1. Mathematics. Used attributively and in the genitive with reference to various methods of numerical analysis developed by Newton or based on his work, esp. methods for approximating the solution of an equation and for approximating the integral of a function; as Newton formula (also Newton's formula) (see also sense 2d), Newton process (usually with reference to the Newton–Raphson method), Newton's method, Newton's rule. Cf. Newton–Cotes n., Newton–Raphson n.Newton's method of approximating the solution of an equation involved the same reasoning as the Newton–Raphson method, but was procedurally different.Newton's method of approximating the integral of a function over a finite range involved evaluating the function at each of a series of arguments in the range, and finding a polynomial function with the same value at each of the arguments.

ΚΠ

1685 J. Wallis Treat. Algebra lxxxv. 318 Another Method of Approximation, by Sir Isaac Newton.

1695 J. Wallis in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 19 2 Mr Newton's Method of Approximation for the Extraction of Roots.]

1779 Philos. Trans. 1778 (Royal Soc.) 68 382 The theorem..is not general, though applied in the eleventh chapter to the demonstration of Newton's rule for finding impossible roots in all equations.

a1832 A. De Morgan Calculus of Functions in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) II. 317/1 This theorem is used in a less defined form throughout every part of the practice of Algebra, from Division and Involution to Newton's rule for approximating to the roots of equations.

1881 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 4 275 Newton's method of approximation consists in adding to an approximate value, a, of a root, the correction k = −f(a)/f′(a).

1907 Ann. Math. 9 8 This formula is called by Lefort ‘Mouton's Interpolation Formula’, but is an immediate consequence of Newton's formula.

1967 E. U. Condon & H. Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) i. vii. 102/1 However, there is a drawback to the Newton process: If f(z) has real coefficients and z₀ is real, all z_i will be real and we cannot get to a complex zero.

1968 L. Fox & D. F. Mayers Computing Methods for Scientists & Engineers viii. 161 The Newton formula might best be used near the ends of a range, whenever the central differences are not available.

1994 D. W. Jordan & P. Smith Math. Techniques xxxv. 603 Set up a Newton routine x_n+1 = x_n − [f(x_n)/f′(x_n)], for calculating the roots of f(x) = 0, and find, starting at x = 0.5 and 1.6, the roots to ten significant figures.

2. Physics. attributive and in the genitive. Designating or relating to physical phenomena, concepts, techniques, etc., discovered or devised by Newton. See also sense 3.

a. Newton's scale n. (also Newton scale) a scale devised by Newton which records the order and relative position of the series of colours which appear in Newton's rings and in similar sets of fringes formed by interference in thin films and in birefringent crystals; (more generally) this series of colours. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > science of colour > [noun] > scale of colours

Newton's scale1816

chromatometer1835

scale1854

greyscale1857

1816 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 106 47 These formed the lower tints of the first order of Newton's scale.

1895 A. Harker Petrol. Students i. 14 These belong to a definite scale, known as Newton's scale, on which the several tints..are distinguished by names and divided into several ‘orders’.

1937 Discovery Sept. 283/1 The colour graded in what is known as the Newton scale.

1946 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 186 413 It gives a silvery reflexion, which is clearly the 1st order tint of Newton's scale, and it may be seen passing into tints of higher order.

1979 E. E. Wahlstrom Optical Crystallogr. (ed. 5) vii. 177 Path differences near 560 mμ or whole-number multiples of 560 mμ have been used as the division points between color orders in Newton's scale of colors.

b. Newton's rings n. (with plural agreement) a set of concentric circular fringes seen around the point of contact when a convex lens is placed on a plane surface (or on another lens), which join points where the intervening thin layer of air has the same thickness and are caused by interference between light reflected from the upper and lower surfaces. Also in singular when used attributively.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > diffraction > [noun] > band, strip > Newton's rings

Newton's ringsa1830

1807 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 97 180 (heading) Experiments for investigating the cause of the coloured concentric rings, discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, between two object-glasses laid upon one another.

1809 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 99 299 In order completely to account for the Newtonian rings.]

a1830 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) IV. 516 If made to revolve round B, or in the plane of A, the tints will rise in the scale of the rings; and when the mica plate is inclined either way, so as to make the angle of incidence about 35° 3′, will have attained its maximum, corresponding to the black spot in the centre of Newton's rings.

1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 177 As in the case of Newton's rings, the reflected tints are much more vivid than the transmitted.

1904 A. Schuster Introd. Theory Optics iv. 72 The colours observed in Newton's rings are the colours of thin films, the film being the layer of air included between the lens and the plate.

1969 S. G. Lipson & H. Lipson Optical Physics xii. 383 Coefficients of thermal expansion of quite small crystals can be measured by counting the fringes that pass through the centre of a Newton's ring system as the crystal is heated.

1986 Professional Photographer Oct. 54/1 The ACT system guarantees the elimination of scratches, acid fingerprints, cockles, Newton's Rings and other surface blemishes.

c. Newton's law of cooling n. a law of thermodynamics stating that a body loses heat to its surroundings at a rate proportional to the temperature difference between them.

ΚΠ

1863 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics vi. ix. 296 (heading) Newton's law of cooling.

1880 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 171 119 The second [of these conditions] is the usual condition of radiation according to Newton's law of cooling.

1922 J. A. Crowther Pract. Physics xxii. 128 According to Newton's Law of Cooling, the rate of loss of heat is proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot body and its surroundings.

1949 A. C. Walshaw Heat Engines (ed. 3) i. 13 From this rate, and an application of Newton's law of cooling, a corrected temperature–time graph can be drawn.

2001 Jrnl. Heat Transfer 123 63 Newton's law of cooling is shown to underestimate the heat flux between a spherical body (droplet) and a homogeneous gas after this body is suddenly immersed into the gas.

d. . Newton's equation n. Optics an equation which states the relationship between the focal length of a lens and the distances of an object plane and its image plane from their respective foci; similarly Newton's formula.

ΚΠ

1914 A. S. Ramsey Elem. Geom. Optics v. 60 From the above we deduce at once Newton's formula F₁Q₁. F₂Q¹ =..= −f².

1957 R. S. Longhurst Geom. & Physical Optics ii. 19 This is known as Newton's equation.

1957 B. Rossi Optics ii. 82 This equation is often referred to as Newton's formula for the conjugate points.

1963 R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) vii. 251 Substitute z = x − f′, etc., in Newton's equation.

1991 M. H. Freeman Optics (ed. 10) iv. 94 −xx¹ = f² = f¹². This is Newton's equation and is useful in measuring the focal lengths of lenses.

e. Newton's constant n. the universal gravitational constant; the constant of proportionality in Newton's law of gravitation.

ΚΠ

1894 Nature 2 Aug. 330/2 This G, the gravitation constant, or as I prefer to call it..the Newtonian Constant of Gravitation, has nothing to do with that other quantity generally written g, which represents the attraction of the earth's surface.]

1968 Icarus 9 191/2 Even if the possible effects of the variation of Newton's constant in the solar system are extremely small, their detection would have fundamental implications in Relativistic Astrophysics.

1972 Internat. Jrnl. Theoret. Physics 6 387 It is precisely this expression for the rate difference which gives the relation (I/H) ≃ (GM/2cL²) between Newton's constant of gravitation, Hubble's constant, the velocity of light and the characteristic ratio M/L² for galaxies.

1993 Nature 3 June 398/1 Extreme charge black holes, that is, black holes whose charge is equal in magnitude to their mass (in ‘natural units’ where Planck's constant, Newton's constant and the speed of light are all set equal to unity).

f. Newton's cradle n. a toy consisting of a number of small metal balls (usually five), each suspended from a frame by strings from two points, so that the balls hang in a horizontal line with each one touching its neighbour.When one or more balls at the end of the line is pulled aside and released, so as to strike the nearest hanging ball, the transfer of momentum causes the same number of balls to be knocked away at the other end of the line, and the process repeats rhythmically, illustrating Newton's third law of motion.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > optical and scientific toys > [noun]

multiplying-glass1639

Cartesian devil1731

kaleidoscope1817

myriorama1823

thaumatrope1827

bottle imp1833

phantasmascope1833

phenakistoscope1834

stroboscope1836

anorthoscope1842

tantalus-cup1842

phantascope1851

phantoscope1861

Pharaoh's serpent1863

phosphoroscope1866

zoetrope1866

wheel of life1872

praxinoscope1878

zoopraxiscope1881

phantoscope1894

Newton's cradle1971

1969 Harper's Bazaar Dec. 27/1 He was swinging at sets of little metal balls with one finger only, marveling silently (I guess) at the miracle of the ever-new mobile patterns that Newton's old, old law of gravity produces.]

1971 Nature 24 Dec. 434/2 The toys range from an eighteenth century orrery to a modern Newton's cradle for frustrated executives which sits inside its glass cage clicking patiently back and forth.

1974 Times 5 Mar. 12/5 There are files, drawers, desk and fittings in red, white and green..plus those indispensable office adjuncts, a Newton's cradle and a drinks trolley.

1997 GQ Sept. 232 He loosens his Dolce & Gabbana tie and gives his Newton's Cradle a desultory click.

3. Physics. Newton's law n.

a. Each of the three laws of motion stated in Newton's Principia (1687): see laws of motion at law n.¹ 17b. Often distinguished as Newton's first law, Newton's second law, Newton's third law.

ΚΠ

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Motion, Its Laws The Incomparable Mr. Isaac Newton gives but these Three Laws of Motion.

1763 W. Jones Ess. First Princ. Nat. Philos. (new ed.) vi. 112 Sir Isaac's first law..will have neither meaning nor use in philosophy.]

1824 W. Whewell Elem. Treat. Mech. (ed. 2) p. vii Newton's third law..may be considered objectionable on this ground.

c1874 Pop. Cycl. Nat. & Physical Sci. 615/2 According to Newton's laws..if the body were not under the influence of any force, it would continue to move uniformly.

a1879 J. C. Maxwell in Encycl. Brit. (1883) XV. 748 Denial of Newton's [first] law is in contradiction to the only system of consistent doctrine about space and time which the human mind has been able to form.

1935 A. H. G. Palmer & K. S. Snell Mechanics xv. 303 Since the sun exerts a force on the planet, it follows from Newton's third law that the planet must exert an equal and opposite force on the sun.

1959 N. Feather Mass, Length & Time (1961) x. 209 On the basis of Newton's second law of motion, the fact that there is such a motion implies that there is a force of magnitude μm/r² directed towards the sun, m being the mass of the planet.

1995 N.Y. Times 27 June c12/4 With material travelling at such great speeds, the ordinary physics of Newton's laws no longer applies to conditions there.

b. A law of gravitation presented in Newton's Principia (1687) which states that any two bodies exert an attractive force on each other which is proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; sometimes more fully Newton's law of gravitation. Cf. law of gravitation at gravitation n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > [noun] > specific concepts or principles of

Newton's lawa1830

science1840

1704 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 24 1701 The Grand Phænomena of Nature he hath explain'd from the best Authors, as the Law of Gravitation from Mr Newton.]

a1830 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) III. 648/2 As far as the motions of the great masses of matter connected with our system either in the heavens or on our globe are concerned, observation and theory present no difference capable of being made an objection to the strict expression of Newton's law.

1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation vi. 94 It is often urged that Newton's law of gravitation is much simpler than Einstein's new law... From the point of view of the four-dimensional world Newton's law is far more complicated.

1989 I. Stewart Does God play Dice? i. 15 Were the Solar System inhabited by Sun and Earth alone, Newton's law would predict that they move in ellipses about their mutual centre of gravity.

†c. Physics. Short for Newton's law of cooling n. at sense 2c. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1863 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics vi. ix. 297 Newton's law, as applied to the differential thermometer, shows that its indications are proportional to the quantities of heat which it receives.

4. Physics. newton metre n. the unit of torque or moment in the metre-kilogram-second system; the torque exerted by a force of one newton acting at a distance of one metre from the axis of rotation. Abbreviated Nm.

ΚΠ

1960 ISO Recommendation R31: 3: Quantities & Units of Mech. 9 Moment of force..newton metre.

1970 D. C. P. Burton & P. Leighton Metrication & Techn. Educ. iii. 23 The basic unit, the newton-metre (Nm), will be useful for small moments.

1983 A. J. Sadler & D. W. S. Thorning Understanding Mech. vii. 108 If the force is measured in newtons and the distance in metres, the moment of the force is measured in newton metres (Nm).

1994 Daily Tel. 24 Jan. 3 (advt.) Opening its backplate requires a special machine—plus, for the technically minded, a force of five Newton metres.

II. Simple uses.

5. Physics. Chiefly with lower-case initial. A unit of force (now incorporated in the International System of Units), defined as the force that would give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second per second. Symbol N.One newton is equivalent to 100,000 dynes, or approx. the weight of 102 grams or 3.6 oz.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > units of force

pound-weight1824

pound-force1865

gram weight1871

dyne1873

kilodyne1873

poundal1875

Gramme1884

Newton1904

kilogram force1905

gram force1909

kip1915

N1951

lbf1961

ounce-force1961

ton-force1961

1904 D. Robertson in Electrician 22 Apr. 25/1 The writer suggests that the name ‘Newton’ be given to the unit of force (10⁵ dynes).

1919 Nature 4 Sept. 13/2 A fourth matter..which was discussed was the proposal to adopt in future legislation for metric countries the M.K.S. system of units... On this system the unit of force is the ‘Newton’.

1942 H. Howe Introd. Physics iv. 57 The awkwardly large numbers in Ex. 2 would have been avoided had mks units been used; the answer would have been F = 300 newtons.

1970 Daily Tel. 14 May 18 In the SI the force is measured not in kilogrammes, but in newtons—spelt with a small ‘n’ but abbreviated with a large one, ‘N’. One newton (reinforcing the legend) is roughly the pull of gravity on one apple.

2000 Daily Tel. 1 Sept. 27/5 That mission notoriously..because of confusion between Lockheed Martin Corporation's data on pressure in pounds and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's use of newtons.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	newton
释义	Newtonn. Brit. /ˈnjuːtn/, U.S. /ˈn(j)utn/ Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Newton. Etymology: < the name of Sir Isaac Newton (see Newtonian adj. and n.). I. attributive and in the genitive. Designating things associated with Newton. 1. Mathematics. Used attributively and in the genitive with reference to various methods of numerical analysis developed by Newton or based on his work, esp. methods for approximating the solution of an equation and for approximating the integral of a function; as Newton formula (also Newton's formula) (see also sense 2d), Newton process (usually with reference to the Newton–Raphson method), Newton's method, Newton's rule. Cf. Newton–Cotes n., Newton–Raphson n.Newton's method of approximating the solution of an equation involved the same reasoning as the Newton–Raphson method, but was procedurally different.Newton's method of approximating the integral of a function over a finite range involved evaluating the function at each of a series of arguments in the range, and finding a polynomial function with the same value at each of the arguments. ΚΠ 1685 J. Wallis Treat. Algebra lxxxv. 318 Another Method of Approximation, by Sir Isaac Newton. 1695 J. Wallis in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 19 2 Mr Newton's Method of Approximation for the Extraction of Roots.] 1779 Philos. Trans. 1778 (Royal Soc.) 68 382 The theorem..is not general, though applied in the eleventh chapter to the demonstration of Newton's rule for finding impossible roots in all equations. a1832 A. De Morgan Calculus of Functions in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) II. 317/1 This theorem is used in a less defined form throughout every part of the practice of Algebra, from Division and Involution to Newton's rule for approximating to the roots of equations. 1881 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 4 275 Newton's method of approximation consists in adding to an approximate value, a, of a root, the correction k = −f(a)/f′(a). 1907 Ann. Math. 9 8 This formula is called by Lefort ‘Mouton's Interpolation Formula’, but is an immediate consequence of Newton's formula. 1967 E. U. Condon & H. Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) i. vii. 102/1 However, there is a drawback to the Newton process: If f(z) has real coefficients and z₀ is real, all z_i will be real and we cannot get to a complex zero. 1968 L. Fox & D. F. Mayers Computing Methods for Scientists & Engineers viii. 161 The Newton formula might best be used near the ends of a range, whenever the central differences are not available. 1994 D. W. Jordan & P. Smith Math. Techniques xxxv. 603 Set up a Newton routine x_n+1 = x_n − [f(x_n)/f′(x_n)], for calculating the roots of f(x) = 0, and find, starting at x = 0.5 and 1.6, the roots to ten significant figures. 2. Physics. attributive and in the genitive. Designating or relating to physical phenomena, concepts, techniques, etc., discovered or devised by Newton. See also sense 3. a. Newton's scale n. (also Newton scale) a scale devised by Newton which records the order and relative position of the series of colours which appear in Newton's rings and in similar sets of fringes formed by interference in thin films and in birefringent crystals; (more generally) this series of colours. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > science of colour > [noun] > scale of colours Newton's scale1816 chromatometer1835 scale1854 greyscale1857 1816 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 106 47 These formed the lower tints of the first order of Newton's scale. 1895 A. Harker Petrol. Students i. 14 These belong to a definite scale, known as Newton's scale, on which the several tints..are distinguished by names and divided into several ‘orders’. 1937 Discovery Sept. 283/1 The colour graded in what is known as the Newton scale. 1946 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 186 413 It gives a silvery reflexion, which is clearly the 1st order tint of Newton's scale, and it may be seen passing into tints of higher order. 1979 E. E. Wahlstrom Optical Crystallogr. (ed. 5) vii. 177 Path differences near 560 mμ or whole-number multiples of 560 mμ have been used as the division points between color orders in Newton's scale of colors. b. Newton's rings n. (with plural agreement) a set of concentric circular fringes seen around the point of contact when a convex lens is placed on a plane surface (or on another lens), which join points where the intervening thin layer of air has the same thickness and are caused by interference between light reflected from the upper and lower surfaces. Also in singular when used attributively. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > diffraction > [noun] > band, strip > Newton's rings Newton's ringsa1830 1807 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 97 180 (heading) Experiments for investigating the cause of the coloured concentric rings, discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, between two object-glasses laid upon one another. 1809 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 99 299 In order completely to account for the Newtonian rings.] a1830 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) IV. 516 If made to revolve round B, or in the plane of A, the tints will rise in the scale of the rings; and when the mica plate is inclined either way, so as to make the angle of incidence about 35° 3′, will have attained its maximum, corresponding to the black spot in the centre of Newton's rings. 1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 177 As in the case of Newton's rings, the reflected tints are much more vivid than the transmitted. 1904 A. Schuster Introd. Theory Optics iv. 72 The colours observed in Newton's rings are the colours of thin films, the film being the layer of air included between the lens and the plate. 1969 S. G. Lipson & H. Lipson Optical Physics xii. 383 Coefficients of thermal expansion of quite small crystals can be measured by counting the fringes that pass through the centre of a Newton's ring system as the crystal is heated. 1986 Professional Photographer Oct. 54/1 The ACT system guarantees the elimination of scratches, acid fingerprints, cockles, Newton's Rings and other surface blemishes. c. Newton's law of cooling n. a law of thermodynamics stating that a body loses heat to its surroundings at a rate proportional to the temperature difference between them. ΚΠ 1863 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics vi. ix. 296 (heading) Newton's law of cooling. 1880 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 171 119 The second [of these conditions] is the usual condition of radiation according to Newton's law of cooling. 1922 J. A. Crowther Pract. Physics xxii. 128 According to Newton's Law of Cooling, the rate of loss of heat is proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot body and its surroundings. 1949 A. C. Walshaw Heat Engines (ed. 3) i. 13 From this rate, and an application of Newton's law of cooling, a corrected temperature–time graph can be drawn. 2001 Jrnl. Heat Transfer 123 63 Newton's law of cooling is shown to underestimate the heat flux between a spherical body (droplet) and a homogeneous gas after this body is suddenly immersed into the gas. d. . Newton's equation n. Optics an equation which states the relationship between the focal length of a lens and the distances of an object plane and its image plane from their respective foci; similarly Newton's formula. ΚΠ 1914 A. S. Ramsey Elem. Geom. Optics v. 60 From the above we deduce at once Newton's formula F₁Q₁. F₂Q¹ =..= −f². 1957 R. S. Longhurst Geom. & Physical Optics ii. 19 This is known as Newton's equation. 1957 B. Rossi Optics ii. 82 This equation is often referred to as Newton's formula for the conjugate points. 1963 R. W. Ditchburn Light (ed. 2) vii. 251 Substitute z = x − f′, etc., in Newton's equation. 1991 M. H. Freeman Optics (ed. 10) iv. 94 −xx¹ = f² = f¹². This is Newton's equation and is useful in measuring the focal lengths of lenses. e. Newton's constant n. the universal gravitational constant; the constant of proportionality in Newton's law of gravitation. ΚΠ 1894 Nature 2 Aug. 330/2 This G, the gravitation constant, or as I prefer to call it..the Newtonian Constant of Gravitation, has nothing to do with that other quantity generally written g, which represents the attraction of the earth's surface.] 1968 Icarus 9 191/2 Even if the possible effects of the variation of Newton's constant in the solar system are extremely small, their detection would have fundamental implications in Relativistic Astrophysics. 1972 Internat. Jrnl. Theoret. Physics 6 387 It is precisely this expression for the rate difference which gives the relation (I/H) ≃ (GM/2cL²) between Newton's constant of gravitation, Hubble's constant, the velocity of light and the characteristic ratio M/L² for galaxies. 1993 Nature 3 June 398/1 Extreme charge black holes, that is, black holes whose charge is equal in magnitude to their mass (in ‘natural units’ where Planck's constant, Newton's constant and the speed of light are all set equal to unity). f. Newton's cradle n. a toy consisting of a number of small metal balls (usually five), each suspended from a frame by strings from two points, so that the balls hang in a horizontal line with each one touching its neighbour.When one or more balls at the end of the line is pulled aside and released, so as to strike the nearest hanging ball, the transfer of momentum causes the same number of balls to be knocked away at the other end of the line, and the process repeats rhythmically, illustrating Newton's third law of motion. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > optical and scientific toys > [noun] multiplying-glass1639 Cartesian devil1731 kaleidoscope1817 myriorama1823 thaumatrope1827 bottle imp1833 phantasmascope1833 phenakistoscope1834 stroboscope1836 anorthoscope1842 tantalus-cup1842 phantascope1851 phantoscope1861 Pharaoh's serpent1863 phosphoroscope1866 zoetrope1866 wheel of life1872 praxinoscope1878 zoopraxiscope1881 phantoscope1894 Newton's cradle1971 1969 Harper's Bazaar Dec. 27/1 He was swinging at sets of little metal balls with one finger only, marveling silently (I guess) at the miracle of the ever-new mobile patterns that Newton's old, old law of gravity produces.] 1971 Nature 24 Dec. 434/2 The toys range from an eighteenth century orrery to a modern Newton's cradle for frustrated executives which sits inside its glass cage clicking patiently back and forth. 1974 Times 5 Mar. 12/5 There are files, drawers, desk and fittings in red, white and green..plus those indispensable office adjuncts, a Newton's cradle and a drinks trolley. 1997 GQ Sept. 232 He loosens his Dolce & Gabbana tie and gives his Newton's Cradle a desultory click. 3. Physics. Newton's law n. a. Each of the three laws of motion stated in Newton's Principia (1687): see laws of motion at law n.¹ 17b. Often distinguished as Newton's first law, Newton's second law, Newton's third law. ΚΠ 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Motion, Its Laws The Incomparable Mr. Isaac Newton gives but these Three Laws of Motion. 1763 W. Jones Ess. First Princ. Nat. Philos. (new ed.) vi. 112 Sir Isaac's first law..will have neither meaning nor use in philosophy.] 1824 W. Whewell Elem. Treat. Mech. (ed. 2) p. vii Newton's third law..may be considered objectionable on this ground. c1874 Pop. Cycl. Nat. & Physical Sci. 615/2 According to Newton's laws..if the body were not under the influence of any force, it would continue to move uniformly. a1879 J. C. Maxwell in Encycl. Brit. (1883) XV. 748 Denial of Newton's [first] law is in contradiction to the only system of consistent doctrine about space and time which the human mind has been able to form. 1935 A. H. G. Palmer & K. S. Snell Mechanics xv. 303 Since the sun exerts a force on the planet, it follows from Newton's third law that the planet must exert an equal and opposite force on the sun. 1959 N. Feather Mass, Length & Time (1961) x. 209 On the basis of Newton's second law of motion, the fact that there is such a motion implies that there is a force of magnitude μm/r² directed towards the sun, m being the mass of the planet. 1995 N.Y. Times 27 June c12/4 With material travelling at such great speeds, the ordinary physics of Newton's laws no longer applies to conditions there. b. A law of gravitation presented in Newton's Principia (1687) which states that any two bodies exert an attractive force on each other which is proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; sometimes more fully Newton's law of gravitation. Cf. law of gravitation at gravitation n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > [noun] > specific concepts or principles of Newton's lawa1830 science1840 1704 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 24 1701 The Grand Phænomena of Nature he hath explain'd from the best Authors, as the Law of Gravitation from Mr Newton.] a1830 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) III. 648/2 As far as the motions of the great masses of matter connected with our system either in the heavens or on our globe are concerned, observation and theory present no difference capable of being made an objection to the strict expression of Newton's law. 1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation vi. 94 It is often urged that Newton's law of gravitation is much simpler than Einstein's new law... From the point of view of the four-dimensional world Newton's law is far more complicated. 1989 I. Stewart Does God play Dice? i. 15 Were the Solar System inhabited by Sun and Earth alone, Newton's law would predict that they move in ellipses about their mutual centre of gravity. †c. Physics. Short for Newton's law of cooling n. at sense 2c. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1863 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics vi. ix. 297 Newton's law, as applied to the differential thermometer, shows that its indications are proportional to the quantities of heat which it receives. 4. Physics. newton metre n. the unit of torque or moment in the metre-kilogram-second system; the torque exerted by a force of one newton acting at a distance of one metre from the axis of rotation. Abbreviated Nm. ΚΠ 1960 ISO Recommendation R31: 3: Quantities & Units of Mech. 9 Moment of force..newton metre. 1970 D. C. P. Burton & P. Leighton Metrication & Techn. Educ. iii. 23 The basic unit, the newton-metre (Nm), will be useful for small moments. 1983 A. J. Sadler & D. W. S. Thorning Understanding Mech. vii. 108 If the force is measured in newtons and the distance in metres, the moment of the force is measured in newton metres (Nm). 1994 Daily Tel. 24 Jan. 3 (advt.) Opening its backplate requires a special machine—plus, for the technically minded, a force of five Newton metres. II. Simple uses. 5. Physics. Chiefly with lower-case initial. A unit of force (now incorporated in the International System of Units), defined as the force that would give a mass of one kilogram an acceleration of one metre per second per second. Symbol N.One newton is equivalent to 100,000 dynes, or approx. the weight of 102 grams or 3.6 oz. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > force > [noun] > units of force pound-weight1824 pound-force1865 gram weight1871 dyne1873 kilodyne1873 poundal1875 Gramme1884 Newton1904 kilogram force1905 gram force1909 kip1915 N1951 lbf1961 ounce-force1961 ton-force1961 1904 D. Robertson in Electrician 22 Apr. 25/1 The writer suggests that the name ‘Newton’ be given to the unit of force (10⁵ dynes). 1919 Nature 4 Sept. 13/2 A fourth matter..which was discussed was the proposal to adopt in future legislation for metric countries the M.K.S. system of units... On this system the unit of force is the ‘Newton’. 1942 H. Howe Introd. Physics iv. 57 The awkwardly large numbers in Ex. 2 would have been avoided had mks units been used; the answer would have been F = 300 newtons. 1970 Daily Tel. 14 May 18 In the SI the force is measured not in kilogrammes, but in newtons—spelt with a small ‘n’ but abbreviated with a large one, ‘N’. One newton (reinforcing the legend) is roughly the pull of gravity on one apple. 2000 Daily Tel. 1 Sept. 27/5 That mission notoriously..because of confusion between Lockheed Martin Corporation's data on pressure in pounds and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's use of newtons. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1779
随便看	crested lark crested newt crested seriema crested tanager crested tit crested titmouse crested vulture crested wren crestel crestfall crestfallen crestfallenly crestfallenness crestfallennesses crestfeather crestfront cresting cresting rail crestings crestless coups coups d'etat coups d'état coups de foudre coups de glotte