neutralizationn.

Brit.

/ˌnjuːtrəlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/,

/ˌnjuːtrl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˈˌn(j)utrələˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/,

/ˈˌn(j)utrəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: see neutralize v. and -ation suffix.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: neutralize v., -ation suffix.

Etymology: < neutralize v. + -ation suffix. Compare French neutralisation (1783 in sense 1a, 1939 in sense 5), 1795 in sense 6. With sense 2 compare German Neutralisirung (now Neutralisierung), the term adopted by P. Ehrlich and others between the early and mid 1890s.

I. Scientific and technical uses.

a. Chemistry. The action of neutralizing an acid or alkali, or of making something chemically neutral; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > neutralization

neutralization1796

1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 338 The changes of colour are accelerated, not merely by the neutralization of the alkali and consequent precipitation of the manganese, but..by the accession of oxygen either immediately from the acid, or from the atmosphere.

1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. xii. 274 Neutralizations are best effected with the assistance of heat.

1882 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1881 574 Tables of the equivalent weights of bases recorded the proportions by weight in which certain bases might replace one another in the neutralisation of a particular quantity of a given acid.

1918 C. A. Mitchell Edible Oils & Fats iv. 45 The amount [of potassium hydroxide] required to convert them [sc. fatty acids] into potassium soaps (i.e. their saponification value) is usually described as their neutralization value.

1938 R. Hum Chem. for Engin. Students xiv. 332 Acid sulphates..can be prepared by evaporating a mixture of sulphuric acid and half enough alkali for complete neutralisation.

1992 Age & Ageing 21 6/2 The end-point of neutralization was indicated by a phenolphthalein colour indicator.

b. The action of neutralizing electric charge, or of making something electrically neutral; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric charge, electricity > [noun] > process of charging > removal of charge

neutralization1838

diselectrification1895

1838 M. Faraday in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 128 142 It [sc. an electric current] often..joins its effect to that of disruptive discharge, to complete the act of neutralization amongst the electric forces.

1860 G. B. Prescott Electr. Telegr. 16 The neutralization of the two contrary electricities..may take place according to different modes.

1909 Science 17 Dec. 863/1 For a time a partial neutralization or electric equilibrium is effected.

1938 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) viii. ii. 81 The ‘neutralization’ of a hydrogen ion.

1950 Science 24 Mar. 306/1 The establishment of the coordinate bond creates a unit positive charge on the sulfur and a unit negative charge on the oxygen. In order that these charges may approach a minimum, a neutralization occurs and resonance results.

1994 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 347 105 A number of early models treated ball lightning as a phenomenon of electrostatics but none offered a realistic explanation of how charge neutralization could be avoided.

2. Biology and Medicine. The inactivation of a virus or other pathogen, toxin, etc., esp. by the action of an antiserum or antibody.

ΚΠ

1892 G. M. Sternberg Man. Bacteriol. iii. 228 A neutralization of its [sc. the pathogenic germ's] toxic products by some substance present in the body of the animal which survives infection.

1902 Science 24 Oct. 665/1 Ehrlich insists that the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin directly, in a chemical way, and that such neutralization occurs when they are mixed in a test-tube, even more effectively than when they are injected separately into the body if a susceptible animal.

1929 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 104 554 It has been found with many viruses that..when serum and virus are mixed and straightway inoculated into an animal, neutralisation is every bit as good as when incubation of a mixture of the two has been carried out beforehand.

1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) x. 143 The control animal should exhibit characteristic signs of toxæmia, whereas, if the serum contains sufficient antitoxin, the test animal should remain unaffected. This test is termed a neutralization test.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 97 602/1 In the case of bacterial toxins, for instance, there are at least two mechanisms of in vivo neutralization, one based on interference in the interaction between toxin and its ‘substrate’ and the other based on the removal of toxin-antibody complexes by phagocytosis.

2000 Viral Immunol. 13 83 The best-known mechanism of action of antibody-mediated virus neutralization is to impede the entrance of viruses to host cells, as determined by neutralization assays.

3. Ophthalmology. The annulment of the refractive action of a lens by one or more other lenses, esp. as a means of measuring the power of the first lens.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical skills and techniques > [noun] > other techniques

collimation1687

autocollimation1870

neutralization1897

microprojection1904

Foucault method1923

orthostereoscopy1928

phase contrast1934

1897 J. Thorington Retinoscopy iv. 34 This movement, at such a point in neutralization, may give a hint as to the presence of astigmatism.

1946 F. Dickinson & K. G. C. Hall Introd. Prescribing & Fitting of Contact Lenses vii. 82 The lenses should be checked for accuracy of focus and curve. In the absence of a refractionometer, neutralization may be employed.

1974 M. Jalie & L. Wray Pract. Ophthalmic Lenses 5 The measurement of the focal power of lenses can be done in many ways. Two main methods are used for ophthalmic lenses: (1) Neutralization. (2) Vertex power measuring instruments.

4. Electronics. The state of an amplifier, valve, etc., in which internal feedback is cancelled; the process by which this is achieved. (See neutralize v. 6c.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > cancellation of feedback

neutralization1923

unilateralization1954

1923 Wireless World 21 Apr. 69/2 Neutralisation is secured provided coils L and L₁ are correctly coupled.

1950 Electronics Feb. 107/1 In push-pull amplifiers, triodes using this type of neutralization compare favorably with pentodes of the same transconductance as wideband amplifiers.

1970 Single Sideband for Radio Amateur (Amer. Radio Relay League) (ed. 5) iv. 123/1 Proper neutralization may be defined as the state in which, when plate and cathode tank circuits are resonant, maximum cathode voltage, minimum plate current, and maximum power output occur.

1990 J. J. Carr Integrated Electronics xiii. 347 A neutralization capacitance (C_n) is in the positive feedback path along with a potentiometer voltage divider.

5. Linguistics. The removal in a particular context of a contrast or distinction between phonemes, inflections, etc.

ΚΠ

1942 C. F. Hockett in Language 18 10 Any talk of neutralization or cancellation or archiphonemes confuses the facts without adding anything.

1949 A. Martinet Phonol. as Functional Phonetics 7 Care should be taken not to mistake the non~appearance of a phoneme in a given position with a neutralization.

1962 Amer. Speech 37 69 Review of extant phonemic analyses of Modern Icelandic..and proposal of a third solution hinging on the Prague concept of neutralization.

1980 Eng. World-wide 1 206 It appears that reports of mergers or neutralizations that are based on a few observed instances may not be reliable.

II. General uses.

6. The action of making or declaring a place or party neutral, esp. in time of war.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > peace > neutrality > [noun] > making neutral

neutralization1801

1801 W. Dupré Lexicographia-neologica Gallica 200 Neutralisation, neutralization, neutrality. This word..is now used as a synonima of neutrality, or a disposition, resolution, or federation to take no part betwixt two or more contending parties.

1858 Trans. Philol. Soc. 45 The treaty of Paris has enriched French and English and probably all European languages with a new term: Neutralization, to neutralize.

1885 Manch. Examiner 27 Feb. 5/3 The neutralisation of the Congo basin.

1930 W. F. Sands Undiplomatic Memories xv. 225 My plan for neutralization of Korea..was sunk without trace.

1988 R. Allison Soviet Union & Strategy of Non-alignment (BNC) 129 An agreement on Austria was concluded between the great Powers in 1955 which provided the best European example of regulated neutrality, of a modern version of neutralisation.

7. gen. The action of counterbalancing, counteracting, or offsetting something.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > operation upon something > [noun] > neutralizing or counteracting

correction1477

countervailinga1613

counteraction1791

neutralization1817

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biographia Literaria I. ii. 45 This is one instance among many of deception, by the telling the half of a fact, and omitting the other half, when it is from their mutual counteraction and neutralization, that the whole truth arises.

1856 P. E. Dove Logic Christian Faith i. ii. §2. 84 The cause of the neutralization or compensation of equal opposing force.

1885 A. M. Clerke Pop. Hist. Astron. 52 The point of neutralisation of opposing tendencies.

1968 R. A. Mundell Internat. Econ. xviii. 256 Sterilization (or neutralization) policy is a specific combination of monetary and exchange policy.

1994 K. Perry Business & European Community iii. 49 The consequence was not an increase in the flow of investment but reciprocal neutralization, with unjustified profits for the beneficiary enterprise.

a. Chiefly Politics. The action or process of rendering something or someone harmless or inconsequential, esp. by violent or coercive means.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > [noun] > safety or lack of risk or harm > process of rendering harmless

neutralization1886

recuperation1967

declawing2011

1886 Polit. Sci. Q. 1 659 In the meantime she was to prepare a scheme for the neutralization of Egypt, which should be submitted to the Powers.

1917 Polit. Sci. Q. 32 594 For the perpetuation of peace, Professor Veblen counts on the elimination of dynasties and the neutralization of the factors which make for the control of business interests.

1940 Jrnl. Amer. Mil. Inst. 4 248 A discussion of methods of artillery fire for the neutralization and destruction of the batteries of the enemy.

1976 L. Jaworski Right & Power iii. 32 On July 28, 1971, Hunt wrote a memorandum to Colson entitled ‘Neutralization of Ellsburg’... ‘This basic tool is essential in determining how to destroy his public image and credibility.’

1992 N.Y. Times 19 Jan. i. 10/1 The key to a successful overthrow of the Iraqi leader remained the defeat or neutralization of the five or seven Republican Guard divisions that are stationed in the greater Baghdad area to protect the Iraqi leader.

2001 Air Power Hist. Summer 49/1 A heavier weight of ordnance delivered in a shorter period of time..led to quicker and longer neutralization of enemy targets.

b. Politics and Military (chiefly U.S.) (euphemistic). Killing, assassination.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > killing > man-killing or homicide > murder or assassination > [noun]

murderingeOE

murderOE

banec1175

morth gamec1275

morth spellc1275

slaughterc1325

murdermenta1400

murderdom1514

massacre1589

remove1592

assassinate1596

assassinment1602

assassination1610

assassinacy1611

assassinaya1641

removal1655

murderation1715

murdrum1767

thugdom1839

aliicide1868

hatchet job1925

liquidation1925

rubout1927

murder one1966

neutralization1971

1971 N.Y. Times 7 Apr. 87/2 His lawyer discussed ‘precise neutralization’ (the killing of a villager determined to be a Communist) and ‘imprecise neutralization’ (the killing of a villager not quite determined to be a Communist).

1996 Washington Post (Electronic ed.) 21 Sept. On several occasions it [sc. a U.S. Army manual] uses the words ‘neutralization’ or ‘neutralizing’, which were commonly used at the time as euphemisms for execution or destruction, a Pentagon official said.

2001 Amer. Prospect 7/1 The fostering of an institutional mind-set by superiors (John and Robert Kennedy) that includes assassination... As a result of pressure from both Kennedys, the CIA set up a compartmented unit devoted to Castro's neutralization.

9. Motor Racing and Cycling. The action of declaring a part or section of a course ineligible for consideration in determining the overall result of the event; an instance of this; such a part or section of a course.

ΚΠ

1905 Automobile Topics 27 May (Europ. Suppl.) 2 There are no cities..to require frequent neutralizations.

1977 G. Nicholson Great Bike Race (1978) 17 Neutralisation,..period when riders pedal along but may not race, for example, between the ceremonial start in a city centre and the real start on the outskirts.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	neutralization
释义	neutralizationn. Brit. /ˌnjuːtrəlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/, /ˌnjuːtrl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˈˌn(j)utrələˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/, /ˈˌn(j)utrəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: see neutralize v. and -ation suffix. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: neutralize v., -ation suffix. Etymology: < neutralize v. + -ation suffix. Compare French neutralisation (1783 in sense 1a, 1939 in sense 5), 1795 in sense 6. With sense 2 compare German Neutralisirung (now Neutralisierung), the term adopted by P. Ehrlich and others between the early and mid 1890s. I. Scientific and technical uses. 1. a. Chemistry. The action of neutralizing an acid or alkali, or of making something chemically neutral; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > neutralization neutralization1796 1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 338 The changes of colour are accelerated, not merely by the neutralization of the alkali and consequent precipitation of the manganese, but..by the accession of oxygen either immediately from the acid, or from the atmosphere. 1827 M. Faraday Chem. Manip. xii. 274 Neutralizations are best effected with the assistance of heat. 1882 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1881 574 Tables of the equivalent weights of bases recorded the proportions by weight in which certain bases might replace one another in the neutralisation of a particular quantity of a given acid. 1918 C. A. Mitchell Edible Oils & Fats iv. 45 The amount [of potassium hydroxide] required to convert them [sc. fatty acids] into potassium soaps (i.e. their saponification value) is usually described as their neutralization value. 1938 R. Hum Chem. for Engin. Students xiv. 332 Acid sulphates..can be prepared by evaporating a mixture of sulphuric acid and half enough alkali for complete neutralisation. 1992 Age & Ageing 21 6/2 The end-point of neutralization was indicated by a phenolphthalein colour indicator. b. The action of neutralizing electric charge, or of making something electrically neutral; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric charge, electricity > [noun] > process of charging > removal of charge neutralization1838 diselectrification1895 1838 M. Faraday in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 128 142 It [sc. an electric current] often..joins its effect to that of disruptive discharge, to complete the act of neutralization amongst the electric forces. 1860 G. B. Prescott Electr. Telegr. 16 The neutralization of the two contrary electricities..may take place according to different modes. 1909 Science 17 Dec. 863/1 For a time a partial neutralization or electric equilibrium is effected. 1938 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) viii. ii. 81 The ‘neutralization’ of a hydrogen ion. 1950 Science 24 Mar. 306/1 The establishment of the coordinate bond creates a unit positive charge on the sulfur and a unit negative charge on the oxygen. In order that these charges may approach a minimum, a neutralization occurs and resonance results. 1994 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 347 105 A number of early models treated ball lightning as a phenomenon of electrostatics but none offered a realistic explanation of how charge neutralization could be avoided. 2. Biology and Medicine. The inactivation of a virus or other pathogen, toxin, etc., esp. by the action of an antiserum or antibody. ΚΠ 1892 G. M. Sternberg Man. Bacteriol. iii. 228 A neutralization of its [sc. the pathogenic germ's] toxic products by some substance present in the body of the animal which survives infection. 1902 Science 24 Oct. 665/1 Ehrlich insists that the antitoxin neutralizes the toxin directly, in a chemical way, and that such neutralization occurs when they are mixed in a test-tube, even more effectively than when they are injected separately into the body if a susceptible animal. 1929 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 104 554 It has been found with many viruses that..when serum and virus are mixed and straightway inoculated into an animal, neutralisation is every bit as good as when incubation of a mixture of the two has been carried out beforehand. 1953 R. W. Fairbrother Text-bk. Bacteriol. (ed. 7) x. 143 The control animal should exhibit characteristic signs of toxæmia, whereas, if the serum contains sufficient antitoxin, the test animal should remain unaffected. This test is termed a neutralization test. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 97 602/1 In the case of bacterial toxins, for instance, there are at least two mechanisms of in vivo neutralization, one based on interference in the interaction between toxin and its ‘substrate’ and the other based on the removal of toxin-antibody complexes by phagocytosis. 2000 Viral Immunol. 13 83 The best-known mechanism of action of antibody-mediated virus neutralization is to impede the entrance of viruses to host cells, as determined by neutralization assays. 3. Ophthalmology. The annulment of the refractive action of a lens by one or more other lenses, esp. as a means of measuring the power of the first lens. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > optical skills and techniques > [noun] > other techniques collimation1687 autocollimation1870 neutralization1897 microprojection1904 Foucault method1923 orthostereoscopy1928 phase contrast1934 1897 J. Thorington Retinoscopy iv. 34 This movement, at such a point in neutralization, may give a hint as to the presence of astigmatism. 1946 F. Dickinson & K. G. C. Hall Introd. Prescribing & Fitting of Contact Lenses vii. 82 The lenses should be checked for accuracy of focus and curve. In the absence of a refractionometer, neutralization may be employed. 1974 M. Jalie & L. Wray Pract. Ophthalmic Lenses 5 The measurement of the focal power of lenses can be done in many ways. Two main methods are used for ophthalmic lenses: (1) Neutralization. (2) Vertex power measuring instruments. 4. Electronics. The state of an amplifier, valve, etc., in which internal feedback is cancelled; the process by which this is achieved. (See neutralize v. 6c.) ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > cancellation of feedback neutralization1923 unilateralization1954 1923 Wireless World 21 Apr. 69/2 Neutralisation is secured provided coils L and L₁ are correctly coupled. 1950 Electronics Feb. 107/1 In push-pull amplifiers, triodes using this type of neutralization compare favorably with pentodes of the same transconductance as wideband amplifiers. 1970 Single Sideband for Radio Amateur (Amer. Radio Relay League) (ed. 5) iv. 123/1 Proper neutralization may be defined as the state in which, when plate and cathode tank circuits are resonant, maximum cathode voltage, minimum plate current, and maximum power output occur. 1990 J. J. Carr Integrated Electronics xiii. 347 A neutralization capacitance (C_n) is in the positive feedback path along with a potentiometer voltage divider. 5. Linguistics. The removal in a particular context of a contrast or distinction between phonemes, inflections, etc. ΚΠ 1942 C. F. Hockett in Language 18 10 Any talk of neutralization or cancellation or archiphonemes confuses the facts without adding anything. 1949 A. Martinet Phonol. as Functional Phonetics 7 Care should be taken not to mistake the non~appearance of a phoneme in a given position with a neutralization. 1962 Amer. Speech 37 69 Review of extant phonemic analyses of Modern Icelandic..and proposal of a third solution hinging on the Prague concept of neutralization. 1980 Eng. World-wide 1 206 It appears that reports of mergers or neutralizations that are based on a few observed instances may not be reliable. II. General uses. 6. The action of making or declaring a place or party neutral, esp. in time of war. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > peace > neutrality > [noun] > making neutral neutralization1801 1801 W. Dupré Lexicographia-neologica Gallica 200 Neutralisation, neutralization, neutrality. This word..is now used as a synonima of neutrality, or a disposition, resolution, or federation to take no part betwixt two or more contending parties. 1858 Trans. Philol. Soc. 45 The treaty of Paris has enriched French and English and probably all European languages with a new term: Neutralization, to neutralize. 1885 Manch. Examiner 27 Feb. 5/3 The neutralisation of the Congo basin. 1930 W. F. Sands Undiplomatic Memories xv. 225 My plan for neutralization of Korea..was sunk without trace. 1988 R. Allison Soviet Union & Strategy of Non-alignment (BNC) 129 An agreement on Austria was concluded between the great Powers in 1955 which provided the best European example of regulated neutrality, of a modern version of neutralisation. 7. gen. The action of counterbalancing, counteracting, or offsetting something. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > operation upon something > [noun] > neutralizing or counteracting correction1477 countervailinga1613 counteraction1791 neutralization1817 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biographia Literaria I. ii. 45 This is one instance among many of deception, by the telling the half of a fact, and omitting the other half, when it is from their mutual counteraction and neutralization, that the whole truth arises. 1856 P. E. Dove Logic Christian Faith i. ii. §2. 84 The cause of the neutralization or compensation of equal opposing force. 1885 A. M. Clerke Pop. Hist. Astron. 52 The point of neutralisation of opposing tendencies. 1968 R. A. Mundell Internat. Econ. xviii. 256 Sterilization (or neutralization) policy is a specific combination of monetary and exchange policy. 1994 K. Perry Business & European Community iii. 49 The consequence was not an increase in the flow of investment but reciprocal neutralization, with unjustified profits for the beneficiary enterprise. 8. a. Chiefly Politics. The action or process of rendering something or someone harmless or inconsequential, esp. by violent or coercive means. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > [noun] > safety or lack of risk or harm > process of rendering harmless neutralization1886 recuperation1967 declawing2011 1886 Polit. Sci. Q. 1 659 In the meantime she was to prepare a scheme for the neutralization of Egypt, which should be submitted to the Powers. 1917 Polit. Sci. Q. 32 594 For the perpetuation of peace, Professor Veblen counts on the elimination of dynasties and the neutralization of the factors which make for the control of business interests. 1940 Jrnl. Amer. Mil. Inst. 4 248 A discussion of methods of artillery fire for the neutralization and destruction of the batteries of the enemy. 1976 L. Jaworski Right & Power iii. 32 On July 28, 1971, Hunt wrote a memorandum to Colson entitled ‘Neutralization of Ellsburg’... ‘This basic tool is essential in determining how to destroy his public image and credibility.’ 1992 N.Y. Times 19 Jan. i. 10/1 The key to a successful overthrow of the Iraqi leader remained the defeat or neutralization of the five or seven Republican Guard divisions that are stationed in the greater Baghdad area to protect the Iraqi leader. 2001 Air Power Hist. Summer 49/1 A heavier weight of ordnance delivered in a shorter period of time..led to quicker and longer neutralization of enemy targets. b. Politics and Military (chiefly U.S.) (euphemistic). Killing, assassination. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > man-killing or homicide > murder or assassination > [noun] murderingeOE murderOE banec1175 morth gamec1275 morth spellc1275 slaughterc1325 murdermenta1400 murderdom1514 massacre1589 remove1592 assassinate1596 assassinment1602 assassination1610 assassinacy1611 assassinaya1641 removal1655 murderation1715 murdrum1767 thugdom1839 aliicide1868 hatchet job1925 liquidation1925 rubout1927 murder one1966 neutralization1971 1971 N.Y. Times 7 Apr. 87/2 His lawyer discussed ‘precise neutralization’ (the killing of a villager determined to be a Communist) and ‘imprecise neutralization’ (the killing of a villager not quite determined to be a Communist). 1996 Washington Post (Electronic ed.) 21 Sept. On several occasions it [sc. a U.S. Army manual] uses the words ‘neutralization’ or ‘neutralizing’, which were commonly used at the time as euphemisms for execution or destruction, a Pentagon official said. 2001 Amer. Prospect 7/1 The fostering of an institutional mind-set by superiors (John and Robert Kennedy) that includes assassination... As a result of pressure from both Kennedys, the CIA set up a compartmented unit devoted to Castro's neutralization. 9. Motor Racing and Cycling. The action of declaring a part or section of a course ineligible for consideration in determining the overall result of the event; an instance of this; such a part or section of a course. ΚΠ 1905 Automobile Topics 27 May (Europ. Suppl.) 2 There are no cities..to require frequent neutralizations. 1977 G. Nicholson Great Bike Race (1978) 17 Neutralisation,..period when riders pedal along but may not race, for example, between the ceremonial start in a city centre and the real start on the outskirts. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1796
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