necessitousadj.n.

Brit.

/nᵻˈsɛsᵻtəs/, U.S.

/nəˈsɛsədəs/

Forms: 1600s necessitus, 1600s– necessitous.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: necessity n., -ous suffix.

Etymology: < necessity n. + -ous suffix, after French nécessiteux, adjective (early 14th cent. in Old French in sense A. 2b; 1422 in Middle French in sense A. 2a), and noun (1546 in Middle French).

A. adj.

a. Characterized by necessity or poverty.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective]

poorc1300

straitc1300

porail1514

needy1574

necessitous1608

down at heel1856

1608 H. Wotton Let. 24 Apr. in L. P. Smith Life & Lett. Sir H. Wotton (1907) I. 424 The great contracts which this State useth to make with them for corn in necessitous times.

1639 P. Massinger Unnaturall Combat Ded. sig. A2 Divers, whose necessitous fortunes made it [sc. poetry] their profession.

1654 E. Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 75 He..was in a most necessitus condicion.

1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World xiv. 417 By means of our necessitous misfortunes.

1799 C. B. Brown Ormond ii. 29 To comply with the urgencies of the case, and to do that which, in necessitous circumstances is best.

1800 C. Smith Force of Calumny ii. ii. 32 Your opinions are not very consistent with our necessitous situation.

1885 Act 48 & 49 Victoria c. 40 Preamble Relations of the said testator..in necessitous circumstances.

1941 Amer. Econ. Rev. 30 314 Their value would also be enhanced after the war by the necessitous condition in which many areas of Europe would find themselves.

1991 J. Marriott Culture of Labourism (BNC) 53 The 1918 Act..providing home helps for poor mothers and supplying free milk in necessitous cases.

†b. Caused by want or necessity. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 341 The incurring of necessitous Debts, by reason of the Penurious straightness of his Fortune.

a. Placed or living in a condition of necessity, want, or poverty; having little or nothing to support oneself by; poor, needy.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor

havelessOE

unrichOE

waedlec1000

armOE

nakedOE

helplessc1175

wantsomec1175

poora1200

barec1220

needfula1225

misease?c1225

unwealya1300

needyc1325

feeblec1330

poorful1372

mischievousc1390

miseasedc1390

indigentc1400

meanc1400

naughtyc1400

succourless1412

unwealthyc1412

behove1413

misterousa1425

misterfulc1480

miserablec1485

beggarly1545

starved1563

threadbare1577

penurious1590

fortuneless1596

wealthless1605

wantful1607

necessitous1611

inopulent1613

titheless1615

egene1631

starveling1638

necessitated1646

inopious1656

parsimonious1782

unopulent1782

lacking1805

bushed1819

obolary1820

ill-to-do1853

down at heel1856

po'1866

needsome1870

down-at-heeled1884

rocky1921

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Necessiteux, necessitous, needie, poore, indigent.

1650 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 16. 207 To pay the summe of Two hundred pounds for the releife of the most necessitous of the poor persons whose houses were by the late sadde accident destroyed.

1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies I. iv. 39 He exhausts all his Revenues, and is always necessitous.

1780 E. Burke Speech Oeconomical Reformation 17 It holds out a shadow of present gain to a greedy and necessitous public.

1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. ii. 21 The wants of all their necessitous neighbours.

1856 J. B. Howe Brit. Slave iv. iv. 38 He is under obligations to you; you have lent him money; he is still needy and necessitous.

1868 C. M. Yonge Cameos lxxxviii, in Monthly Packet June 535 His niggardly or necessitous master had only advanced one thousand francs.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 108/1 A further sum was allotted to provide pensions for necessitous members of the Academy and their widows.

1991 P. Thane Found. Welfare State (BNC) 69 Pressure from the Conservative and Liberal backbenchers forced the government to permit Poor Law Guardians to give relief in the form of free school meals to necessitous schoolchildren.

b. In need of a thing. Also with †for. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1638 W. Berkeley Lost Lady v. 45 The gods are not Necessitous of us, but we of them.

1650 R. Gentilis tr. V. Malvezzi Considerations Lives Alcibiades & Corialanus 213 The German Legions cry up Vitellius for Emperour, they see him necessitous of money.

1680 W. Petyt Britannia Languens in J. R. McCulloch Early Eng. Tracts Comm. (1952) vi. i. 390 The Seller will not be so necessitous for money as before, and will have a greater choice of Chapmen, who will be more able and ready to buy.

1696 W. Wycherly in C. Trotter Agnes de Castro Prol. Ladies; as necessitous of Fame, Ne'er raise your Credit by another's shame.

1943 R. Fitzgerald Wreath for Sea 13 He walks toward remote dawn in the empty city, Facing the cold draft, fish-smell from the river, Necessitous of love.

†c. Needy; in need of aid or assistance. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective] > having difficulty > beset with difficulties

poseletc1390

withstad14..

ystadea1440

mireda1522

hard-set1572

hard-pressed1707

necessitous1711

hard pushed1785

hard-run1834

1711 M. Henry Forgiveness of Sin in Wks. (1853) II. 318/2 Our natures are necessitous, and continually depending upon the divine providence.

†3. Enforced, obligatory. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > done, produced, or obtained by compulsion

threata1400

constraintc1430

compelled1541

compulsed1541

violent?1550

extorted1552

wrested1565

coacted1570

enforced1576

forced1576

compulsory1581

commandeda1586

coactive1596

infortiate1601

extortious1602

coact1610

compulsive1611

exacted1618

necessitous1632

violented1641

necessary1655

on-forced1656

commandatorya1659

extorsive1669

compellable1677

compulsatory1748

obbligato1780

coerced1877

mandatory1891

shotgun1937

1632 P. Massinger Emperour of East iv. iii. sig. I If sicke with the excesse of heate or cold, Caus'd by necessitous labour.

1632 B. Jonson Magn. Lady iii. v. 40 in Wks. (1640) In case of some necessitous misery, or Incumbent mischiefe.

1798 W. Dunlap Andre i. i. 9 Why stand I,..At midnight's depth, deck'd in this murderous guise, The habiliment of death, the badge of dire, Necessitous coercion.

1875 W. B. Scott Poems 128 Soon enough the labouring day, With its necessitous unmusical calls, Will force the indolent conscience into life.

4. Necessary; requisite. Also with for, to. Now rare (chiefly regional).In quot. 1742 attributed to an uneducated speaker.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective]

needfulOE

necessaryc1376

needfulc1390

necessairea1393

needfula1402

necessariousc1410

requisite1442

unlackablec1443

unsparablec1449

necessc1475

requise1477

needy1487

exigentc1508

of necessityc1515

essential1526

insacrificablea1603

peremptory1607

unspared1614

sine qua non1615

real1620

necessitous1637

needsomec1650

undispensable1658

vital1659

wanting1671

implemental1676

sine quo non1693

indispensable1696

indispensible1792

vital1822

unmissable1823

of the essence (of)1843

1637 T. Heywood Londini Speculum sig. C2 Since grave and wise men have beene of opinion, that it is convenient, nay necessitous..to mixe seria iocis; for what better can set off matter, than when it is interlaced with mirth?

1697 C. Cibber Womans Wit Pref. Another Hindrance was my too nice observation of Regularity..the Scene never breaking in any Act but the Third, and then not to an unreasonable distance, nor without a necessitous Occasion.

1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 3 It has been made a necessitous study, how to manage these enclosed high grounds.

1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. i. iii. 15 [Mrs. Slipslop] proceeded: ‘And why is Latin more necessitous for a Footman than a Gentleman?’

1793 J. Williams Calm Exam. 59 Drawing the line of necessitous propriety between what the people require, and their leaders would enforce.

1822 G. Darley Errors of Ecstasie 33 Are you not made with Passions and with Reason, One to incite, the other to restrain, And both necessitous to ordinate Liberty?

1848 E. Bennett Renegade xx. 136 Well, it's to be hoped you'll al'ays git bread enough to keep from starving, and that you won't fight nor quarrel more nor is necessitous.

1898 J. J. H. Burgess Tang iv. 52 Yes, very necessitous, both for da fishing an so for da crops.

1925 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 40 162 The carriers east of Ohmaha..being many and necessitous for business.

a1958 D. Schwartz Summer Knowl. (1967) 107 Marcius makes inquiries About Aufidius, his perfect foe, Necessitous to him.

B. n.

With plural agreement. With the. Necessitous people as a class; the poor or needy. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor people or the poor

waedlec888

needfula1200

needya1225

poorc1225

God's poorc1230

porailc1325

porailsa1425

povertya1450

poorality1536

God's poverty1563

miserable1582

necessitous1622

necessitated1638

ptochocracy1831

fallen1878

worse off1890

po'1945

1622 E. Chaloner Sixe Serm. 22 Distribute your Almes to the necessitous.

1693 Humours & Conversat. Town 95 What they can in any way screw out of the necessitous.

1748 Ld. Chesterfield Lett. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1222 The ambitious hoped for kingdoms; the greedy and the necessitous for plunder.

1786 S. Horsley Serm. (1816) III. 103 It may be proper that the law should do something for the protection of the necessitous.

1826 Osric & Lencastro i. ii. 11 Touched by her miserable situation, I directed her to Osric's castle, where I informed her that the necessitous ever find relief, and a kind reception.

1867 Felton's Greece, Anc. & Mod. I. 482 The very wealthy..on the one hand, and, on the other, the necessitous.

1892 N. Amer. Rev. May 547 The allowance..is but little more than half the requirement and from even that restricted allowance nearly one-third of the necessitous are altogether excluded.

1927 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 90 711 There are certain special benefits which are confined to the necessitous: poor relief, school dinners, and non-contributory old age pensions, for example.

1994 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 66 262 This variation on natural law claims for soft or imperfect rights to charity substituted a general right to subsistence for the specific right of the necessitous.

Derivatives

neˈcessitously adv.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > [adverb]

needeOE

of (also for, on) needeOE

needseOE

needlingc1225

needs cost?a1300

needlingsc1300

needlya1350

of necessityc1390

needfullya1398

necessarily?a1400

needgatesa1400

needingsa1400

needwaysa1400

needslyc1425

perforcec1425

needilyc1475

needwayc1480

of (or on) force?1507

need-forcea1525

requisitely1565

of very force1587

necessitously1637

necessitively1647

par force1819

imperatively1833

necessitatedly1864

of perforce1897

the mind > possession > poverty > [adverb]

poorlyc1330

soberlya1387

alowc1400

beggarlyc1400

penuriously1616

needily1642

necessitously1776

1637 T. Heywood Londini Speculum sig. B2^v One thing more is necessitously to be added.

1776 T. Paine Common Sense ii. 12 Tho avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor.

1997 Business Hist. (Nexis) July 39 152 Although the book is..described..as a postgraduate thesis, it is much more than the usual, necessitously restricted, Ph.D. study.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	necessitous
释义	necessitousadj.n. Brit. /nᵻˈsɛsᵻtəs/, U.S. /nəˈsɛsədəs/ Forms: 1600s necessitus, 1600s– necessitous. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: necessity n., -ous suffix. Etymology: < necessity n. + -ous suffix, after French nécessiteux, adjective (early 14th cent. in Old French in sense A. 2b; 1422 in Middle French in sense A. 2a), and noun (1546 in Middle French). A. adj. 1. a. Characterized by necessity or poverty. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] poorc1300 straitc1300 porail1514 needy1574 necessitous1608 down at heel1856 1608 H. Wotton Let. 24 Apr. in L. P. Smith Life & Lett. Sir H. Wotton (1907) I. 424 The great contracts which this State useth to make with them for corn in necessitous times. 1639 P. Massinger Unnaturall Combat Ded. sig. A2 Divers, whose necessitous fortunes made it [sc. poetry] their profession. 1654 E. Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 75 He..was in a most necessitus condicion. 1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World xiv. 417 By means of our necessitous misfortunes. 1799 C. B. Brown Ormond ii. 29 To comply with the urgencies of the case, and to do that which, in necessitous circumstances is best. 1800 C. Smith Force of Calumny ii. ii. 32 Your opinions are not very consistent with our necessitous situation. 1885 Act 48 & 49 Victoria c. 40 Preamble Relations of the said testator..in necessitous circumstances. 1941 Amer. Econ. Rev. 30 314 Their value would also be enhanced after the war by the necessitous condition in which many areas of Europe would find themselves. 1991 J. Marriott Culture of Labourism (BNC) 53 The 1918 Act..providing home helps for poor mothers and supplying free milk in necessitous cases. †b. Caused by want or necessity. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 341 The incurring of necessitous Debts, by reason of the Penurious straightness of his Fortune. 2. a. Placed or living in a condition of necessity, want, or poverty; having little or nothing to support oneself by; poor, needy. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor havelessOE unrichOE waedlec1000 armOE nakedOE helplessc1175 wantsomec1175 poora1200 barec1220 needfula1225 misease?c1225 unwealya1300 needyc1325 feeblec1330 poorful1372 mischievousc1390 miseasedc1390 indigentc1400 meanc1400 naughtyc1400 succourless1412 unwealthyc1412 behove1413 misterousa1425 misterfulc1480 miserablec1485 beggarly1545 starved1563 threadbare1577 penurious1590 fortuneless1596 wealthless1605 wantful1607 necessitous1611 inopulent1613 titheless1615 egene1631 starveling1638 necessitated1646 inopious1656 parsimonious1782 unopulent1782 lacking1805 bushed1819 obolary1820 ill-to-do1853 down at heel1856 po'1866 needsome1870 down-at-heeled1884 rocky1921 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Necessiteux, necessitous, needie, poore, indigent. 1650 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 16. 207 To pay the summe of Two hundred pounds for the releife of the most necessitous of the poor persons whose houses were by the late sadde accident destroyed. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies I. iv. 39 He exhausts all his Revenues, and is always necessitous. 1780 E. Burke Speech Oeconomical Reformation 17 It holds out a shadow of present gain to a greedy and necessitous public. 1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. ii. 21 The wants of all their necessitous neighbours. 1856 J. B. Howe Brit. Slave iv. iv. 38 He is under obligations to you; you have lent him money; he is still needy and necessitous. 1868 C. M. Yonge Cameos lxxxviii, in Monthly Packet June 535 His niggardly or necessitous master had only advanced one thousand francs. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 108/1 A further sum was allotted to provide pensions for necessitous members of the Academy and their widows. 1991 P. Thane Found. Welfare State (BNC) 69 Pressure from the Conservative and Liberal backbenchers forced the government to permit Poor Law Guardians to give relief in the form of free school meals to necessitous schoolchildren. b. In need of a thing. Also with †for. Now rare. ΚΠ 1638 W. Berkeley Lost Lady v. 45 The gods are not Necessitous of us, but we of them. 1650 R. Gentilis tr. V. Malvezzi Considerations Lives Alcibiades & Corialanus 213 The German Legions cry up Vitellius for Emperour, they see him necessitous of money. 1680 W. Petyt Britannia Languens in J. R. McCulloch Early Eng. Tracts Comm. (1952) vi. i. 390 The Seller will not be so necessitous for money as before, and will have a greater choice of Chapmen, who will be more able and ready to buy. 1696 W. Wycherly in C. Trotter Agnes de Castro Prol. Ladies; as necessitous of Fame, Ne'er raise your Credit by another's shame. 1943 R. Fitzgerald Wreath for Sea 13 He walks toward remote dawn in the empty city, Facing the cold draft, fish-smell from the river, Necessitous of love. †c. Needy; in need of aid or assistance. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective] > having difficulty > beset with difficulties poseletc1390 withstad14.. ystadea1440 mireda1522 hard-set1572 hard-pressed1707 necessitous1711 hard pushed1785 hard-run1834 1711 M. Henry Forgiveness of Sin in Wks. (1853) II. 318/2 Our natures are necessitous, and continually depending upon the divine providence. †3. Enforced, obligatory. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > done, produced, or obtained by compulsion threata1400 constraintc1430 compelled1541 compulsed1541 violent?1550 extorted1552 wrested1565 coacted1570 enforced1576 forced1576 compulsory1581 commandeda1586 coactive1596 infortiate1601 extortious1602 coact1610 compulsive1611 exacted1618 necessitous1632 violented1641 necessary1655 on-forced1656 commandatorya1659 extorsive1669 compellable1677 compulsatory1748 obbligato1780 coerced1877 mandatory1891 shotgun1937 1632 P. Massinger Emperour of East iv. iii. sig. I If sicke with the excesse of heate or cold, Caus'd by necessitous labour. 1632 B. Jonson Magn. Lady iii. v. 40 in Wks. (1640) In case of some necessitous misery, or Incumbent mischiefe. 1798 W. Dunlap Andre i. i. 9 Why stand I,..At midnight's depth, deck'd in this murderous guise, The habiliment of death, the badge of dire, Necessitous coercion. 1875 W. B. Scott Poems 128 Soon enough the labouring day, With its necessitous unmusical calls, Will force the indolent conscience into life. 4. Necessary; requisite. Also with for, to. Now rare (chiefly regional).In quot. 1742 attributed to an uneducated speaker. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective] needfulOE necessaryc1376 needfulc1390 necessairea1393 needfula1402 necessariousc1410 requisite1442 unlackablec1443 unsparablec1449 necessc1475 requise1477 needy1487 exigentc1508 of necessityc1515 essential1526 insacrificablea1603 peremptory1607 unspared1614 sine qua non1615 real1620 necessitous1637 needsomec1650 undispensable1658 vital1659 wanting1671 implemental1676 sine quo non1693 indispensable1696 indispensible1792 vital1822 unmissable1823 of the essence (of)1843 1637 T. Heywood Londini Speculum sig. C2 Since grave and wise men have beene of opinion, that it is convenient, nay necessitous..to mixe seria iocis; for what better can set off matter, than when it is interlaced with mirth? 1697 C. Cibber Womans Wit Pref. Another Hindrance was my too nice observation of Regularity..the Scene never breaking in any Act but the Third, and then not to an unreasonable distance, nor without a necessitous Occasion. 1733 W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farming 3 It has been made a necessitous study, how to manage these enclosed high grounds. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. i. iii. 15 [Mrs. Slipslop] proceeded: ‘And why is Latin more necessitous for a Footman than a Gentleman?’ View more context for this quotation 1793 J. Williams Calm Exam. 59 Drawing the line of necessitous propriety between what the people require, and their leaders would enforce. 1822 G. Darley Errors of Ecstasie 33 Are you not made with Passions and with Reason, One to incite, the other to restrain, And both necessitous to ordinate Liberty? 1848 E. Bennett Renegade xx. 136 Well, it's to be hoped you'll al'ays git bread enough to keep from starving, and that you won't fight nor quarrel more nor is necessitous. 1898 J. J. H. Burgess Tang iv. 52 Yes, very necessitous, both for da fishing an so for da crops. 1925 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 40 162 The carriers east of Ohmaha..being many and necessitous for business. a1958 D. Schwartz Summer Knowl. (1967) 107 Marcius makes inquiries About Aufidius, his perfect foe, Necessitous to him. B. n. With plural agreement. With the. Necessitous people as a class; the poor or needy. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor people or the poor waedlec888 needfula1200 needya1225 poorc1225 God's poorc1230 porailc1325 porailsa1425 povertya1450 poorality1536 God's poverty1563 miserable1582 necessitous1622 necessitated1638 ptochocracy1831 fallen1878 worse off1890 po'1945 1622 E. Chaloner Sixe Serm. 22 Distribute your Almes to the necessitous. 1693 Humours & Conversat. Town 95 What they can in any way screw out of the necessitous. 1748 Ld. Chesterfield Lett. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1222 The ambitious hoped for kingdoms; the greedy and the necessitous for plunder. 1786 S. Horsley Serm. (1816) III. 103 It may be proper that the law should do something for the protection of the necessitous. 1826 Osric & Lencastro i. ii. 11 Touched by her miserable situation, I directed her to Osric's castle, where I informed her that the necessitous ever find relief, and a kind reception. 1867 Felton's Greece, Anc. & Mod. I. 482 The very wealthy..on the one hand, and, on the other, the necessitous. 1892 N. Amer. Rev. May 547 The allowance..is but little more than half the requirement and from even that restricted allowance nearly one-third of the necessitous are altogether excluded. 1927 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 90 711 There are certain special benefits which are confined to the necessitous: poor relief, school dinners, and non-contributory old age pensions, for example. 1994 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 66 262 This variation on natural law claims for soft or imperfect rights to charity substituted a general right to subsistence for the specific right of the necessitous. Derivatives neˈcessitously adv. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > [adverb] needeOE of (also for, on) needeOE needseOE needlingc1225 needs cost?a1300 needlingsc1300 needlya1350 of necessityc1390 needfullya1398 necessarily?a1400 needgatesa1400 needingsa1400 needwaysa1400 needslyc1425 perforcec1425 needilyc1475 needwayc1480 of (or on) force?1507 need-forcea1525 requisitely1565 of very force1587 necessitously1637 necessitively1647 par force1819 imperatively1833 necessitatedly1864 of perforce1897 the mind > possession > poverty > [adverb] poorlyc1330 soberlya1387 alowc1400 beggarlyc1400 penuriously1616 needily1642 necessitously1776 1637 T. Heywood Londini Speculum sig. B2^v One thing more is necessitously to be added. 1776 T. Paine Common Sense ii. 12 Tho avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor. 1997 Business Hist. (Nexis) July 39 152 Although the book is..described..as a postgraduate thesis, it is much more than the usual, necessitously restricted, Ph.D. study. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1608
随便看	at term at th' over-fa'in at th' overfa'in at that at that case at that point in time at that present at that rate at the ale at the anchor at the arm's end at the back of at the back of one's mind at the back of one's mind rarely head at the bar at the bate at the bell at the best at the best advice at the best hand at the best of times at the better hand at the bleeding edge at the bottom at the breast