necessaryadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈnɛsᵻs(ə)ri/, U.S.

/ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/

Forms: Middle English neccessari, Middle English neccessarie, Middle English neccessary, Middle English neccessarye, Middle English necessari, Middle English neicessary, Middle English nescesarie, Middle English nescesary, Middle English nescessarie, Middle English nesessarie, Middle English nessesery, Middle English nessessari, Middle English nessessarie, Middle English–1600s necessarie, Middle English–1600s necessarye, Middle English–1600s nescessary, Middle English–1700s (1800s– nonstandard) nessessary, Middle English– necessary, 1500s nesessasie (transmission error), 1500s 1700s (1800s nonstandard) nesessary, 1500s (1800s nonstandard) nessesary, 1600s nesery, 1600s nesesary, 1700s nessasary.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French necessarie; Latin necessārius.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French necessarie, necessaire essential (1119 in Old French; compare sense A. 1a), existing by necessity (c1220; compare sense A. 6a), inevitable (1554; compare sense A. 6c) and its etymon classical Latin necessārius essential, inevitable, compulsory, also ‘intimately connected’ (compare sense A. 5), in post-classical Latin also ‘rendering necessary services’ (c970 in a British source; compare sense A. 2) < necesse necess adj. + -ārius -ary suffix¹. With use as noun compare classical Latin necessārius (masculine) relative or close friend (compare sense B. 2), necessārium (neuter) necessary thing (compare sense B. 1), in post-classical Latin also ‘natural bodily function’ (from 12th cent. in British sources; compare sense B. 3a), ‘necessary expenditure’ (13th cent. in British sources; compare sense B. 4), and also Anglo-Norman necessaries (plural) and Old French necesseres (plural) necessaries, requisites (late 12th cent.; compare sense B. 1a), Middle French necessaires (c1375). Compare Italian necessario (early 13th cent.), Spanish necesario (1220–50), Portuguese necessário (1256). Compare necessaire adj., necessar adj.All three sense branches of the adjective are found in classical Latin; branches A. I. and A. III. in French. The expressions at senses A. 3 and B. 3b have antecedents in post-classical Latin, Old French and Middle French: with necessary house compare post-classical Latin domus necessaria privy (from 12th cent. in British sources; also domus necessariorum (14th cent.)), camera necessaria (from 1254 in British sources); with necessary place compare post-classical Latin necessaria loca privy (6th cent.); with necessary stool and necessary vault compare post-classical Latin cellula necessariorum privy (c1185 in a British source), Middle French selle necessaire commode (1352), chaiere necessaire commode (c1360); with sense B. 3b compare post-classical Latin necessarium , necessaria (see necessarium n.), Old French necessare (1230) necessaire (13th cent.), both in sense ‘privy’, Middle French necessaire commode (1351).

A. adj.

I. That is needed.

a. Indispensable, vital, essential; requisite. Also with to or for (a person or thing).In the 16th and early 17th centuries the sense frequently approaches ‘useful’ without being ‘absolutely indispensable’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective]

needfulOE

necessaryc1376

needfulc1390

necessairea1393

needfula1402

necessariousc1410

requisite1442

unlackablec1443

unsparablec1449

necessc1475

requise1477

needy1487

exigentc1508

of necessityc1515

essential1526

insacrificablea1603

peremptory1607

unspared1614

sine qua non1615

real1620

necessitous1637

needsomec1650

undispensable1658

vital1659

wanting1671

implemental1676

sine quo non1693

indispensable1696

indispensible1792

vital1822

unmissable1823

of the essence (of)1843

c1376 in E. W. W. Veale Great Red Bk. Bristol: Text Pt. II (1938) 56 (MED) The Chamburleyns of Bristow..stonde charged with all suche ordenary and necessary reparacions of the seid londz, rentez and tenementez..Pavage and condytes.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Ecclus. xxxix. 31 Þe begynnyng of necessarie [a1425 L.V. nedeful; L. necessariae] thing to þe lijf of men.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 125 (MED) Þen takis to him tresour..And oþire necessari notis as nedis to his craftis.

?1462 Paston Lett. (1904) IV. 56 Sir John, remembryng divers maters..necessary for the wele of his sowle.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. i Than is the plogh the moost necessaryest instrument that an husband can ocupy.

1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie cxxvi. 775 Were there no greater and necessarier things to speak of than young birdes?

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 174 I prepared all things necessary for my journey.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 90 Since light so necessary is to life.

1704 J. Swift Tale of Tub ii. 64 Obedience was absolutely necessary, and yet Shoulder-knots appeared extreamly requisite.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 24. ⁋2 What more can be necessary to the regulation of life..?

1832 H. Martineau Life in Wilds iv. 47 Food is the most necessary of all things.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 137 Change and alternation are necessary for the mind as well as for the body.

1922 Classical Rev. 36 31/2 The Emperor..adds that a douceur will be necessary in order to get him to consent to the loan.

1971 M. Richler Why I Write in G. Lynch & D. Rampton Canad. Ess. (1991) 264 [Professors] bringing out journals necessary to no known audience, but essential to their advancement.

2001 R. J. Stevens in Clin. Sci. 101 677 Assuming the values entered into the model were recorded with similar precision to those on which the model was built, no correction is necessary.

b. With that-clause or with infinitive, esp. with anticipatory it: it is required or is imperative. Also in elliptical use, with omission of the complement.

ΚΠ

c1390 G. Chaucer Manciple's Tale 95 It is necessarie, Where that we goon, good drynke with vs carie.

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 101 (MED) It is nessessarie þat þou kutte al atwo þilke senewe or þilke corde..þouȝ þat þe felynge or þe meuynge of þe lyme..be lost.

a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 118 It is veray necessarie that thay be alwey grete.

1480 W. Caxton Descr. Brit. (Colophon) And bicause it is necessarie to alle englisshmen to knowe the propretees, commoditees and mervailles of them.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxxxiv. 264 It is not necessarye to requyre me of this.

1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. lxv. 133 We fought in open fielde, where it was necessarie there should be many.

1649 E. Reynolds Israels Prayer (new ed.) vi. 91 It is necessarie for us to draw nigh unto God.

a1699 A. Halkett Autobiogr. (1875) 2 Wch. I have by mee to produce if itt were nesesary.

1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick p. xviii It was necessary to have a Variety.

1776 Trial Maha Rajah Nundocomar for Forgery 27/2 Is it necessary that such a writing as this be confirmed by witness?

1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 86 When he had continued this exercise as long as was necessary.

1873 A. Trollope Eustace Diamonds II. xlvi. 260 When her son had chosen to quarrel with Lucy, it had been necessary to send Lucy to eat her meals up-stairs.

1925 J. M. Murry Keats & Shakespeare i. 6 It was indeed necessary that Keats should turn to Shakespeare, because there was no one else to whom he could turn.

1949 H. Wilcox Six Moons in Sulawesi xi. 253 We left before moonset in the morning, for the day would be a long one and it was necessary to let the porters get away to an early start.

1990 Current Hist. Nov. 367/2 It was politically necessary that his [sc. Mitterrand's] defense policy remain more or less in the Gaullist tradition.

†c. Pleasant; commodious, comfortable. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > convenience > [adjective]

i-tasea1000

queemlOE

gainc1330

conablea1340

convenientc1374

covenablec1380

convenable1421

conveniable1432

comenablea1500

commodious1541

necessary1541

commode1549

commoditious1574

dexterous1605

commoditous1621

friendly1713

clever1757

convenience1961

1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance xxii. f. 40^v He caused..the houses to be not onely clensed, but also made more ornate and necessary.

1547–8 in E. Green Somerset Chantries (1888) 25 The same Scolehowse..no doubte is [the] most bewtyfull and most necessarie place of all that shire.

d. necessary evil n. [compare Hellenistic Greek ἀναγκαῖον κακόν, of marriage (in Menander)] a person or thing which is undesirable, unpleasant, or inconvenient but ultimately useful and therefore to be tolerated or accepted.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary > necessary evil

necessary evil1547

1547 W. Baldwin Treat. Morall Phylos. iii. xv. sig. O5^v A woman is a necessary euyll.

1576 G. Pettie Petite Pallace 224 You Gentlemen may learne hereby not to doate to mutch of wiues or women, but to vse them as necessary euils.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 20 They advance trade wheresoever they come;..and so are permitted as necessary evills.

1765 S. Johnson Pref. to Shakespear's Plays p. lxix Notes are often necessary, but they are necessary evils.

1776 T. Paine Common Sense i. 1 Society in every state is a blessing, but Government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one.

1815 Countess Granville Let. 18 July (1894) I. 54 The humiliation of now having him is great, but he is reasonable about it and thinks it a necessary evil.

1863 Country Gentleman 16 Apr. 254/3 The manuring of the vines is regarded as ‘a necessary evil’.

1927 E. O'Neill Marco Millions i. iv. 51 Don't waste pity. Her kind are necessary evils.

1979 Maclean's 11 June 18/1 For committed indépendantistes the promise of economic association is a necessary evil required to mollify public fears of secession.

1999 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) 14 Oct. 18/1 Supporters have hailed the coup as a necessary evil.

e. necessary condition n. a fact, proposition, etc., on which another thing is dependent or contingent; a prerequisite.Cf. condition n. 4, sufficient condition at sufficient adj. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary > prerequisite

condition1340

prerequisitea1631

necessary condition1651

prerequisition1651

postulate1707

precondition1825

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 285 The Laws of Nature; the observing whereof, both he himselfe, and his Apostles, have in their teaching recommended to us, as a necessary condition of being admitted by him in the last day into his eternall Kingdome.

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxi. 119 Our whole Endeavours and Thoughts are intent to get rid of the present Evil before all things, as the first necessary step towards Happiness.

1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. vii. 123 Things seemingly the most insignificant imaginable, are perpetually observed to be necessary conditions to other things of the greatest Importance.

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 369 The necessary condition of our intuitive knowledge, i.e. that of space and time.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biographia Literaria I. ix. 136 I began to ask myself; is a system of philosophy..possible? If possible, what are its necessary conditions?

1859 J. S. Mill On Liberty i. 9 The consent of the community..was made a necessary condition to some of the more important acts of the governing power.

1949 A. Pap Elem. Analyt. Philos. x. 212 If a sufficient condition is complex—as it almost invariably is—then it may consist in a conjunction of necessary conditions.

1965 E. J. Lemmon Beginning Logic i. 28 Whenever it is the case that only if P then Q, P is a necessary condition for Q.

1989 Theatre Res. Internat. 14 78 Some fundamental ambiguity is the necessary condition of all plots and characters.

2. Of persons, esp. servants: rendering (certain) necessary, useful, or personal services. In later use frequently necessary woman. (In early use also as postmodifier, with plural necessaries.) Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > [adjective] > specifically of person

helpfulc1384

necessary1425

serviceable1583

useful1612

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > [noun] > woman or girl

maidenOE

schelchenec1000

womanOE

maidc1300

ancillec1366

wench1380

child-womana1382

maidservanta1382

serving-womana1398

servantessa1425

servant maid?a1450

woman servant1450

servitrice1477

administress1483

ministressa1500

serving maid?1529

maiden-servant1533

servitrix1566

miskin-fro1585

servant girl1658

girl1668

necessary womanc1689

scout1708

servitress1827

ancilla1871

1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 306/1 Clerkes necessaries being in ye service of ye Prince.

1461 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 275 I trow ye shuld fynde hym a necessary man to take hede to yowre howshold and to bye all maner of stuffe nedefull þer-to.

1501 in Lett. Richard III. & Henry VII (Rolls) I. App. A. vii That no persone.., except he be a necessary officier, ride befor out of the company of the said princesse.

1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 38 Those that be his stewards or necessariest men about him.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. i. 80 You are well vnderstood to bee a perfecter gyber for the Table, then a necessary Bencher in the Capitoll.

c1689 in J. Y. Akerman Moneys Secret Services Charles II & James II (1851) 194 Late necessary woman to King Charles the Second.

1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 9 Nov. (1948) II. 407 I want a necessary woman strangely; I am as helpless as an elephant.

1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 14 A most necessary handy Fellow, as could be desir'd.

1763 Ann. Reg. 1762 98/2 Attendants on..the prince of Wales,..Wet nurse,..Dry nurse,..Necessary woman.

1816 ‘P. Pindar’ Wks. I. 175 Ann Spencer, guardian of the necessary, That is to say, the necessary woman.

1899 Tit-Bits 1 Apr. 10/2 The most interesting member of all the [Queen's] kitchen staff is, perhaps, the ‘necessary woman’.

1998 J. Glasheen Secret People of Palaces xxi. 125 Queen Charlotte's..closet intimate Mrs Jane Moore, although still described as a Necessary Woman, would never be asked to empty those receptacles [sc. close-stool and chamberpot].

3. necessary house n. (formerly also †necessary place (obsolete), †necessary stool (obsolete), †necessary vault (obsolete)), a privy. Now regional or historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun]

gongOE

privy?c1225

room-housec1275

chamber foreignc1300

wardrobea1325

privy chamberc1325

foreignc1390

siegec1400

stool1410

jakes1432

house of easementa1438

kocayc1440

siege-hole1440

siege-house1440

privy house1463

withdraught1493

draught1530

shield1535

bench-hole1542

common house1542

stool1542

jakes house1547

boggard1552

house of office?1560

purging place1577

little house1579

issue1588

Ajax1596

draught-house1597

private1600

necessary house1612

vault1617

longhouse1622

latrine1623

necessary1633

commonsa1641

gingerbread officea1643

boghouse1644

cloaca1645

passage-house1646

retreat1653

shithouse1659

closet of ease1662

garderobe1680

backside1704

office1727

bog?1731

house of ease1734

cuz-john1735

easing-chair1771

backhouse1800

outhouse1819

netty1825

petty1848

seat of ease1850

closet1869

bathroom1883

crapper1927

lat1927

shouse1941

biffy1942

shitholec1947

toot1965

shitter1967

woodshed1974

1612 N. Field Woman a Weather-cocke iv. i She shew'd me to a necessarie vault.

1618 N. Field Amends for Ladies ii. i. sig. D3 I met her in the necessarie house.

?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 93 The digging of Vaults for the Necessary-house.

1697 tr. Countess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 232 There being no necessary places in their Houses.

1723 Amer. Weekly Mercury 4 July A new Brick House and Lot, with a good kitchin,..half of a Well, Necessary House and a handsome Garden.

1762 F. Nicholls in Philos. Trans. 1761 (Royal Soc.) 52 267 He appeared to have just come from his necessary-stool.

1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle I. 176 In the wall of the western front have been several necessary-houses.

1828 J. Bentham Mem. & Corr. in Wks. (1843) X. 582 Written pleadings are of no more use in a court than they would be in a necessary-house.

1859 Ordinances of Mayor, Aldermen & Commonalty of City of N.Y. xxx. 319 The owner..of any..premises to which a sink, privy or necessary house shall belong,..in which tubs shall be used, shall not suffer..the contents thereof to rise within three inches of the top of said tub.

1886 W. H. Long Dict. Isle of Wight Dial. 43 Necessary house, a water closet, or privy.

1970 P. O'Brian Master & Commander (new ed.) iii. 106 A necessary-house. A jakes? A privy?

1980 E. Jong Fanny iii. v. 341 She was also very loath to wash her Hands, e'en after going to the Necessary House.

4. Of an action: that needs to be done; that is done in order to achieve the desired result or effect. if necessary: if required by the circumstances.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective] > necessary to be done

needfulc1390

necessarya1616

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) ii. i. 178 This shall make Our purpose Necessary, and not Enuious.

1655 S. Ashe Funeral Serm. Gataker 49 Constant retirement..made the choice..a necessary act of prudence.

1716 T. Jeffery in Sir T. Browne Christian Morals Pref. sig. *4^v Where an Oversight had made the Addition or Transposition of some words necessary.

1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. lxiv. 298 In this sense the levy of ship-money..was not necessary.

1791 J. Bentham Corr. 23 Jan. (1981) IV. 225 The whole circuit [of the Panopticon] reviewable with little, or if necessary, without any, change of place.

1819 P. B. Shelley Cenci iii. ii. 51 Still doubting if that deed Be just which was most necessary.

1858 W. Greener Gunnery in 1858 156 We never saw it done,..but the Doctor describes it as a necessary proceeding.

1894 Ld. Albemarle & G. L. Hillier Cycling (rev. ed.) App. 471 The inner tube [is] carefully examined, the hole discovered—if necessary by inflating the tube and immersing it in water.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 266/1 The proposition was supported by..the..minister of the interior, and accordingly the necessary arrangements were speedily effected.

1921 Round Table June 651 His block majority, with which, if necessary, he could steam-roller opposition.

1945 E. Bowen Demon Lover 145 The heat from the fire must have made necessary..the opening of a window behind the curtains.

1992 Mod. Railways Mar. 112/2 The sidings are too short to hold a whole trainload, so shunting is necessary when the daily train arrives to exchange empty wagons for loaded ones.

†II. Intimately connected.

5. Closely related or connected; intimate. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective] > closely

nareOE

nighOE

neara1375

necessarya1382

germanea1449

native1488

near of kin1491

tender1508

near akinc1515

cousin1590

affine1614

own1671

tight-knit1832

the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] > intimate or familiar > (of relatives or friends) close

nighOE

necessarya1382

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Job vi. 13 Loo, þer is not helpe to me in me; also, my necessarie men [a1425 L.V. meyneal frendis; L. necessarii] wenten awei fro me.

1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. iii. 16 Such as seek after sordid gain, and neglect their necessary friends.

III. That must be so; inevitable.

a. Inevitably determined or fixed by predestination or the operation of natural laws; happening or existing by an inherent necessity. (In early use also as postmodifier, with plural necessaries.) Now chiefly Philosophy and Theology.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > [adjective]

necessary?a1425

need-rooted1850

non-contingent1872

the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > determined by natural necessity

necessary?a1425

naturalc1475

the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > necessitated by circumstance

necessary?a1425

faina1535

perforce1580

like1828

obliged1892

?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. v. pr. iv. 164 Þilke þingis þat ne han noon issues and bytidynges necessaries.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. cccliiii God than..al these thynges as they arne spontanye or necessarie syght, and as he seeth so they ben.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (2nd issue) iii. i. 82 By the necessary forme of this, King Richard might create a perfect guesse.

1638 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 5) ii. ii. iii. 258 Columbus did not find out America by chance,..it was contingent to him, but necessary to God.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 37 Otherwise we must of necessity make all successes in the World purely natural and necessary.

1720 D. Waterland 8 Serm. Divinity of Christ Pref. 20 We are not indeed to expect the Word necessary existence (a School Term, and none of the most proper).

1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 192 Of causes, how they work By necessary laws their sure effects.

1875 E. White Life in Christ (1878) iii. xxiii. 339 The identification..of the Necessary Being with the vanishing phantasmal shadow.

1991 A. Hourani Hist. Arab Peoples ii. xi. 178 The distinction, common to philosophers, between Necessary and Contingent Being: only God is Necessary Being, existing by His own nature.

b. Of concepts, processes, etc.: resulting inevitably from the nature of things or of the mind itself.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adjective] > determined or necessary > of mental concepts or processes

necessarya1500

a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 120 (MED) So shulde He knowe the possible thingis doubtefully and the necessarye thingis certeinly as thou knowest them.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Hiiij^v The other called infallible reasons, or rather necessary Argumentes, muste by all reason be euermore true.

1628 T. Spencer Art of Logick 157 A necessary axiome, is when it is alwayes true, and cannot be false.

1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. v. 58 Syllogisme[is divided] into the Apodeictick, which concerneth necessary ratiocination [etc.].

1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 264 The Connexion..is not so close and necessary, as will warrant us from the Former certainly to infer the Latter.

1826 R. Whately Elements Logic App. 288 It is ‘mathematically Necessary’ that two sides of a triangle should be greater than the third.

1856 J. F. Ferrier Inst. Metaphysic (ed. 2) 20 A necessary truth or law of reason is a truth the opposite of which is inconceivable.

1878 J. Cook Transcendentalism i. 19 The ideas of space and time are called in philosophy necessary ideas.

1898 H. C. King in Chicago Advance 24 Mar. 388/1 The many-sidedness of truth, and the necessary partialness of one's own view.

1972 Lect. Royal Inst. Philos. 5 77 Berkeley regarded the relation between the self and its ideas as a necessary one-many relation.

1990 Sciences July 48/1 Because of the fact that mathematical truths are necessary truths, no actual ‘information’, in the technical sense, passes to the discoverer.

c. Inevitably determined or produced by a previous state of things; occurring as the next logical step in a sequence of events.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adjective] > determined or necessary

necessary1573

1573 New Custome iii. i. sig. D iv Where so euer Light of the Gospell goeth before: There I Edification do followe incontinent, As vnto the same a necessary consequent.

1680 N. Tate Loyal General iii. 26 It was my Rivall's Fortune, not desert, T'have first beheld your Charms; which having seen, He Lov'd of necessary Consequence.

1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey II. ix. Observ. 307 In a word, the Episodes of Homer are compleat Episodes;..they are so join'd to the principal action, that one is the necessary consequence of the other.

1799 C. B. Brown Edgar Huntly I. ix. 211 What a deplorable infatuation! Yet was the necessary result of a series of ideas mutually linked and connected.

1836 N. Tucker Partisan Leader I. vii. 65 Causes had gradually wrought their necessary effects, and the ultimate co-operation of Virginia, if left to act freely, was now sure.

1872 J. L. Sanford Estimates Eng. Kings 336 He was quite as incapable..of perceiving its necessary issues.

1927 Observer 5 June 4 The Sitwells are known to everyone who has even a casual acquaintance with modern literature... This is a necessary consequence of the Sitwellian methods of publicity.

1992 Stud. Eng. Lit.: Eng. Number (Tokyo) 13 Along with references to the traditional rise and fall of fortune, there is a tendency to regard the rise of Bullingbrook as a necessary result of Richard's negligence.

†7. Of an action:

a. Determined by force of nature or circumstances. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. cccliiii If a man wol synne, it is necessarye him to synne.

1706 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels III. 529 The first Motions of Anger seem to be mechanical and necessary.

1739 D. Hume Treat. Human Nature II. iii. 221 The actions..of matter are to be regarded as instances of necessary actions.

1855 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought §122 The necessary action, where all the motives are on one side.

b. Enforced by another; compulsory. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > done, produced, or obtained by compulsion

threata1400

constraintc1430

compelled1541

compulsed1541

violent?1550

extorted1552

wrested1565

coacted1570

enforced1576

forced1576

compulsory1581

commandeda1586

coactive1596

infortiate1601

extortious1602

coact1610

compulsive1611

exacted1618

necessitous1632

violented1641

necessary1655

on-forced1656

commandatorya1659

extorsive1669

compellable1677

compulsatory1748

obbligato1780

coerced1877

mandatory1891

shotgun1937

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 185 In the following words, he taketh away all necessary Oaths (and leaveth none but voluntary).

1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin ii. vii. 115 Such Penance, were it voluntary, deserveth greatly to be admired at; but when 'tis necessary, and upon a Prince, is worthy of utmost detestation.

†8. Of an agent:

a. Impelled by the natural force of circumstances upon the will; having no independent volition. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > absolutely compulsory > absolutely compelled

boundc1360

needyc1430

constrained1571

necessary1654

compulsory1806

1654 R. Aylett Divine & Moral Speculations 432 Thus one eternal powerfull Providence Heer governs all things being by Creacion: The necessary Agents, wanting sense, Receive their mocion by her ordinacion.

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxi. 119 Agents that have no Thought, no Volition at all, are in every thing necessary Agents.

1774 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) X. 462 They all agree, that man is not a free but a necessary agent.

1818 M. W. Shelley Frankenstein II. ii. 20 Alas! why does man boast of sensibilities superior to those apparent in the brute; it only renders them more necessary beings. If our impulses were confined to hunger, thirst, and desire, we might be nearly free.

1871 R. H. Hutton Ess. (1877) I. 53 That a necessary being should give birth to a being with any amount, however limited, of moral freedom.

b. Compelled by practical necessity, or by some law or regulation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > compelled (of persons)

coactc1430

needyc1430

constrained1609

compulsive1611

obtruded1649

enforced1654

necessary1724

necessiated1727

compulsory1806

coerced1836

bulldozered1876

pressured1889

1724 J. Swift Some Observ. Wood's Half-pence 29 The Necessary Receivers [of Wood's half-pence] will be Losers of Two Thirds in their Salaries or Pay.

a1768 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. (1773) I. 146 Servants are..either necessary or voluntary. Those may be called necessary whom the law obliges to work.

1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes ii. 128 A necessary heir is a slave instituted with gift of freedom; so called because in every case, whether he will or not, he straightway on the testator's death becomes free and heir.

1893 T. Fowler Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. 42 The ‘necessary regents’ among the Masters, that is, those Masters of Arts who had not yet completed two years from the date of that degree.

B. n.

1. That which is indispensable; a necessary thing; an essential or requisite.

a. In plural.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary > necessaries

necessarya1382

necessars1386

necessity?1406

mister1477

needment1590

implements1612

needfuls1614

vitals1657

essentiality1710

fundamentals1864

needcessities1874

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 3 Kings iv. 7 Salamon forsoþe hadde twelue ouerseearys vp on al israel, þat ȝeeuen corn to þe kyng & to his hous; bi þe moneþes forsoþe arowe in þe ȝeer. þei arowe mynystreden necessaries.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xx. 248 Ȝe shal haue bred and clothes, And other necessaries.

1415 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 23 (MED) I woll that Isabell, my wyfe, haue all the necessaries, clothes, braas, and other instrumentes of all myn houshold.

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. xii. sig. Bviij Shot & of all othre deffensable necessaryes.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xxxiii. 9 Forsake not god for dred of hungire; he hight til his lufers thaire necessaris.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. ii To cary wodde and other necessaries.

1592 R. Greene Thirde Pt. Conny-catching sig. E He came vp to London to prouide himselfe of such necessaries as the Cuntry is not vsually stored withall.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 140 [He] furnished him with great moneys, and other necessaries.

1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 25 The materials, and all necessarys as they are brought in.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 114. ⁋5 The Care of Superfluities is a Vice no less extravagant, than the Neglect of Necessaries.

1778 Farmer's Mag. ii. 164 There was not an inch of ground for many miles around it that could supply the inhabitants with any of the necessaries of life.

1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) VI. 345 If a man devises lands..to provide his children with necessaries.

1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 348 The money to buy the necessaries of their household.

1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin viii. 130 Pincher..left the ship with a sweet smile and a little bundle of necessaries done up in a blue-striped handkerchief.

1998 New Yorker 12 Sept. 140/2 I assembled the necessaries, including a homemade chicken stock and fresh basil from the greenhouse.

b. In singular. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary

needc1230

necessityc1390

necessary?a1425

exigence1446

requisitec1487

exigency1588

exigents1588

sine qua non1602

essentiala1620

implement1632

indispensable1681

needful1681

simple1858

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 74^v Wondez of mery & trachee arterie ar perilous, ffor þai haue necessarie immediatly to life.

a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 612 (MED) Þei shall repe yerly in heruyst by thre days, & they shall haue necessari of metis.

1516 Galway Arch. in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 397 No man..shall not lende galley, botte, nor barque.., nor no furnitors or necessary to them appertayninge.

1589 J. Anger Her Protection for Women sig. B3 Women are the greatest help that men have, without whose aide & assistance it is as possible for them to live, as if they wanted meat, drinke, clothing, or any other necessary.

1664 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders (new ed.) i. sig. b8^v From the least that lives, to the greatest Building is a main necessary.

1682 A. Behn City-heiress ii. i. 12 That damn'd Necessary call'd Ready Money.

1724 J. Swift Let. to Shop-keepers of Ireland (new ed.) 2 Your Bread and Cloathing, and every common Necessary of Life.

1771 M. Allen Let. 21 Nov. in F. Burney Early Diary (1907) I. 141 [She] denied herself every necessary.

1833 H. Martineau Loom & Lugger i. iv. 60 A foreign article, be it a necessary or a luxury.

1884 American 7 339 The cost of this necessary [salt] since the duty was imposed upon it.

1960 J. S. Holmes & H. Van Marle tr. J. Huizinga Men & Ideas i. 24 So it would be if everyone were wise and if history were not a necessary of the schools as well as a necessary of life.

†2. A relative or a close friend. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] > close relative

nigha1382

necessaryc1384

bloodc1400

germane1490

prochain?1529

cousin brother1847

cousin sister1881

the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > friend > close or intimate friend

belamy?c1225

friarc1290

specialc1300

necessaryc1384

familiar?c1400

great frienda1425

gossea1549

particular1577

shopfellow?1577

cockmate1578

privado1584

bosom friend1590

better half1596

ingle1602

inward1607

bully boy1609

bosom-piecea1625

hail-fellow1650

bosom-bird1655

intimate1660

crony1665

intimado1682

chum1684

friend of one's bosom1712

right bower1829

inquaintancea1834

cad1836

chummy1849

bond-friend1860

raggie1901

bosom1913

aceboy1951

boon coon1951

mellow1967

squeeze1980

acegirl2009

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Macc. iv. 3 Enmytees in so myche camen forth, that by summe necessaries [L. necessarios] or niȝ freendis, of Symount man sleayngus weren don.

†a. A necessary bodily function; an act of urination or defecation. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > [noun]

needOE

necessary1440

needinga1500

bodily function1655

occasion1670

toileting1793

call1815

voiding1926

1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Norbert (1977) l. 2673 He happed into þe ȝerd to gone Late at eue to voyde swech neccessarye As we witȝ diligens into oure bely carye.

1596 J. Harington New Disc. Aiax sig. D5^v There is no obscenitie..in wordes concerning our necessaries: but now for the place, where these necessaries are to bee done.

b. A necessary house: see sense A. 3. Now regional or historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun]

gongOE

privy?c1225

room-housec1275

chamber foreignc1300

wardrobea1325

privy chamberc1325

foreignc1390

siegec1400

stool1410

jakes1432

house of easementa1438

kocayc1440

siege-hole1440

siege-house1440

privy house1463

withdraught1493

draught1530

shield1535

bench-hole1542

common house1542

stool1542

jakes house1547

boggard1552

house of office?1560

purging place1577

little house1579

issue1588

Ajax1596

draught-house1597

private1600

necessary house1612

vault1617

longhouse1622

latrine1623

necessary1633

commonsa1641

gingerbread officea1643

boghouse1644

cloaca1645

passage-house1646

retreat1653

shithouse1659

closet of ease1662

garderobe1680

backside1704

office1727

bog?1731

house of ease1734

cuz-john1735

easing-chair1771

backhouse1800

outhouse1819

netty1825

petty1848

seat of ease1850

closet1869

bathroom1883

crapper1927

lat1927

shouse1941

biffy1942

shitholec1947

toot1965

shitter1967

woodshed1974

1633 in Minutes Norwich Court Mayoralty 1632–5 (Norfolk Rec. Soc.) (1967) 122 There shalbe a Stath & a necessary made..& a borded wyndow in the vance Roofe.

1756 Connoisseur No. 120. ⁋6 The Connoisseurs in Architecture, who build..necessaries according to Palladio.

1761 Berrow's Worcester Jrnl. 15 Oct. 3/3 A Male Infant, which was found in the Necessary House that Morning, and taken out alive, but died in about an Hour after.——She denies throwing it in, but says it dropt from her as she was at the Necessary in the Night.

1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 223 Strewing them in the bottoms of poultry and pigeon houses, dung heaps, and necessaries.

1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 412 A necessary might easily be constructed in connection with the liquid manure tank.

1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. Necessary, a privy.

1959 W. R. Bird These are Maritimes viii. 219 She had to go out to the little outbuilding sometimes called a ‘necessary’.

1978 M. Girouard Life of Eng. Country House iii. 56 Privy, privy house or privy chamber were the commonest terms in the Middle Ages, but..latrine, necessary and gong were also current.

1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon xix. 196 They sleep in our beds, live in our Rooms,..finish our Bottles..squat upon our Necessaries.

†4. In plural. Necessary expenses. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > [noun] > expenses > obligatory or necessary

necessariesc1449

burden1661

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 347 Her endewing so myche schranke..that it was aftirward ouer litle to supporte her necessaries.

5. With the.

a. That which is needed; (now) spec. the necessary funds or money.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > [noun]

silverc825

feec870

pennieseOE

wortheOE

mintOE

scata1122

spense?c1225

spendinga1290

sumc1300

gooda1325

moneya1325

cattlec1330

muckc1330

reasona1382

pecunyc1400

gilt1497

argentc1500

gelta1529

Mammon1539

ale silver1541

scruff1559

the sinews of war1560

sterling1565

lour1567

will-do-all1583

shell1591

trasha1592

quinyie1596

brass1597

pecuniary1604

dust1607

nomisma1614

countera1616

cross and pilea1625

gingerbreada1625

rhinoa1628

cash1646

grig1657

spanker1663

cole1673

goree1699

mopus1699

quid1699

ribbin1699

bustle1763

necessary1772

stuff1775

needfula1777

iron1785

(the) Spanish1788

pecuniar1793

kelter1807

dibs1812

steven1812

pewter1814

brad1819

pogue1819

rent1823

stumpy1828

posh1830

L. S. D.1835

rivetc1835

tin1836

mint sauce1839

nobbins1846

ochre1846

dingbat1848

dough1848

cheese1850

California1851

mali1851

ducat1853

pay dirt1853

boodle?1856

dinero1856

scad1856

the shiny1856

spondulicks1857

rust1858

soap1860

sugar1862

coin1874

filthy1876

wampum1876

ooftish1877

shekel1883

oil1885

oof1885

mon1888

Jack1890

sploshc1890

bees and honey1892

spending-brass1896

stiff1897

mazuma1900

mazoom1901

cabbage1903

lettuce1903

Oscar Asche1905

jingle1906

doubloons1908

kale1912

scratch1914

green1917

oscar1917

snow1925

poke1926

oodle1930

potatos1931

bread1935

moolah1936

acker1939

moo1941

lolly1943

loot1943

poppy1943

mazoola1944

dosh1953

bickies1966

lovely jubbly1990

scrilla1994

society > trade and finance > money > [noun] > ready money or cash

ready money1429

argent-contentc1540

bitec1555

present money1572

chink1580

cash1600

bit1607

real money1675

fob?c1680

Darby1682

ready1684

blunt1819

makeready1830

hardshells1840

ante1843

spot cash1855

call money1856

necessary1897

1772 C. Hutton Princ. Bridges 84 To make the convenient give place to the necessary when their interests are opposite.

1855 N. Amer. Rev. July 236 Our efforts are still chiefly devoted to the necessary and the useful, to supplying common wants, not to the gratification of intellectual and cultivated tastes.

1897 Daily News 6 Sept. 3/6 A fund..for the purpose of providing the ‘necessary’ in order to bring test cases.

1960 O. Manning Great Fortune ii. 126 M'dear old friend Dobbie Dobson 'll advance me the necessary.

1980 ‘L. Cody’ Dupe (1981) xxi. 152 I don't mind so long as Mrs T. came across with the necessary before you got too cross eyed to ask for it.

1997 Bizarre Mar. 34/1 Colour copying has put top-notch reproduction kit within reach of any blagger who can get the necessaries for a top-of-the-range copier (about £28,000).

b. That which is necessarily determined or predestined.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > [noun] > inevitability > inevitable fact, event, etc.

necessity1600

necessary1818

inevitable1850

must-be1868

1818 S. T. Coleridge Friend (new ed.) I. 269 So far as..we possess the ideas of the Necessary and the Universal.

1868 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) July 427 The real and the possible, the necessary and the contingent, the chain of causes; it [sc. metaphysics] seeks out, explores, penetrates everything.

1893 Catholic World Mar. 924 (advt.) Among the subjects treated of in this book are..Universals—The Necessary and the Contingent, [etc.].

1994 Philos. Rev. 103 376 Hegel bridges the gap between the necessary and the contingent in his Logic.

c. to do the necessary: to do what the occasion demands; (also euphemistic) to do something unpleasant or unmentionable, spec. to urinate or defecate (cf. sense B. 3a).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > be necessary [verb (intransitive)] > do what is necessary

to do the needful1681

to do the necessary1935

1935 Punch 13 Mar. 299/2 Lord Smith: Well, I suppose I must do the necessary!

1952 M. Allingham Tiger in Smoke xi. 176 The orders were that I was to do the necessary and he was to verify they were dead.

1967 P. Bailey At Jerusalem i. 92 ‘Do you want to go anywhere?’ ‘Go?’ ‘to do the necessary?’ ‘No.’

1975 Times 20 Nov. 5/8 Lorry drivers..regarded this instrument [sc. the tachograph] as a spy which recorded everything they did, including going for a smoke, pulling into a layby and ‘doing the necessary’.

1991 M. Dibdin Dirty Tricks (BNC) 77 If we didn't have butchers to do the necessary, we'd be vegetarians out of sheer ineptitude.

Compounds

† necessaries-man n. Obsolete rare a person who supplies necessaries to a vessel in mid-voyage.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > ship-chandler

ship-chandler1642

necessaries-man1867

1867 Law Rep.: Admiralty & Eccl. 1 305 A necessaries-man has, until institution of suit, no claim upon a Vessel.

† necessary money n. Obsolete money to pay for necessaries.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > allowance > for specific purpose

beggar-charge1652

vesturage1679

card money1688

mileage1724

necessary money1778

risk money1841

capital allowance1866

journey-money1883

1778 Ld. Anson Let. 20 June in Barrington Papers (1937) (modernized text) I. 104 You are to let your Purser know, that the said Goods are to be provided out of his Standing Allowance for Necessary-Money.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 495 Necessary Money..formerly allowed to pursers for the coals, wood, turnery-ware, candles, and other necessaries provided by them.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	necessary
释义	necessaryadj.n. Brit. /ˈnɛsᵻs(ə)ri/, U.S. /ˈnɛsəˌsɛri/ Forms: Middle English neccessari, Middle English neccessarie, Middle English neccessary, Middle English neccessarye, Middle English necessari, Middle English neicessary, Middle English nescesarie, Middle English nescesary, Middle English nescessarie, Middle English nesessarie, Middle English nessesery, Middle English nessessari, Middle English nessessarie, Middle English–1600s necessarie, Middle English–1600s necessarye, Middle English–1600s nescessary, Middle English–1700s (1800s– nonstandard) nessessary, Middle English– necessary, 1500s nesessasie (transmission error), 1500s 1700s (1800s nonstandard) nesessary, 1500s (1800s nonstandard) nessesary, 1600s nesery, 1600s nesesary, 1700s nessasary. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French necessarie; Latin necessārius. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French necessarie, necessaire essential (1119 in Old French; compare sense A. 1a), existing by necessity (c1220; compare sense A. 6a), inevitable (1554; compare sense A. 6c) and its etymon classical Latin necessārius essential, inevitable, compulsory, also ‘intimately connected’ (compare sense A. 5), in post-classical Latin also ‘rendering necessary services’ (c970 in a British source; compare sense A. 2) < necesse necess adj. + -ārius -ary suffix¹. With use as noun compare classical Latin necessārius (masculine) relative or close friend (compare sense B. 2), necessārium (neuter) necessary thing (compare sense B. 1), in post-classical Latin also ‘natural bodily function’ (from 12th cent. in British sources; compare sense B. 3a), ‘necessary expenditure’ (13th cent. in British sources; compare sense B. 4), and also Anglo-Norman necessaries (plural) and Old French necesseres (plural) necessaries, requisites (late 12th cent.; compare sense B. 1a), Middle French necessaires (c1375). Compare Italian necessario (early 13th cent.), Spanish necesario (1220–50), Portuguese necessário (1256). Compare necessaire adj., necessar adj.All three sense branches of the adjective are found in classical Latin; branches A. I. and A. III. in French. The expressions at senses A. 3 and B. 3b have antecedents in post-classical Latin, Old French and Middle French: with necessary house compare post-classical Latin domus necessaria privy (from 12th cent. in British sources; also domus necessariorum (14th cent.)), camera necessaria (from 1254 in British sources); with necessary place compare post-classical Latin necessaria loca privy (6th cent.); with necessary stool and necessary vault compare post-classical Latin cellula necessariorum privy (c1185 in a British source), Middle French selle necessaire commode (1352), chaiere necessaire commode (c1360); with sense B. 3b compare post-classical Latin necessarium , necessaria (see necessarium n.), Old French necessare (1230) necessaire (13th cent.), both in sense ‘privy’, Middle French necessaire commode (1351). A. adj. I. That is needed. 1. a. Indispensable, vital, essential; requisite. Also with to or for (a person or thing).In the 16th and early 17th centuries the sense frequently approaches ‘useful’ without being ‘absolutely indispensable’. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective] needfulOE necessaryc1376 needfulc1390 necessairea1393 needfula1402 necessariousc1410 requisite1442 unlackablec1443 unsparablec1449 necessc1475 requise1477 needy1487 exigentc1508 of necessityc1515 essential1526 insacrificablea1603 peremptory1607 unspared1614 sine qua non1615 real1620 necessitous1637 needsomec1650 undispensable1658 vital1659 wanting1671 implemental1676 sine quo non1693 indispensable1696 indispensible1792 vital1822 unmissable1823 of the essence (of)1843 c1376 in E. W. W. Veale Great Red Bk. Bristol: Text Pt. II (1938) 56 (MED) The Chamburleyns of Bristow..stonde charged with all suche ordenary and necessary reparacions of the seid londz, rentez and tenementez..Pavage and condytes. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Ecclus. xxxix. 31 Þe begynnyng of necessarie [a1425 L.V. nedeful; L. necessariae] thing to þe lijf of men. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 125 (MED) Þen takis to him tresour..And oþire necessari notis as nedis to his craftis. ?1462 Paston Lett. (1904) IV. 56 Sir John, remembryng divers maters..necessary for the wele of his sowle. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. i Than is the plogh the moost necessaryest instrument that an husband can ocupy. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie cxxvi. 775 Were there no greater and necessarier things to speak of than young birdes? 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 174 I prepared all things necessary for my journey. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 90 Since light so necessary is to life. View more context for this quotation 1704 J. Swift Tale of Tub ii. 64 Obedience was absolutely necessary, and yet Shoulder-knots appeared extreamly requisite. 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 24. ⁋2 What more can be necessary to the regulation of life..? 1832 H. Martineau Life in Wilds iv. 47 Food is the most necessary of all things. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 137 Change and alternation are necessary for the mind as well as for the body. 1922 Classical Rev. 36 31/2 The Emperor..adds that a douceur will be necessary in order to get him to consent to the loan. 1971 M. Richler Why I Write in G. Lynch & D. Rampton Canad. Ess. (1991) 264 [Professors] bringing out journals necessary to no known audience, but essential to their advancement. 2001 R. J. Stevens in Clin. Sci. 101 677 Assuming the values entered into the model were recorded with similar precision to those on which the model was built, no correction is necessary. b. With that-clause or with infinitive, esp. with anticipatory it: it is required or is imperative. Also in elliptical use, with omission of the complement. ΚΠ c1390 G. Chaucer Manciple's Tale 95 It is necessarie, Where that we goon, good drynke with vs carie. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 101 (MED) It is nessessarie þat þou kutte al atwo þilke senewe or þilke corde..þouȝ þat þe felynge or þe meuynge of þe lyme..be lost. a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 118 It is veray necessarie that thay be alwey grete. 1480 W. Caxton Descr. Brit. (Colophon) And bicause it is necessarie to alle englisshmen to knowe the propretees, commoditees and mervailles of them. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxxxiv. 264 It is not necessarye to requyre me of this. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. lxv. 133 We fought in open fielde, where it was necessarie there should be many. 1649 E. Reynolds Israels Prayer (new ed.) vi. 91 It is necessarie for us to draw nigh unto God. a1699 A. Halkett Autobiogr. (1875) 2 Wch. I have by mee to produce if itt were nesesary. 1747 J. Wesley Primitive Physick p. xviii It was necessary to have a Variety. 1776 Trial Maha Rajah Nundocomar for Forgery 27/2 Is it necessary that such a writing as this be confirmed by witness? 1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 86 When he had continued this exercise as long as was necessary. 1873 A. Trollope Eustace Diamonds II. xlvi. 260 When her son had chosen to quarrel with Lucy, it had been necessary to send Lucy to eat her meals up-stairs. 1925 J. M. Murry Keats & Shakespeare i. 6 It was indeed necessary that Keats should turn to Shakespeare, because there was no one else to whom he could turn. 1949 H. Wilcox Six Moons in Sulawesi xi. 253 We left before moonset in the morning, for the day would be a long one and it was necessary to let the porters get away to an early start. 1990 Current Hist. Nov. 367/2 It was politically necessary that his [sc. Mitterrand's] defense policy remain more or less in the Gaullist tradition. †c. Pleasant; commodious, comfortable. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > convenience > [adjective] i-tasea1000 queemlOE gainc1330 conablea1340 convenientc1374 covenablec1380 convenable1421 conveniable1432 comenablea1500 commodious1541 necessary1541 commode1549 commoditious1574 dexterous1605 commoditous1621 friendly1713 clever1757 convenience1961 1541 T. Elyot Image of Gouernance xxii. f. 40^v He caused..the houses to be not onely clensed, but also made more ornate and necessary. 1547–8 in E. Green Somerset Chantries (1888) 25 The same Scolehowse..no doubte is [the] most bewtyfull and most necessarie place of all that shire. d. necessary evil n. [compare Hellenistic Greek ἀναγκαῖον κακόν, of marriage (in Menander)] a person or thing which is undesirable, unpleasant, or inconvenient but ultimately useful and therefore to be tolerated or accepted. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary > necessary evil necessary evil1547 1547 W. Baldwin Treat. Morall Phylos. iii. xv. sig. O5^v A woman is a necessary euyll. 1576 G. Pettie Petite Pallace 224 You Gentlemen may learne hereby not to doate to mutch of wiues or women, but to vse them as necessary euils. 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 20 They advance trade wheresoever they come;..and so are permitted as necessary evills. 1765 S. Johnson Pref. to Shakespear's Plays p. lxix Notes are often necessary, but they are necessary evils. 1776 T. Paine Common Sense i. 1 Society in every state is a blessing, but Government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst state an intolerable one. 1815 Countess Granville Let. 18 July (1894) I. 54 The humiliation of now having him is great, but he is reasonable about it and thinks it a necessary evil. 1863 Country Gentleman 16 Apr. 254/3 The manuring of the vines is regarded as ‘a necessary evil’. 1927 E. O'Neill Marco Millions i. iv. 51 Don't waste pity. Her kind are necessary evils. 1979 Maclean's 11 June 18/1 For committed indépendantistes the promise of economic association is a necessary evil required to mollify public fears of secession. 1999 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) 14 Oct. 18/1 Supporters have hailed the coup as a necessary evil. e. necessary condition n. a fact, proposition, etc., on which another thing is dependent or contingent; a prerequisite.Cf. condition n. 4, sufficient condition at sufficient adj. 2c. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary > prerequisite condition1340 prerequisitea1631 necessary condition1651 prerequisition1651 postulate1707 precondition1825 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 285 The Laws of Nature; the observing whereof, both he himselfe, and his Apostles, have in their teaching recommended to us, as a necessary condition of being admitted by him in the last day into his eternall Kingdome. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxi. 119 Our whole Endeavours and Thoughts are intent to get rid of the present Evil before all things, as the first necessary step towards Happiness. 1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. vii. 123 Things seemingly the most insignificant imaginable, are perpetually observed to be necessary conditions to other things of the greatest Importance. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 369 The necessary condition of our intuitive knowledge, i.e. that of space and time. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biographia Literaria I. ix. 136 I began to ask myself; is a system of philosophy..possible? If possible, what are its necessary conditions? 1859 J. S. Mill On Liberty i. 9 The consent of the community..was made a necessary condition to some of the more important acts of the governing power. 1949 A. Pap Elem. Analyt. Philos. x. 212 If a sufficient condition is complex—as it almost invariably is—then it may consist in a conjunction of necessary conditions. 1965 E. J. Lemmon Beginning Logic i. 28 Whenever it is the case that only if P then Q, P is a necessary condition for Q. 1989 Theatre Res. Internat. 14 78 Some fundamental ambiguity is the necessary condition of all plots and characters. 2. Of persons, esp. servants: rendering (certain) necessary, useful, or personal services. In later use frequently necessary woman. (In early use also as postmodifier, with plural necessaries.) Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > [adjective] > specifically of person helpfulc1384 necessary1425 serviceable1583 useful1612 society > authority > subjection > service > servant > [noun] > woman or girl maidenOE schelchenec1000 womanOE maidc1300 ancillec1366 wench1380 child-womana1382 maidservanta1382 serving-womana1398 servantessa1425 servant maid?a1450 woman servant1450 servitrice1477 administress1483 ministressa1500 serving maid?1529 maiden-servant1533 servitrix1566 miskin-fro1585 servant girl1658 girl1668 necessary womanc1689 scout1708 servitress1827 ancilla1871 1425 Rolls of Parl. IV. 306/1 Clerkes necessaries being in ye service of ye Prince. 1461 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 275 I trow ye shuld fynde hym a necessary man to take hede to yowre howshold and to bye all maner of stuffe nedefull þer-to. 1501 in Lett. Richard III. & Henry VII (Rolls) I. App. A. vii That no persone.., except he be a necessary officier, ride befor out of the company of the said princesse. 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 38 Those that be his stewards or necessariest men about him. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. i. 80 You are well vnderstood to bee a perfecter gyber for the Table, then a necessary Bencher in the Capitoll. View more context for this quotation c1689 in J. Y. Akerman Moneys Secret Services Charles II & James II (1851) 194 Late necessary woman to King Charles the Second. 1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 9 Nov. (1948) II. 407 I want a necessary woman strangely; I am as helpless as an elephant. 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 14 A most necessary handy Fellow, as could be desir'd. 1763 Ann. Reg. 1762 98/2 Attendants on..the prince of Wales,..Wet nurse,..Dry nurse,..Necessary woman. 1816 ‘P. Pindar’ Wks. I. 175 Ann Spencer, guardian of the necessary, That is to say, the necessary woman. 1899 Tit-Bits 1 Apr. 10/2 The most interesting member of all the [Queen's] kitchen staff is, perhaps, the ‘necessary woman’. 1998 J. Glasheen Secret People of Palaces xxi. 125 Queen Charlotte's..closet intimate Mrs Jane Moore, although still described as a Necessary Woman, would never be asked to empty those receptacles [sc. close-stool and chamberpot]. 3. necessary house n. (formerly also †necessary place (obsolete), †necessary stool (obsolete), †necessary vault (obsolete)), a privy. Now regional or historical. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun] gongOE privy?c1225 room-housec1275 chamber foreignc1300 wardrobea1325 privy chamberc1325 foreignc1390 siegec1400 stool1410 jakes1432 house of easementa1438 kocayc1440 siege-hole1440 siege-house1440 privy house1463 withdraught1493 draught1530 shield1535 bench-hole1542 common house1542 stool1542 jakes house1547 boggard1552 house of office?1560 purging place1577 little house1579 issue1588 Ajax1596 draught-house1597 private1600 necessary house1612 vault1617 longhouse1622 latrine1623 necessary1633 commonsa1641 gingerbread officea1643 boghouse1644 cloaca1645 passage-house1646 retreat1653 shithouse1659 closet of ease1662 garderobe1680 backside1704 office1727 bog?1731 house of ease1734 cuz-john1735 easing-chair1771 backhouse1800 outhouse1819 netty1825 petty1848 seat of ease1850 closet1869 bathroom1883 crapper1927 lat1927 shouse1941 biffy1942 shitholec1947 toot1965 shitter1967 woodshed1974 1612 N. Field Woman a Weather-cocke iv. i She shew'd me to a necessarie vault. 1618 N. Field Amends for Ladies ii. i. sig. D3 I met her in the necessarie house. ?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 93 The digging of Vaults for the Necessary-house. 1697 tr. Countess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 232 There being no necessary places in their Houses. 1723 Amer. Weekly Mercury 4 July A new Brick House and Lot, with a good kitchin,..half of a Well, Necessary House and a handsome Garden. 1762 F. Nicholls in Philos. Trans. 1761 (Royal Soc.) 52 267 He appeared to have just come from his necessary-stool. 1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle I. 176 In the wall of the western front have been several necessary-houses. 1828 J. Bentham Mem. & Corr. in Wks. (1843) X. 582 Written pleadings are of no more use in a court than they would be in a necessary-house. 1859 Ordinances of Mayor, Aldermen & Commonalty of City of N.Y. xxx. 319 The owner..of any..premises to which a sink, privy or necessary house shall belong,..in which tubs shall be used, shall not suffer..the contents thereof to rise within three inches of the top of said tub. 1886 W. H. Long Dict. Isle of Wight Dial. 43 Necessary house, a water closet, or privy. 1970 P. O'Brian Master & Commander (new ed.) iii. 106 A necessary-house. A jakes? A privy? 1980 E. Jong Fanny iii. v. 341 She was also very loath to wash her Hands, e'en after going to the Necessary House. 4. Of an action: that needs to be done; that is done in order to achieve the desired result or effect. if necessary: if required by the circumstances. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [adjective] > necessary to be done needfulc1390 necessarya1616 a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) ii. i. 178 This shall make Our purpose Necessary, and not Enuious. View more context for this quotation 1655 S. Ashe Funeral Serm. Gataker 49 Constant retirement..made the choice..a necessary act of prudence. 1716 T. Jeffery in Sir T. Browne Christian Morals Pref. sig. 4^v Where an Oversight had made the Addition or Transposition of some words necessary. 1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra* (1772) II. lxiv. 298 In this sense the levy of ship-money..was not necessary. 1791 J. Bentham Corr. 23 Jan. (1981) IV. 225 The whole circuit [of the Panopticon] reviewable with little, or if necessary, without any, change of place. 1819 P. B. Shelley Cenci iii. ii. 51 Still doubting if that deed Be just which was most necessary. 1858 W. Greener Gunnery in 1858 156 We never saw it done,..but the Doctor describes it as a necessary proceeding. 1894 Ld. Albemarle & G. L. Hillier Cycling (rev. ed.) App. 471 The inner tube [is] carefully examined, the hole discovered—if necessary by inflating the tube and immersing it in water. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 266/1 The proposition was supported by..the..minister of the interior, and accordingly the necessary arrangements were speedily effected. 1921 Round Table June 651 His block majority, with which, if necessary, he could steam-roller opposition. 1945 E. Bowen Demon Lover 145 The heat from the fire must have made necessary..the opening of a window behind the curtains. 1992 Mod. Railways Mar. 112/2 The sidings are too short to hold a whole trainload, so shunting is necessary when the daily train arrives to exchange empty wagons for loaded ones. †II. Intimately connected. 5. Closely related or connected; intimate. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective] > closely nareOE nighOE neara1375 necessarya1382 germanea1449 native1488 near of kin1491 tender1508 near akinc1515 cousin1590 affine1614 own1671 tight-knit1832 the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [adjective] > intimate or familiar > (of relatives or friends) close nighOE necessarya1382 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Job vi. 13 Loo, þer is not helpe to me in me; also, my necessarie men [a1425 L.V. meyneal frendis; L. necessarii] wenten awei fro me. 1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. iii. 16 Such as seek after sordid gain, and neglect their necessary friends. III. That must be so; inevitable. 6. a. Inevitably determined or fixed by predestination or the operation of natural laws; happening or existing by an inherent necessity. (In early use also as postmodifier, with plural necessaries.) Now chiefly Philosophy and Theology. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] necessary?a1425 need-rooted1850 non-contingent1872 the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > determined by natural necessity necessary?a1425 naturalc1475 the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > necessitated by circumstance necessary?a1425 faina1535 perforce1580 like1828 obliged1892 ?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. v. pr. iv. 164 Þilke þingis þat ne han noon issues and bytidynges necessaries. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. cccliiii God than..al these thynges as they arne spontanye or necessarie syght, and as he seeth so they ben. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (2nd issue) iii. i. 82 By the necessary forme of this, King Richard might create a perfect guesse. View more context for this quotation 1638 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 5) ii. ii. iii. 258 Columbus did not find out America by chance,..it was contingent to him, but necessary to God. a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 37 Otherwise we must of necessity make all successes in the World purely natural and necessary. 1720 D. Waterland 8 Serm. Divinity of Christ Pref. 20 We are not indeed to expect the Word necessary existence (a School Term, and none of the most proper). 1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 192 Of causes, how they work By necessary laws their sure effects. 1875 E. White Life in Christ (1878) iii. xxiii. 339 The identification..of the Necessary Being with the vanishing phantasmal shadow. 1991 A. Hourani Hist. Arab Peoples ii. xi. 178 The distinction, common to philosophers, between Necessary and Contingent Being: only God is Necessary Being, existing by His own nature. b. Of concepts, processes, etc.: resulting inevitably from the nature of things or of the mind itself. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adjective] > determined or necessary > of mental concepts or processes necessarya1500 a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 120 (MED) So shulde He knowe the possible thingis doubtefully and the necessarye thingis certeinly as thou knowest them. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Hiiij^v The other called infallible reasons, or rather necessary Argumentes, muste by all reason be euermore true. 1628 T. Spencer Art of Logick 157 A necessary axiome, is when it is alwayes true, and cannot be false. 1656 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. II. v. 58 Syllogisme[is divided] into the Apodeictick, which concerneth necessary ratiocination [etc.]. 1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 264 The Connexion..is not so close and necessary, as will warrant us from the Former certainly to infer the Latter. 1826 R. Whately Elements Logic App. 288 It is ‘mathematically Necessary’ that two sides of a triangle should be greater than the third. 1856 J. F. Ferrier Inst. Metaphysic (ed. 2) 20 A necessary truth or law of reason is a truth the opposite of which is inconceivable. 1878 J. Cook Transcendentalism i. 19 The ideas of space and time are called in philosophy necessary ideas. 1898 H. C. King in Chicago Advance 24 Mar. 388/1 The many-sidedness of truth, and the necessary partialness of one's own view. 1972 Lect. Royal Inst. Philos. 5 77 Berkeley regarded the relation between the self and its ideas as a necessary one-many relation. 1990 Sciences July 48/1 Because of the fact that mathematical truths are necessary truths, no actual ‘information’, in the technical sense, passes to the discoverer. c. Inevitably determined or produced by a previous state of things; occurring as the next logical step in a sequence of events. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adjective] > determined or necessary necessary1573 1573 New Custome iii. i. sig. D iv Where so euer Light of the Gospell goeth before: There I Edification do followe incontinent, As vnto the same a necessary consequent. 1680 N. Tate Loyal General iii. 26 It was my Rivall's Fortune, not desert, T'have first beheld your Charms; which having seen, He Lov'd of necessary Consequence. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey II. ix. Observ. 307 In a word, the Episodes of Homer are compleat Episodes;..they are so join'd to the principal action, that one is the necessary consequence of the other. 1799 C. B. Brown Edgar Huntly I. ix. 211 What a deplorable infatuation! Yet was the necessary result of a series of ideas mutually linked and connected. 1836 N. Tucker Partisan Leader I. vii. 65 Causes had gradually wrought their necessary effects, and the ultimate co-operation of Virginia, if left to act freely, was now sure. 1872 J. L. Sanford Estimates Eng. Kings 336 He was quite as incapable..of perceiving its necessary issues. 1927 Observer 5 June 4 The Sitwells are known to everyone who has even a casual acquaintance with modern literature... This is a necessary consequence of the Sitwellian methods of publicity. 1992 Stud. Eng. Lit.: Eng. Number (Tokyo) 13 Along with references to the traditional rise and fall of fortune, there is a tendency to regard the rise of Bullingbrook as a necessary result of Richard's negligence. †7. Of an action: a. Determined by force of nature or circumstances. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer iii. f. cccliiii If a man wol synne, it is necessarye him to synne. 1706 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels III. 529 The first Motions of Anger seem to be mechanical and necessary. 1739 D. Hume Treat. Human Nature II. iii. 221 The actions..of matter are to be regarded as instances of necessary actions. 1855 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought §122 The necessary action, where all the motives are on one side. b. Enforced by another; compulsory. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > done, produced, or obtained by compulsion threata1400 constraintc1430 compelled1541 compulsed1541 violent?1550 extorted1552 wrested1565 coacted1570 enforced1576 forced1576 compulsory1581 commandeda1586 coactive1596 infortiate1601 extortious1602 coact1610 compulsive1611 exacted1618 necessitous1632 violented1641 necessary1655 on-forced1656 commandatorya1659 extorsive1669 compellable1677 compulsatory1748 obbligato1780 coerced1877 mandatory1891 shotgun1937 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 185 In the following words, he taketh away all necessary Oaths (and leaveth none but voluntary). 1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin ii. vii. 115 Such Penance, were it voluntary, deserveth greatly to be admired at; but when 'tis necessary, and upon a Prince, is worthy of utmost detestation. †8. Of an agent: a. Impelled by the natural force of circumstances upon the will; having no independent volition. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > absolutely compulsory > absolutely compelled boundc1360 needyc1430 constrained1571 necessary1654 compulsory1806 1654 R. Aylett Divine & Moral Speculations 432 Thus one eternal powerfull Providence Heer governs all things being by Creacion: The necessary Agents, wanting sense, Receive their mocion by her ordinacion. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxi. 119 Agents that have no Thought, no Volition at all, are in every thing necessary Agents. 1774 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) X. 462 They all agree, that man is not a free but a necessary agent. 1818 M. W. Shelley Frankenstein II. ii. 20 Alas! why does man boast of sensibilities superior to those apparent in the brute; it only renders them more necessary beings. If our impulses were confined to hunger, thirst, and desire, we might be nearly free. 1871 R. H. Hutton Ess. (1877) I. 53 That a necessary being should give birth to a being with any amount, however limited, of moral freedom. b. Compelled by practical necessity, or by some law or regulation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > compelled (of persons) coactc1430 needyc1430 constrained1609 compulsive1611 obtruded1649 enforced1654 necessary1724 necessiated1727 compulsory1806 coerced1836 bulldozered1876 pressured1889 1724 J. Swift Some Observ. Wood's Half-pence 29 The Necessary Receivers [of Wood's half-pence] will be Losers of Two Thirds in their Salaries or Pay. a1768 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. (1773) I. 146 Servants are..either necessary or voluntary. Those may be called necessary whom the law obliges to work. 1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes ii. 128 A necessary heir is a slave instituted with gift of freedom; so called because in every case, whether he will or not, he straightway on the testator's death becomes free and heir. 1893 T. Fowler Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. 42 The ‘necessary regents’ among the Masters, that is, those Masters of Arts who had not yet completed two years from the date of that degree. B. n. 1. That which is indispensable; a necessary thing; an essential or requisite. a. In plural. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary > necessaries necessarya1382 necessars1386 necessity?1406 mister1477 needment1590 implements1612 needfuls1614 vitals1657 essentiality1710 fundamentals1864 needcessities1874 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) 3 Kings iv. 7 Salamon forsoþe hadde twelue ouerseearys vp on al israel, þat ȝeeuen corn to þe kyng & to his hous; bi þe moneþes forsoþe arowe in þe ȝeer. þei arowe mynystreden necessaries. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xx. 248 Ȝe shal haue bred and clothes, And other necessaries. 1415 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 23 (MED) I woll that Isabell, my wyfe, haue all the necessaries, clothes, braas, and other instrumentes of all myn houshold. 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. xii. sig. Bviij Shot & of all othre deffensable necessaryes. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xxxiii. 9 Forsake not god for dred of hungire; he hight til his lufers thaire necessaris. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. ii To cary wodde and other necessaries. 1592 R. Greene Thirde Pt. Conny-catching sig. E He came vp to London to prouide himselfe of such necessaries as the Cuntry is not vsually stored withall. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 140 [He] furnished him with great moneys, and other necessaries. 1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 25 The materials, and all necessarys as they are brought in. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 114. ⁋5 The Care of Superfluities is a Vice no less extravagant, than the Neglect of Necessaries. 1778 Farmer's Mag. ii. 164 There was not an inch of ground for many miles around it that could supply the inhabitants with any of the necessaries of life. 1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) VI. 345 If a man devises lands..to provide his children with necessaries. 1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) III. 348 The money to buy the necessaries of their household. 1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin viii. 130 Pincher..left the ship with a sweet smile and a little bundle of necessaries done up in a blue-striped handkerchief. 1998 New Yorker 12 Sept. 140/2 I assembled the necessaries, including a homemade chicken stock and fresh basil from the greenhouse. b. In singular. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > [noun] > that which is necessary needc1230 necessityc1390 necessary?a1425 exigence1446 requisitec1487 exigency1588 exigents1588 sine qua non1602 essentiala1620 implement1632 indispensable1681 needful1681 simple1858 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 74^v Wondez of mery & trachee arterie ar perilous, ffor þai haue necessarie immediatly to life. a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 612 (MED) Þei shall repe yerly in heruyst by thre days, & they shall haue necessari of metis. 1516 Galway Arch. in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 397 No man..shall not lende galley, botte, nor barque.., nor no furnitors or necessary to them appertayninge. 1589 J. Anger Her Protection for Women sig. B3 Women are the greatest help that men have, without whose aide & assistance it is as possible for them to live, as if they wanted meat, drinke, clothing, or any other necessary. 1664 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders (new ed.) i. sig. b8^v From the least that lives, to the greatest Building is a main necessary. 1682 A. Behn City-heiress ii. i. 12 That damn'd Necessary call'd Ready Money. 1724 J. Swift Let. to Shop-keepers of Ireland (new ed.) 2 Your Bread and Cloathing, and every common Necessary of Life. 1771 M. Allen Let. 21 Nov. in F. Burney Early Diary (1907) I. 141 [She] denied herself every necessary. 1833 H. Martineau Loom & Lugger i. iv. 60 A foreign article, be it a necessary or a luxury. 1884 American 7 339 The cost of this necessary [salt] since the duty was imposed upon it. 1960 J. S. Holmes & H. Van Marle tr. J. Huizinga Men & Ideas i. 24 So it would be if everyone were wise and if history were not a necessary of the schools as well as a necessary of life. †2. A relative or a close friend. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] > close relative nigha1382 necessaryc1384 bloodc1400 germane1490 prochain?1529 cousin brother1847 cousin sister1881 the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > friend > close or intimate friend belamy?c1225 friarc1290 specialc1300 necessaryc1384 familiar?c1400 great frienda1425 gossea1549 particular1577 shopfellow?1577 cockmate1578 privado1584 bosom friend1590 better half1596 ingle1602 inward1607 bully boy1609 bosom-piecea1625 hail-fellow1650 bosom-bird1655 intimate1660 crony1665 intimado1682 chum1684 friend of one's bosom1712 right bower1829 inquaintancea1834 cad1836 chummy1849 bond-friend1860 raggie1901 bosom1913 aceboy1951 boon coon1951 mellow1967 squeeze1980 acegirl2009 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Macc. iv. 3 Enmytees in so myche camen forth, that by summe necessaries [L. necessarios] or niȝ freendis, of Symount man sleayngus weren don. 3. †a. A necessary bodily function; an act of urination or defecation. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > [noun] needOE necessary1440 needinga1500 bodily function1655 occasion1670 toileting1793 call1815 voiding1926 1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Norbert (1977) l. 2673 He happed into þe ȝerd to gone Late at eue to voyde swech neccessarye As we witȝ diligens into oure bely carye. 1596 J. Harington New Disc. Aiax sig. D5^v There is no obscenitie..in wordes concerning our necessaries: but now for the place, where these necessaries are to bee done. b. A necessary house: see sense A. 3. Now regional or historical. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > [noun] gongOE privy?c1225 room-housec1275 chamber foreignc1300 wardrobea1325 privy chamberc1325 foreignc1390 siegec1400 stool1410 jakes1432 house of easementa1438 kocayc1440 siege-hole1440 siege-house1440 privy house1463 withdraught1493 draught1530 shield1535 bench-hole1542 common house1542 stool1542 jakes house1547 boggard1552 house of office?1560 purging place1577 little house1579 issue1588 Ajax1596 draught-house1597 private1600 necessary house1612 vault1617 longhouse1622 latrine1623 necessary1633 commonsa1641 gingerbread officea1643 boghouse1644 cloaca1645 passage-house1646 retreat1653 shithouse1659 closet of ease1662 garderobe1680 backside1704 office1727 bog?1731 house of ease1734 cuz-john1735 easing-chair1771 backhouse1800 outhouse1819 netty1825 petty1848 seat of ease1850 closet1869 bathroom1883 crapper1927 lat1927 shouse1941 biffy1942 shitholec1947 toot1965 shitter1967 woodshed1974 1633 in Minutes Norwich Court Mayoralty 1632–5 (Norfolk Rec. Soc.) (1967) 122 There shalbe a Stath & a necessary made..& a borded wyndow in the vance Roofe. 1756 Connoisseur No. 120. ⁋6 The Connoisseurs in Architecture, who build..necessaries according to Palladio. 1761 Berrow's Worcester Jrnl. 15 Oct. 3/3 A Male Infant, which was found in the Necessary House that Morning, and taken out alive, but died in about an Hour after.——She denies throwing it in, but says it dropt from her as she was at the Necessary in the Night. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 223 Strewing them in the bottoms of poultry and pigeon houses, dung heaps, and necessaries. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 412 A necessary might easily be constructed in connection with the liquid manure tank. 1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. Necessary, a privy. 1959 W. R. Bird These are Maritimes viii. 219 She had to go out to the little outbuilding sometimes called a ‘necessary’. 1978 M. Girouard Life of Eng. Country House iii. 56 Privy, privy house or privy chamber were the commonest terms in the Middle Ages, but..latrine, necessary and gong were also current. 1997 T. Pynchon Mason & Dixon xix. 196 They sleep in our beds, live in our Rooms,..finish our Bottles..squat upon our Necessaries. †4. In plural. Necessary expenses. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > [noun] > expenses > obligatory or necessary necessariesc1449 burden1661 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 347 Her endewing so myche schranke..that it was aftirward ouer litle to supporte her necessaries. 5. With the. a. That which is needed; (now) spec. the necessary funds or money. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > [noun] silverc825 feec870 pennieseOE wortheOE mintOE scata1122 spense?c1225 spendinga1290 sumc1300 gooda1325 moneya1325 cattlec1330 muckc1330 reasona1382 pecunyc1400 gilt1497 argentc1500 gelta1529 Mammon1539 ale silver1541 scruff1559 the sinews of war1560 sterling1565 lour1567 will-do-all1583 shell1591 trasha1592 quinyie1596 brass1597 pecuniary1604 dust1607 nomisma1614 countera1616 cross and pilea1625 gingerbreada1625 rhinoa1628 cash1646 grig1657 spanker1663 cole1673 goree1699 mopus1699 quid1699 ribbin1699 bustle1763 necessary1772 stuff1775 needfula1777 iron1785 (the) Spanish1788 pecuniar1793 kelter1807 dibs1812 steven1812 pewter1814 brad1819 pogue1819 rent1823 stumpy1828 posh1830 L. S. D.1835 rivetc1835 tin1836 mint sauce1839 nobbins1846 ochre1846 dingbat1848 dough1848 cheese1850 California1851 mali1851 ducat1853 pay dirt1853 boodle?1856 dinero1856 scad1856 the shiny1856 spondulicks1857 rust1858 soap1860 sugar1862 coin1874 filthy1876 wampum1876 ooftish1877 shekel1883 oil1885 oof1885 mon1888 Jack1890 sploshc1890 bees and honey1892 spending-brass1896 stiff1897 mazuma1900 mazoom1901 cabbage1903 lettuce1903 Oscar Asche1905 jingle1906 doubloons1908 kale1912 scratch1914 green1917 oscar1917 snow1925 poke1926 oodle1930 potatos1931 bread1935 moolah1936 acker1939 moo1941 lolly1943 loot1943 poppy1943 mazoola1944 dosh1953 bickies1966 lovely jubbly1990 scrilla1994 society > trade and finance > money > [noun] > ready money or cash ready money1429 argent-contentc1540 bitec1555 present money1572 chink1580 cash1600 bit1607 real money1675 fob?c1680 Darby1682 ready1684 blunt1819 makeready1830 hardshells1840 ante1843 spot cash1855 call money1856 necessary1897 1772 C. Hutton Princ. Bridges 84 To make the convenient give place to the necessary when their interests are opposite. 1855 N. Amer. Rev. July 236 Our efforts are still chiefly devoted to the necessary and the useful, to supplying common wants, not to the gratification of intellectual and cultivated tastes. 1897 Daily News 6 Sept. 3/6 A fund..for the purpose of providing the ‘necessary’ in order to bring test cases. 1960 O. Manning Great Fortune ii. 126 M'dear old friend Dobbie Dobson 'll advance me the necessary. 1980 ‘L. Cody’ Dupe (1981) xxi. 152 I don't mind so long as Mrs T. came across with the necessary before you got too cross eyed to ask for it. 1997 Bizarre Mar. 34/1 Colour copying has put top-notch reproduction kit within reach of any blagger who can get the necessaries for a top-of-the-range copier (about £28,000). b. That which is necessarily determined or predestined. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > [noun] > inevitability > inevitable fact, event, etc. necessity1600 necessary1818 inevitable1850 must-be1868 1818 S. T. Coleridge Friend (new ed.) I. 269 So far as..we possess the ideas of the Necessary and the Universal. 1868 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) July 427 The real and the possible, the necessary and the contingent, the chain of causes; it [sc. metaphysics] seeks out, explores, penetrates everything. 1893 Catholic World Mar. 924 (advt.) Among the subjects treated of in this book are..Universals—The Necessary and the Contingent, [etc.]. 1994 Philos. Rev. 103 376 Hegel bridges the gap between the necessary and the contingent in his Logic. c. to do the necessary: to do what the occasion demands; (also euphemistic) to do something unpleasant or unmentionable, spec. to urinate or defecate (cf. sense B. 3a). ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > be necessary [verb (intransitive)] > do what is necessary to do the needful1681 to do the necessary1935 1935 Punch 13 Mar. 299/2 Lord Smith: Well, I suppose I must do the necessary! 1952 M. Allingham Tiger in Smoke xi. 176 The orders were that I was to do the necessary and he was to verify they were dead. 1967 P. Bailey At Jerusalem i. 92 ‘Do you want to go anywhere?’ ‘Go?’ ‘to do the necessary?’ ‘No.’ 1975 Times 20 Nov. 5/8 Lorry drivers..regarded this instrument [sc. the tachograph] as a spy which recorded everything they did, including going for a smoke, pulling into a layby and ‘doing the necessary’. 1991 M. Dibdin Dirty Tricks (BNC) 77 If we didn't have butchers to do the necessary, we'd be vegetarians out of sheer ineptitude. Compounds † necessaries-man n. Obsolete rare a person who supplies necessaries to a vessel in mid-voyage. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > ship-chandler ship-chandler1642 necessaries-man1867 1867 Law Rep.: Admiralty & Eccl. 1 305 A necessaries-man has, until institution of suit, no claim upon a Vessel. † necessary money n. Obsolete money to pay for necessaries. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > allowance > for specific purpose beggar-charge1652 vesturage1679 card money1688 mileage1724 necessary money1778 risk money1841 capital allowance1866 journey-money1883 1778 Ld. Anson Let. 20 June in Barrington Papers (1937) (modernized text) I. 104 You are to let your Purser know, that the said Goods are to be provided out of his Standing Allowance for Necessary-Money. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 495 Necessary Money..formerly allowed to pursers for the coals, wood, turnery-ware, candles, and other necessaries provided by them. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.c1376
随便看	θ219749 θ21975 θ219750 θ219751 θ219752 θ219753 θ219754 θ219755 θ219756 θ219757 θ219758 θ219759 θ21976 θ219760 θ219761 θ219762 θ219763 θ219764 θ219765 θ219766 θ219767 θ219768 θ219769 θ21977 θ219770