naturalistn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈnatʃ(ə)rəlɪst/,

/ˈnatʃ(ə)rl̩ɪst/, U.S.

/ˈnætʃ(ə)rələst/

Forms: see natural adj. and -ist suffix.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: natural adj., -ist suffix.

Etymology: < natural adj. + -ist suffix. Compare Middle French, French naturaliste (early 16th cent. in sense ‘natural historian; late 16th cent. in sense A. 4; early 16th cent. as adjective). In sense A. 4 after Italian naturalista (1406). Compare Spanish naturalista (1787).

A. n.

†a. An expert in or student of natural science; a natural philosopher, a scientist. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > [noun] > physical scientist or natural philosopher

physiciana1425

man of science1482

natural philosopher?1541

naturalist1581

physiologer1598

physicist1858

1581 J. Hamilton Catholik Traictise v. f.72^v Be his almichtie pouar, tua bodeis may be in ane place, aganis all naturall philosophie, let yit naturalistis schau me hou Christis bodie is nou actuallie in ane place being aboue ye heauins.

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. xvii. 89 Diligent physitians or naturalists..wil put the same to any kind of metall.

1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 227 That Inke hath Poyson in it, the Historian, as well as Naturalist will confesse.

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. i. 8 Because the Lightening first affects the Sense, I give it the precedence as is usual amongst Naturalists.

1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. iii. 37 For the highest Clouds cannot rise above two Miles, as Naturalists agree.

1752 D. Hume Polit. Disc. v. 83 All water..remains always at a level; Ask naturalists the reason.

1795 J. Hutton Theory Earth (new ed.) I. i. ii. 201 Some part of the Theory of the Earth..which will probably give offence to naturalists who have espoused an opposite opinion.

1813 J. Mackintosh De L'Allemagne in Wks. (1846) II. 537 The naturalist gives no picture of scenery by the most accurate catalogue of mineral and vegetable produce.

1892 A. E. H. Love Treat. Math. Theory Elasticity I. Hist. Introd. 4 This naturalist, (to adopt Sir William Thomson's name for students of natural science).

b. (In early use only contextual, now specific.) An expert in or student of natural history; a person who has a special interest in or makes a special study of plants or animals; (in later use) esp. an amateur concerned more with observation than with experiment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > study > person who studies > [noun] > natural history

naturalist1600

natural historian1640

physiologist1653

naturala1682

field naturalist1789

physiophilist1804

natural scientist1872

naturist1925

wildlifer1963

1600 C. Sutton Disce Mori (1846) vi. 57 A lion; of whom the naturalist writeth, that he is of such courage [etc.].

1657 T. Wall Comment on Times 30 The great Naturalist observes it of this beast, the Leopard [etc.].

1733 J. Swift On Poetry 20 So, Nat'ralists observe, a Flea Hath smaller Fleas that on him prey.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VII. 27 The sea snail, of which naturalists have..mentioned fifteen kinds.

1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi iii. 210 This father was a great naturalist, or rather florist; he had large collections of flowers, plants [etc.].

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species ii. 44 Every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species.

1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 7 The structure of a bone enables naturalists to build up the animal of which it is a part.

1922 ‘R. Crompton’ More William (1924) ix. 149 A wasp settled near him, and very neatly the young naturalist picked him up.

1968 V. S. Pritchett Cab at Door vii. 121 She helped the one who was a naturalist to skin his guinea-pig and mount the skeleton.

1985 Evol. Biol. 2 163 He was primarily a geneticist, statistician, mathematical theorist, and eugenist, not a naturalist or bug-hunter.

†c. A taxidermist. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > zoology > taxidermy > [noun] > taxidermist

preserver1771

taxidermist1828

stuffer1862

naturalist1863

1863 Cornhill Mag. Jan. 120 Some of us may have had the misfortune to see some special pet carried off by death, and to have sent it to a ‘naturalist,’ to be stuffed.

a. Philosophy. A person who studies natural, as opposed to supernatural or spiritual, things; a person who believes that only natural laws and forces operate in the world; an adherent of or believer in philosophical naturalism.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > naturalism > [noun] > adherent of

naturiena1393

naturalist1587

physiologer1598

naturian1602

physiologist1653

naturist1686

society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [noun] > natural > adherent of

naturalist1587

naturian1621

1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. Pref. sig. ***i Against the false naturalists [Fr. Naturalistes] (that is to say professors of the knowledge of nature and naturall things) I will alledge nature it self.

1612 R. Carpenter Soules Sentinel 76 Those blasphemous truth-opposing Heretikes, and Atheisticall naturalists.

1615 J. Stephens Satyrical Ess. 154 Hee is an enemy to Atheists; for he is no Fatist nor Naturalist.

1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra ii. i. 169 The Naturalists explode Christ and Scriptures at last as unnecessary.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 223 Let the Naturalists explain these Things [sc. the aspirations of the soul].

1824 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1831) I. 5 The religious Naturalist in his turn despises the feeble mind of the Socinian.

1864 Q. Jrnl. Sci. 1 554 The small semi-educated sect of men calling themselves ‘Naturalists’, or ‘Secularists’.

1952 R. M. Hare Lang. Morals v. 92 It is therefore no answer..to claim that a ‘naturalist’ might if he pleased define ‘good’ in terms of some characteristics of his choice.

1971 Mod. Law Rev. 31 vi. 703 Professor O'Connell speaks with the voice of a latter-day ‘naturalist’: ‘Law is a spontaneous generation from the needs and aspirations of man in Community.’

1992 Mind 101 131 If classes are abstract objects then the naturalist must repudiate them.

†b. Ethics. A person whose system of morality or religion is derived only from human reason and has no basis in revelation. Cf. natural adj. 9b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [noun] > natural > adherent of > in contrast with revelation

naturalist1608

1608 Bp. J. Hall Epist. II. iii. iii Let me but know what action Popery requires of any of hir followers, which a meere Naturalist hath not done, can not do?

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xcii. sig. Aa7 For the Manner how God would bee worshipped, no Naturalist could euer finde it out, till hee himselfe gaue directions from his sacred Scripture.

1642 D. Rogers Naaman 104 The meere naturalist, or Civilian..I mean such an one as lives upon dregges, the very reliques and ruines of the image of God decayed.

1806 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1956) II. 1189 I was for many years a Socinian; and at times almost a Naturalist.

1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 347 I am here speaking in the assumed character of a mere Naturalist, to whom no light of revelation had been vouchsafed.

†3. A person native to a country. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native people > [noun] > person

sonOE

landsmanc1000

natural1509

native1535

homeling1577

indigena1591

originary1594

home-born1600

birth child1609

inbred1625

naturalist1631

autochthon1646

naturalizanta1652

breedling1663

indigene1664

indigenal1722

child (son, etc.) of the soil1814

native-born1814

1631 T. Heywood England's Elizabeth (1641) 160 If they aimed at the life of a naturalist, being their..Sovereignes sister.

†4. A person whose behaviour follows his or her natural instincts. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1635 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Donzella Desterrada 34 Feredo was in one respect a naturalist [It. naturalista], desirous of posterity.

†5. A person who lacks technical training. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [noun] > unskilful person > lacking technical knowledge or training

naturalist1692

atechnic1869

1692 W. Hope Fencing-master's Advice 62 Vigourous Naturalists with their forwardness, full Blows, and irregular Thrusts do oftimes so confound Artists.

6. A creative artist who aims at close representation of nature or reality; an adherent of artistic naturalism.

a. In visual art.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [noun] > naturalism or representationalism > artist

naturalista1806

a1806 J. Barry in R. N. Wornum Lect. on Painting (1848) 124 The cavils of the ignorant, or the naturalists, as they choose to call themselves.

1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters III. 74 Others received both good and evil together (thence properly called Naturalists).

1873 W. Pater Stud. Hist. Renaissance 42 Botticelli lived in a generation of naturalists, and he might have been a naturalist among them.

1883 Cent. Mag. Sept. 723/2 Bad ornamenters as the naturalists are, the copyists are worse.

1959 Dict. National Biogr. 1941–50 642/2 He was romantic in temperament, and a naturalist rather than a decorator.

1982 Art Bull. Dec. 652 Hunt had such a reputation as a naturalist that, as he told W. M. Rossetti, ‘I shall perhaps surprise you by saying that even in painting to my taste there should be great limitations in naturalism.’

b. In literature, theatre, film, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories > adherent of

modernist1703

symbolist1812

romanticist1821

classicist1827

romantic1827

symbolizer1854

archaist1867

realist1868

verist1884

naturalist1888

naturist1892

Teutonist1894

veritist1894

literary theorist1896

neoclassicist1899

social realist1909

futurist1911

postmodernist1914

vorticist1914

postmodern1917

Scythian1923

surrealist1925

populist1930

ultraist1931

socialist-realist1935

lettrist1946

New Negro1953

formalist1955

pre-modernist1962

Scyth1972

dirty realist1987

po-mo1996

1888 H. James Partial Portraits 124 [Trollope] tells us, on the whole, more about life than the ‘naturalists’ in our sister republic.

1890 J. R. Lowell Wks. VI. 62 Fielding was a naturalist, in the sense that he was an instinctive and careful observer.

1987 G. Phelps Short Guide to World Novel (1988) 190 It was only in his plays that Hauptmann was a thoroughgoing Naturalist.

2000 J. Caughie Television Drama vi. 155 It seems more important..to situate The Singing Detective as one of the significant works of twentieth-century British modernism than to canonize Dennis Potter as not a naturalist.

B. adj.

= naturalistic adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > naturalism > [adjective]

naturalist1830

naturalistic1838

physico-philosophical1852

society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [adjective] > natural

naturalist1830

naturalistic1838

naturalized1858

vegetation1878

pre-animistic1891

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [adjective] > naturalistic or representational

depictive1821

naturalistic1849

naturalist1860

resemblant1872

representational1910

1830 E. B. Pusey Hist. Enq. ii. 366 Its naturalist tendencies..received their highest power to hurt from corresponding points in the state of theology.

1860 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters V. 207 That naturalist art..denied at last the spiritual nature of man.

1893 W. G. Collingwood Life & Work J. Ruskin I. 192 The Naturalist-landscape school, a group of painters who threw overboard the traditions of Turner.

1974 Impressionism (Royal Acad.) 42/2 This fascination for the railway was shared by Naturalist writers—cf. Zola's La Bête Humaine (1890).

1986 Theatre Res. Internat. Autumn 255 He championed the work of avant-garde playwrights, particularly those writing in the Naturalist vein.

1990 Internat. Organization 44 183 Successful naturalist painting depends on viewers who expect to see that type of construction of reality.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	naturalist
释义	naturalistn.adj. Brit. /ˈnatʃ(ə)rəlɪst/, /ˈnatʃ(ə)rl̩ɪst/, U.S. /ˈnætʃ(ə)rələst/ Forms: see natural adj. and -ist suffix. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: natural adj., -ist suffix. Etymology: < natural adj. + -ist suffix. Compare Middle French, French naturaliste (early 16th cent. in sense ‘natural historian; late 16th cent. in sense A. 4; early 16th cent. as adjective). In sense A. 4 after Italian naturalista (1406). Compare Spanish naturalista (1787). A. n. 1. †a. An expert in or student of natural science; a natural philosopher, a scientist. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > [noun] > physical scientist or natural philosopher physiciana1425 man of science1482 natural philosopher?1541 naturalist1581 physiologer1598 physicist1858 1581 J. Hamilton Catholik Traictise v. f.72^v Be his almichtie pouar, tua bodeis may be in ane place, aganis all naturall philosophie, let yit naturalistis schau me hou Christis bodie is nou actuallie in ane place being aboue ye heauins. 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. xvii. 89 Diligent physitians or naturalists..wil put the same to any kind of metall. 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 227 That Inke hath Poyson in it, the Historian, as well as Naturalist will confesse. 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. i. 8 Because the Lightening first affects the Sense, I give it the precedence as is usual amongst Naturalists. 1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. iii. 37 For the highest Clouds cannot rise above two Miles, as Naturalists agree. 1752 D. Hume Polit. Disc. v. 83 All water..remains always at a level; Ask naturalists the reason. 1795 J. Hutton Theory Earth (new ed.) I. i. ii. 201 Some part of the Theory of the Earth..which will probably give offence to naturalists who have espoused an opposite opinion. 1813 J. Mackintosh De L'Allemagne in Wks. (1846) II. 537 The naturalist gives no picture of scenery by the most accurate catalogue of mineral and vegetable produce. 1892 A. E. H. Love Treat. Math. Theory Elasticity I. Hist. Introd. 4 This naturalist, (to adopt Sir William Thomson's name for students of natural science). b. (In early use only contextual, now specific.) An expert in or student of natural history; a person who has a special interest in or makes a special study of plants or animals; (in later use) esp. an amateur concerned more with observation than with experiment. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > study > person who studies > [noun] > natural history naturalist1600 natural historian1640 physiologist1653 naturala1682 field naturalist1789 physiophilist1804 natural scientist1872 naturist1925 wildlifer1963 1600 C. Sutton Disce Mori (1846) vi. 57 A lion; of whom the naturalist writeth, that he is of such courage [etc.]. 1657 T. Wall Comment on Times 30 The great Naturalist observes it of this beast, the Leopard [etc.]. 1733 J. Swift On Poetry 20 So, Nat'ralists observe, a Flea Hath smaller Fleas that on him prey. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VII. 27 The sea snail, of which naturalists have..mentioned fifteen kinds. 1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi iii. 210 This father was a great naturalist, or rather florist; he had large collections of flowers, plants [etc.]. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species ii. 44 Every naturalist knows vaguely what he means when he speaks of a species. 1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 7 The structure of a bone enables naturalists to build up the animal of which it is a part. 1922 ‘R. Crompton’ More William (1924) ix. 149 A wasp settled near him, and very neatly the young naturalist picked him up. 1968 V. S. Pritchett Cab at Door vii. 121 She helped the one who was a naturalist to skin his guinea-pig and mount the skeleton. 1985 Evol. Biol. 2 163 He was primarily a geneticist, statistician, mathematical theorist, and eugenist, not a naturalist or bug-hunter. †c. A taxidermist. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > zoology > taxidermy > [noun] > taxidermist preserver1771 taxidermist1828 stuffer1862 naturalist1863 1863 Cornhill Mag. Jan. 120 Some of us may have had the misfortune to see some special pet carried off by death, and to have sent it to a ‘naturalist,’ to be stuffed. 2. a. Philosophy. A person who studies natural, as opposed to supernatural or spiritual, things; a person who believes that only natural laws and forces operate in the world; an adherent of or believer in philosophical naturalism. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > naturalism > [noun] > adherent of naturiena1393 naturalist1587 physiologer1598 naturian1602 physiologist1653 naturist1686 society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [noun] > natural > adherent of naturalist1587 naturian1621 1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. Pref. sig. **i Against the false naturalists [Fr. Naturalistes] (that is to say professors of the knowledge of nature and naturall things) I will alledge nature it self. 1612 R. Carpenter Soules Sentinel* 76 Those blasphemous truth-opposing Heretikes, and Atheisticall naturalists. 1615 J. Stephens Satyrical Ess. 154 Hee is an enemy to Atheists; for he is no Fatist nor Naturalist. 1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra ii. i. 169 The Naturalists explode Christ and Scriptures at last as unnecessary. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 223 Let the Naturalists explain these Things [sc. the aspirations of the soul]. 1824 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1831) I. 5 The religious Naturalist in his turn despises the feeble mind of the Socinian. 1864 Q. Jrnl. Sci. 1 554 The small semi-educated sect of men calling themselves ‘Naturalists’, or ‘Secularists’. 1952 R. M. Hare Lang. Morals v. 92 It is therefore no answer..to claim that a ‘naturalist’ might if he pleased define ‘good’ in terms of some characteristics of his choice. 1971 Mod. Law Rev. 31 vi. 703 Professor O'Connell speaks with the voice of a latter-day ‘naturalist’: ‘Law is a spontaneous generation from the needs and aspirations of man in Community.’ 1992 Mind 101 131 If classes are abstract objects then the naturalist must repudiate them. †b. Ethics. A person whose system of morality or religion is derived only from human reason and has no basis in revelation. Cf. natural adj. 9b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [noun] > natural > adherent of > in contrast with revelation naturalist1608 1608 Bp. J. Hall Epist. II. iii. iii Let me but know what action Popery requires of any of hir followers, which a meere Naturalist hath not done, can not do? 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xcii. sig. Aa7 For the Manner how God would bee worshipped, no Naturalist could euer finde it out, till hee himselfe gaue directions from his sacred Scripture. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 104 The meere naturalist, or Civilian..I mean such an one as lives upon dregges, the very reliques and ruines of the image of God decayed. 1806 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1956) II. 1189 I was for many years a Socinian; and at times almost a Naturalist. 1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 347 I am here speaking in the assumed character of a mere Naturalist, to whom no light of revelation had been vouchsafed. †3. A person native to a country. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native people > [noun] > person sonOE landsmanc1000 natural1509 native1535 homeling1577 indigena1591 originary1594 home-born1600 birth child1609 inbred1625 naturalist1631 autochthon1646 naturalizanta1652 breedling1663 indigene1664 indigenal1722 child (son, etc.) of the soil1814 native-born1814 1631 T. Heywood England's Elizabeth (1641) 160 If they aimed at the life of a naturalist, being their..Sovereignes sister. †4. A person whose behaviour follows his or her natural instincts. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1635 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Donzella Desterrada 34 Feredo was in one respect a naturalist [It. naturalista], desirous of posterity. †5. A person who lacks technical training. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [noun] > unskilful person > lacking technical knowledge or training naturalist1692 atechnic1869 1692 W. Hope Fencing-master's Advice 62 Vigourous Naturalists with their forwardness, full Blows, and irregular Thrusts do oftimes so confound Artists. 6. A creative artist who aims at close representation of nature or reality; an adherent of artistic naturalism. a. In visual art. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [noun] > naturalism or representationalism > artist naturalista1806 a1806 J. Barry in R. N. Wornum Lect. on Painting (1848) 124 The cavils of the ignorant, or the naturalists, as they choose to call themselves. 1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters III. 74 Others received both good and evil together (thence properly called Naturalists). 1873 W. Pater Stud. Hist. Renaissance 42 Botticelli lived in a generation of naturalists, and he might have been a naturalist among them. 1883 Cent. Mag. Sept. 723/2 Bad ornamenters as the naturalists are, the copyists are worse. 1959 Dict. National Biogr. 1941–50 642/2 He was romantic in temperament, and a naturalist rather than a decorator. 1982 Art Bull. Dec. 652 Hunt had such a reputation as a naturalist that, as he told W. M. Rossetti, ‘I shall perhaps surprise you by saying that even in painting to my taste there should be great limitations in naturalism.’ b. In literature, theatre, film, etc. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories > adherent of modernist1703 symbolist1812 romanticist1821 classicist1827 romantic1827 symbolizer1854 archaist1867 realist1868 verist1884 naturalist1888 naturist1892 Teutonist1894 veritist1894 literary theorist1896 neoclassicist1899 social realist1909 futurist1911 postmodernist1914 vorticist1914 postmodern1917 Scythian1923 surrealist1925 populist1930 ultraist1931 socialist-realist1935 lettrist1946 New Negro1953 formalist1955 pre-modernist1962 Scyth1972 dirty realist1987 po-mo1996 1888 H. James Partial Portraits 124 [Trollope] tells us, on the whole, more about life than the ‘naturalists’ in our sister republic. 1890 J. R. Lowell Wks. VI. 62 Fielding was a naturalist, in the sense that he was an instinctive and careful observer. 1987 G. Phelps Short Guide to World Novel (1988) 190 It was only in his plays that Hauptmann was a thoroughgoing Naturalist. 2000 J. Caughie Television Drama vi. 155 It seems more important..to situate The Singing Detective as one of the significant works of twentieth-century British modernism than to canonize Dennis Potter as not a naturalist. B. adj. = naturalistic adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > naturalism > [adjective] naturalist1830 naturalistic1838 physico-philosophical1852 society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [adjective] > natural naturalist1830 naturalistic1838 naturalized1858 vegetation1878 pre-animistic1891 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [adjective] > naturalistic or representational depictive1821 naturalistic1849 naturalist1860 resemblant1872 representational1910 1830 E. B. Pusey Hist. Enq. ii. 366 Its naturalist tendencies..received their highest power to hurt from corresponding points in the state of theology. 1860 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters V. 207 That naturalist art..denied at last the spiritual nature of man. 1893 W. G. Collingwood Life & Work J. Ruskin I. 192 The Naturalist-landscape school, a group of painters who threw overboard the traditions of Turner. 1974 Impressionism (Royal Acad.) 42/2 This fascination for the railway was shared by Naturalist writers—cf. Zola's La Bête Humaine (1890). 1986 Theatre Res. Internat. Autumn 255 He championed the work of avant-garde playwrights, particularly those writing in the Naturalist vein. 1990 Internat. Organization 44 183 Successful naturalist painting depends on viewers who expect to see that type of construction of reality. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.adj.1581
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