backingn.

Brit.

/ˈbakɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈbækɪŋ/

Etymology: < back v. + -ing suffix¹.

I. The action of back v. in various senses.

1. The action of supporting at the back.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [noun]

holtc1375

fastnessa1382

maintenance1384

supportc1391

suppowell1399

supportationc1405

subministrationa1425

conforturec1475

stay1532

back-stand1548

supportance1576

backing1598

voice1600

supportment1607

supporture1609

seconding1613

manutenency?1630

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [noun] > supporting

bearinga1387

maintaininga1387

sustaining1395

supportinga1450

underpropping1586

backing1598

upholding1605

through-bearing1656

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 150 Call you that backing of your friends, a plague vpon such backing.

1633 W. Ames Fresh Suit against Human Ceremonies ii. 281 For the backinge of the former consequence, this reason was added.

1873 A. Helps Some Talk about Animals & their Masters v. 133 My ready backing of my friend.

2. The mounting of a horse; the breaking in of a colt to the saddle.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [noun] > mounting a horse

onleaping1488

backing1607

mounting1816

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > keeper or manager > horse-breaking or -training

managea1586

managery1685

school1705

schooling1753

manège1768

backing1783

lunging1833

horse-taming1836

dressage1912

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 307 It is good to vse your horsse to backing, both sadled and bare.

1783 Ainsworth's Thes. Linguæ Latinæ (new ed.) The backing of a horse, equi domitura.

3. The action of putting or moving back; a throwing back in progress; retardation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [noun] > hindering or retarding

retardationc1437

tardation1568

delay1570

retarding1585

detention1589

forslowing1611

remore1627

retardment1640

tardidation1647

backing1649

retardure1751

demurrage1817

delayal1834

delaying action1872

heel-tapping?1883

1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver ii. 14 A great part of that Land lieth as it were drowned..it overcomes not that backing many times till neare Midsummer.

4. Motion in a backward direction, esp. of the wind in a direction opposed to the sun's. backing and filling (see back v. 16b). U.S.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > wind with reference to direction > change of direction > specific

scant1595

veering1611

backing1686

westing1834

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > [noun] > movement back and forth

course and recourse1461

backing and filling1777

come-and-go1794

to and fro1847

toing and froing1847

va-et-vient1919

the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > accumulation of water behind barrier > forming a head

heading up1873

backing1884

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. i. 25 Who foretold them by the Winds backing to the Sun..i.e. opposing its course.

1777 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1906) XLII. 315 He was then order'd..to Stillwarter, then ordered from Stillwarter to Benington... This in the Salers Frase is Backing & filling, makes but poor way a head.

1854 N.Y. Herald 15 June There has been so much backing and filling, not only upon the Cuban question, but upon every other.

1869 R. Semmes Mem. Service Afloat 255 The reader need no longer wonder at the backing and filling of the Iroquois around the little Sumter.

1874 F. G. D. Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. iv. 75 From West to South-West, South, and South-East, the change is called backing.

1884 Ingersoll in Harper's Mag. 876/2 Rivers would be able to dispose of their water in the full season without its backing up.

attributive.1903 S. Clapin New Dict. Amer. 31 A backing and filling policy is one which is shilly-shally, trifling, irresolute.1949 Amer. Speech 24 172 Tickers slowed down and a series of backing and filling movements made the pattern for the day.

5. technical.

a. Printing. ‘Perfecting’ a sheet already printed on one side, by printing it on the other.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > manner or style of printing > [noun] > printing on second side

reiteration1683

reteration1683

backing1846

perfecting1951

1846 Printing Appar. Amateurs 42 When a second impression was added at the back, which is called backing, or working the reiteration.

Thesaurus »

Categories »

b. Bookbinding. Preparing the back of a book with glue, etc. before putting on the cover.

a. backing-down: withdrawal, shirking.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun]

reversec1487

retraction1536

relent1580

declension1597

relentance1629

resentment1646

intercision1647

relenting1694

back-down1862

backing-down1883

back-pedalling1950

step-down1973

1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 465/1 There's to be no backing down.

b. backing-off: unwinding silk or cotton.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > uncoiling or unwinding > [noun]

unwinding1648

backing-off1839

uncoiling1839

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 369 It is necessary to turn the rim beforehand a little in the opposite direction..an operation called in technical language, the backing off.

1851 L. D. B. Gordon in Art Jrnl. Illustr. Catal. vi. **/2 This operation of undoing the coil is called the backing-off.

c. backing-up in Cricket, etc.: see back v. 8. Also in other games.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > [noun] > other batting actions

backing-up1816

slip1833

wrist-play1851

leg before1867

follow-through1891

gardening1897

wrist-work1898

whip1903

back-lift1912

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > fielding > [noun] > running behind another fielder

backing-up1816

1816 W. Lambert Instr. & Rules Cricket 39 Getting behind the Wicket-keeper, when the Ball is thrown in, which is called backing up.

1836 New Sporting Mag. Oct. 360 By backing up too far, he ran himself out.

1960 Times 14 Nov. 4/1 The age-old principle of backing-up..was once more the basic strength of the whole [Rugby football] team.

d. backing-out (see back v. 18). Also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > withdrawal from an engagement or promise

retraction1550

resiling1644

retractation1654

resilience1656

backing-out1819

pull-out1825

back-out1829

resilement1830

1819 Cartwright in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 22 May col. 1112 The Duke saw his reasons for what Mr. Cobbett calls ‘backing out’.

1841 Knickerbocker 17 374 Nor would her offended dignity be appeased by the self-imposed immolations of backing-out.

1846 S. F. Smith Theatr. Apprenticeship 149 I don't come from a backing out country—I must have a showing for the money that's down.

1880 A. W. Tourgée Invis. Empire v. 413 In explanation of the backing-out process, he says it consisted simply in not going to any more meetings.

II. Collective term for that which backs, or forms a back, rear, or hinder part.

a. Support, succour; a body of supporters.

ΚΠ

1817 W. Scott Rob Roy I. viii. 181 A quarter whence assuredly he expected no backing.

1880 Times 11 Dec. 9 It is promoted by what appears to be a solid backing of landowners.

b. Musical or vocal accompaniment to a singer, esp. on a recording.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [noun] > accompaniment

accompaniment1697

obbligato1825

Alberti bass1845

vamp1882

backing1940

comp1946

comping1949

1940 Swing Jan. 24/3 Everyone..seems happy in the rowdy backing, which gives plenty of punch to a good old barroom song.

1940 Swing June 17 The backing is based on a riff that's been used for several other numbers lately.

1959 Punch 19 Aug. 60/2 Mr. B. finds the backing tedious and professes indifference to the singer's charms.

a. Anything used to form a back, or line the back.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surface > [noun] > rear surface > that which forms

foil1684

backing1793

back-up1949

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §221 Not only flat backing, but Purbeck ashler in rough courses, from those quarries.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Backing, the timber behind the armour-plates of a ship.

1880 L. Higgin Handbk. Embroidery iv. 35 Silk, satin, or velvet..must be backed with a fine cotton or linen lining. The ‘backing’..is first framed.

1884 F. M. Crawford Rom. Singer (ed. 2) I. 219 A great pier-glass was cracked..and the metallic backing seemed to be scaling off.

1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 241 Backing, the base on which the magnetic oxide coating of tape is carried.

1963 Which? Mar. 691 Carpets usually have a backing and a pile. The backing is woven, and consists of a set of warp threads (usually cotton) and a set of weft threads (usually jute).

1967 E. Short Embroidery & Fabric Collage i. 20 (caption) Padded by slitting the backing and inserting cotton wool.

b. Photography (a) (See back v. 2b); (b) backing paper, a strip of opaque paper on which the celluloid film in a roll-film is mounted.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > plates and films > [noun] > film > backing paper

backing paper1937

1937 S. G. B. Stubbs Mod. Encycl. Photogr. I. 26/1 The beginning of the film, and the gummed paper holding it to the black side of the ‘backing-paper’ is clearly seen in the illustration.

1958 Newnes Compl. Amateur Photogr. iv. 55 35 mm. film is without a backing paper with numbers on it which can be viewed through a red window.

c. Scenery placed behind a door, window or other opening in a stage or film set.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > a theatre > theatrical equipment or accessories > [noun] > scenery > pieces of

side shutter1634

drop1781

flat1795

back-scene1818

border1824

profile1824

act drop1829

set piece1859

profiling1861

profile wing1873

backing1889

profile piece1896

revolve1900

construction1924

wood-wing1933

cutout1949

1889 in Cent. Dict.

1937 N. Coward Present Indicative ii. 102 Backings and flats..waiting about untidily to be set in Act One.

1952 W. Granville Dict. Theatr. Terms 20 Window backings are often part of the general back-cloth picture of the landscape.

9. = back n.¹ 16.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > roof-beam > edge of

back1679

backing1823

1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 225 The Backing of a Hip is the angle made on its upper edge to range with the two sides or planes of the roof between which it is placed.

10. (dialect) Bank, embankment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > ridge > [noun] > ridge of earth

benchc1250

rindc1440

bink1568

ledge1658

ridgelet1774

ridget1791

backing1863

soil stripe1910

1863 Lancashire Fents 3 A pretty weaver lass..seated herself on the ‘backing.’

1865 B. Brierley Irkdale I. 136 A younger person stands upon the garden ‘backing.’

11. backings n. refuse of wool or flax, or what is left after dressing it; in the manufacture of flax, ‘properly the tow, that is thrown off by a second hackling’ (Jamieson). Also in form backens. Scottish.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > wool > refuse

noils1623

pinions1670

backings1780

pluck1825

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > heckled > coarse parts

hurdseOE

oakumeOE

tow1530

flax-hurd1614

tow hards1615

codilla1748

backings1780

swingling-tow1828

1780 A. Young Tour Ireland 101 8 lb. flax for coarse linen; and 4 lb. of dressed tow, and some for backens.

1780 A. Young Tour Ireland 195 The remainder is called backings, and is spun into the coarsest stuff.

1785 Ann. Reg. 1783 Useful Projects 84/1 An Account of Cloth made from the Refuse of Flax, and Backings of Tow.

c1795 Aberd. Statist. Acc. XIX. 207 (Jam.) The waft was spun by old women, and that only from backings or nails.

12. Scottish and U.S. (The act of writing) the address of a letter. Cf. back v. 12b.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > sending items > [noun] > addressing letter

direction1524

backing1833

1833 Chambers' Edinb. Jrnl. 4 May 112/1 The same rule applies to the backing of the letter.

1871 W. Alexander Johnny Gibb xiv. 104 It was not the mere writing that dismayed him, it was the composition..and the ‘backin'’.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	backing
释义	backingn. Brit. /ˈbakɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈbækɪŋ/ Etymology: < back v. + -ing suffix¹. I. The action of back v. in various senses. 1. The action of supporting at the back. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [noun] holtc1375 fastnessa1382 maintenance1384 supportc1391 suppowell1399 supportationc1405 subministrationa1425 conforturec1475 stay1532 back-stand1548 supportance1576 backing1598 voice1600 supportment1607 supporture1609 seconding1613 manutenency?1630 the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > [noun] > supporting bearinga1387 maintaininga1387 sustaining1395 supportinga1450 underpropping1586 backing1598 upholding1605 through-bearing1656 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 150 Call you that backing of your friends, a plague vpon such backing. View more context for this quotation 1633 W. Ames Fresh Suit against Human Ceremonies ii. 281 For the backinge of the former consequence, this reason was added. 1873 A. Helps Some Talk about Animals & their Masters v. 133 My ready backing of my friend. 2. The mounting of a horse; the breaking in of a colt to the saddle. ΘΚΠ society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [noun] > mounting a horse onleaping1488 backing1607 mounting1816 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [noun] > keeper or manager > horse-breaking or -training managea1586 managery1685 school1705 schooling1753 manège1768 backing1783 lunging1833 horse-taming1836 dressage1912 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 307 It is good to vse your horsse to backing, both sadled and bare. 1783 Ainsworth's Thes. Linguæ Latinæ (new ed.) The backing of a horse, equi domitura. 3. The action of putting or moving back; a throwing back in progress; retardation. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [noun] > hindering or retarding retardationc1437 tardation1568 delay1570 retarding1585 detention1589 forslowing1611 remore1627 retardment1640 tardidation1647 backing1649 retardure1751 demurrage1817 delayal1834 delaying action1872 heel-tapping?1883 1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver ii. 14 A great part of that Land lieth as it were drowned..it overcomes not that backing many times till neare Midsummer. 4. Motion in a backward direction, esp. of the wind in a direction opposed to the sun's. backing and filling (see back v. 16b). U.S. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > wind with reference to direction > change of direction > specific scant1595 veering1611 backing1686 westing1834 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > [noun] > movement back and forth course and recourse1461 backing and filling1777 come-and-go1794 to and fro1847 toing and froing1847 va-et-vient1919 the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > accumulation of water behind barrier > forming a head heading up1873 backing1884 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. i. 25 Who foretold them by the Winds backing to the Sun..i.e. opposing its course. 1777 in Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. (1906) XLII. 315 He was then order'd..to Stillwarter, then ordered from Stillwarter to Benington... This in the Salers Frase is Backing & filling, makes but poor way a head. 1854 N.Y. Herald 15 June There has been so much backing and filling, not only upon the Cuban question, but upon every other. 1869 R. Semmes Mem. Service Afloat 255 The reader need no longer wonder at the backing and filling of the Iroquois around the little Sumter. 1874 F. G. D. Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. iv. 75 From West to South-West, South, and South-East, the change is called backing. 1884 Ingersoll in Harper's Mag. 876/2 Rivers would be able to dispose of their water in the full season without its backing up. attributive.1903 S. Clapin New Dict. Amer. 31 A backing and filling policy is one which is shilly-shally, trifling, irresolute.1949 Amer. Speech 24 172 Tickers slowed down and a series of backing and filling movements made the pattern for the day. 5. technical. a. Printing. ‘Perfecting’ a sheet already printed on one side, by printing it on the other. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > manner or style of printing > [noun] > printing on second side reiteration1683 reteration1683 backing1846 perfecting1951 1846 Printing Appar. Amateurs 42 When a second impression was added at the back, which is called backing, or working the reiteration. Thesaurus » Categories » b. Bookbinding. Preparing the back of a book with glue, etc. before putting on the cover. 6. a. backing-down: withdrawal, shirking. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] reversec1487 retraction1536 relent1580 declension1597 relentance1629 resentment1646 intercision1647 relenting1694 back-down1862 backing-down1883 back-pedalling1950 step-down1973 1883 Harper's Mag. Aug. 465/1 There's to be no backing down. b. backing-off: unwinding silk or cotton. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > uncoiling or unwinding > [noun] unwinding1648 backing-off1839 uncoiling1839 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 369 It is necessary to turn the rim beforehand a little in the opposite direction..an operation called in technical language, the backing off. 1851 L. D. B. Gordon in Art Jrnl. Illustr. Catal. vi. */2 This operation of undoing the coil is called the backing-off. c. backing-up in Cricket, etc.: see back v. 8. Also in other games. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > [noun] > other batting actions backing-up1816 slip1833 wrist-play1851 leg before1867 follow-through1891 gardening1897 wrist-work1898 whip1903 back-lift1912 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > fielding > [noun] > running behind another fielder backing-up1816 1816 W. Lambert Instr. & Rules Cricket* 39 Getting behind the Wicket-keeper, when the Ball is thrown in, which is called backing up. 1836 New Sporting Mag. Oct. 360 By backing up too far, he ran himself out. 1960 Times 14 Nov. 4/1 The age-old principle of backing-up..was once more the basic strength of the whole [Rugby football] team. d. backing-out (see back v. 18). Also attributive. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > withdrawal from an engagement or promise retraction1550 resiling1644 retractation1654 resilience1656 backing-out1819 pull-out1825 back-out1829 resilement1830 1819 Cartwright in Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 22 May col. 1112 The Duke saw his reasons for what Mr. Cobbett calls ‘backing out’. 1841 Knickerbocker 17 374 Nor would her offended dignity be appeased by the self-imposed immolations of backing-out. 1846 S. F. Smith Theatr. Apprenticeship 149 I don't come from a backing out country—I must have a showing for the money that's down. 1880 A. W. Tourgée Invis. Empire v. 413 In explanation of the backing-out process, he says it consisted simply in not going to any more meetings. II. Collective term for that which backs, or forms a back, rear, or hinder part. 7. a. Support, succour; a body of supporters. ΚΠ 1817 W. Scott Rob Roy I. viii. 181 A quarter whence assuredly he expected no backing. 1880 Times 11 Dec. 9 It is promoted by what appears to be a solid backing of landowners. b. Musical or vocal accompaniment to a singer, esp. on a recording. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [noun] > accompaniment accompaniment1697 obbligato1825 Alberti bass1845 vamp1882 backing1940 comp1946 comping1949 1940 Swing Jan. 24/3 Everyone..seems happy in the rowdy backing, which gives plenty of punch to a good old barroom song. 1940 Swing June 17 The backing is based on a riff that's been used for several other numbers lately. 1959 Punch 19 Aug. 60/2 Mr. B. finds the backing tedious and professes indifference to the singer's charms. 8. a. Anything used to form a back, or line the back. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surface > [noun] > rear surface > that which forms foil1684 backing1793 back-up1949 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §221 Not only flat backing, but Purbeck ashler in rough courses, from those quarries. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Backing, the timber behind the armour-plates of a ship. 1880 L. Higgin Handbk. Embroidery iv. 35 Silk, satin, or velvet..must be backed with a fine cotton or linen lining. The ‘backing’..is first framed. 1884 F. M. Crawford Rom. Singer (ed. 2) I. 219 A great pier-glass was cracked..and the metallic backing seemed to be scaling off. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 241 Backing, the base on which the magnetic oxide coating of tape is carried. 1963 Which? Mar. 691 Carpets usually have a backing and a pile. The backing is woven, and consists of a set of warp threads (usually cotton) and a set of weft threads (usually jute). 1967 E. Short Embroidery & Fabric Collage i. 20 (caption) Padded by slitting the backing and inserting cotton wool. b. Photography (a) (See back v. 2b); (b) backing paper, a strip of opaque paper on which the celluloid film in a roll-film is mounted. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > plates and films > [noun] > film > backing paper backing paper1937 1937 S. G. B. Stubbs Mod. Encycl. Photogr. I. 26/1 The beginning of the film, and the gummed paper holding it to the black side of the ‘backing-paper’ is clearly seen in the illustration. 1958 Newnes Compl. Amateur Photogr. iv. 55 35 mm. film is without a backing paper with numbers on it which can be viewed through a red window. c. Scenery placed behind a door, window or other opening in a stage or film set. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > a theatre > theatrical equipment or accessories > [noun] > scenery > pieces of side shutter1634 drop1781 flat1795 back-scene1818 border1824 profile1824 act drop1829 set piece1859 profiling1861 profile wing1873 backing1889 profile piece1896 revolve1900 construction1924 wood-wing1933 cutout1949 1889 in Cent. Dict. 1937 N. Coward Present Indicative ii. 102 Backings and flats..waiting about untidily to be set in Act One. 1952 W. Granville Dict. Theatr. Terms 20 Window backings are often part of the general back-cloth picture of the landscape. 9. = back n.¹ 16. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > framework of building > [noun] > roof-beam > edge of back1679 backing1823 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 225 The Backing of a Hip is the angle made on its upper edge to range with the two sides or planes of the roof between which it is placed. 10. (dialect) Bank, embankment. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > ridge > [noun] > ridge of earth benchc1250 rindc1440 bink1568 ledge1658 ridgelet1774 ridget1791 backing1863 soil stripe1910 1863 Lancashire Fents 3 A pretty weaver lass..seated herself on the ‘backing.’ 1865 B. Brierley Irkdale I. 136 A younger person stands upon the garden ‘backing.’ 11. backings n. refuse of wool or flax, or what is left after dressing it; in the manufacture of flax, ‘properly the tow, that is thrown off by a second hackling’ (Jamieson). Also in form backens. Scottish. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > wool > refuse noils1623 pinions1670 backings1780 pluck1825 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > treated or processed textiles > [noun] > flax, hemp, or jute > heckled > coarse parts hurdseOE oakumeOE tow1530 flax-hurd1614 tow hards1615 codilla1748 backings1780 swingling-tow1828 1780 A. Young Tour Ireland 101 8 lb. flax for coarse linen; and 4 lb. of dressed tow, and some for backens. 1780 A. Young Tour Ireland 195 The remainder is called backings, and is spun into the coarsest stuff. 1785 Ann. Reg. 1783 Useful Projects 84/1 An Account of Cloth made from the Refuse of Flax, and Backings of Tow. c1795 Aberd. Statist. Acc. XIX. 207 (Jam.) The waft was spun by old women, and that only from backings or nails. 12. Scottish and U.S. (The act of writing) the address of a letter. Cf. back v. 12b. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > sending items > [noun] > addressing letter direction1524 backing1833 1833 Chambers' Edinb. Jrnl. 4 May 112/1 The same rule applies to the backing of the letter. 1871 W. Alexander Johnny Gibb xiv. 104 It was not the mere writing that dismayed him, it was the composition..and the ‘backin'’. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2021). backingadj. Brit. /ˈbakɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈbækɪŋ/ Etymology: < back v. + -ing suffix². That backs, or moves backward. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adjective] > moving backwards retrograde1564 apostatical1620 retrogressive1755 backing1862 retreative1898 the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > sheepdog > [adjective] > having particular skills strong-eyed1686 backing1934 1862 G. W. Thornbury Life J. M. W. Turner I. 268 In the foreground Turner has put a backing waggon with kicking horses. 1907 Macmillan's Mag. July 671 A small sandy bay on the left bank, where a backing eddy ran. 1934 J. Lilico Sheep Dog Mem. 26 The finest backing dogs I have ever seen are in the saleyards at Addington. 1945 S. J. Baker Austral. Lang. iii. 73 A dog trained to run across the backs of sheep when they are yarded is called a backing dog. 1966 Melody Maker 23 July 10/4 The backing group on Nina Simone's recording of ‘Pastel Blues’. Draft additions June 2007 In a musical performance: designating a musician or singer who provides the backing to the principal singer or musicians; (also) designating the singing or (esp. prerecorded) music which provides this. Cf. backing n. 7b. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > piece of music > section of piece of music > [adjective] > accompaniment accompanimental1874 vamped1874 backing1964 1964 Times 2 Dec. 7/1 Adam Faith's backing group, The Roulettes. 1967 New Musical Express 30 Sept. 11/2 We feel like we're cheating with backing tracks and maybe this comes over on the screen. The boys are musicians they want to show they can play. 1972 Times 15 Jan. 9/6 The brass soars and plunges, the backing singers still burble delightful Motown words like ‘poop-poop-poop-poop’. 1988 R. Doyle Commitments (1991) 34 The three backing vocalists, The Commitmentettes, listened to The Supremes,..and The Shangri-las. 1992 Vibe Fall (Preview Issue) 31/2 Imagine the diabolical Biz Markie..with '70s funksters Mandrill for a backing band. 2001 Big Issue 27 Dec. 19/3 He would no doubt have been delighted by his old bandmates adding some backing vocals and putting it out as the first ‘new’ Beatles Song since 1970. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online December 2021). > as lemmas backing backing n. often concrete = the coating applied to the plate. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > chemicals > [noun] > coating or backing film1840 backing1846 colour film1862 coating1892 1846 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 6th Ser. iv. 89 In the process of ‘backing’,..the book is laid on a bench,..and hammered near the back edge, with such a peculiar movement of the left hand as causes the back to become rounded while the hammering proceeds. 1901 D. Cockerell Bookbinding 118 Rounding and backing are best done after the glue has ceased to be tacky. 1906 R. C. Bayley Compl. Photographer 95 A thick coat of backing is quite unnecessary. extracted from backv. < n.1598adj.1862 as lemmas
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backingn.

backingadj.

Draft additions June 2007

> as lemmas