naturalismn.

Brit.

/ˈnatʃ(ə)rəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈnatʃ(ə)rl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈnætʃ(ə)rəˌlɪz(ə)m/

Forms: 1600s naturalisme, 1700s– naturalism.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: natural adj., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < natural adj. + -ism suffix, probably after Middle French, French naturalisme mythological interpretation of the facts of nature (late 16th cent.; 1752 in philosophy; 1839 in visual art). Compare earlier naturalist n.

1. Ethics. Action arising from or based on natural instincts, without spiritual guidance; a system of morality or religion derived only from human reason and having no basis in revelation. Cf. natural religion n., and naturalist n. 2b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun] > natural system of morality

naturalisma1641

moralism1850

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > intuition > natural impulse, instinct > [noun] > instinctive reaction

naturalisma1641

society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [noun] > natural

natural religion1622

religion of nature1622

naturalisma1641

neologism1827

nature-religion1853

pre-animism1910

a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) 211 Atheists or men..who will admit of nothing but Morality, but Naturalismes, and humane reason.

1753 tr. A. Frey True & Authentic Acct. 34 The Naturalism and lawless Priviledges of the first Class.

1866 H. P. Liddon Bampton Lect. (1875) vi. 308 Pagans yield to those instincts of creature-worship which mere naturalism is ever prone to indulge.

1884 J. A. Symonds Shakspere's Predecessors iii. 96 A spirit survived from the old heathen past,..which we may describe as naturalism.

1894 Thinker 5 346 A mythological system, with innumerable gods grafted upon the original element of naturalism.

1933 W. R. Inge God & Astronomers vi. 230 As Lord Balfour argues in his Gifford Lectures, what makes naturalism ultimately untenable is that the higher values cannot be maintained in a naturalistic setting.

1952 R. M. Hare Lang. Morals v. 92 Naturalism in ethics, like attempts to square the circle..will constantly recur so long as there are people who have not understood the fallacy involved.

2. Philosophy. The idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the world; (occasionally) the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world. Also: the idea that moral concepts can be analysed in terms of concepts applicable to natural phenomena. Cf. naturalist n. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > naturalism > [noun]

naturalism1750

descendentalism1833

nature philosophy1842

naturism1847

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun] > naturalism

naturalism1874

1750 W. Warburton Julian 42 (note) [Ammianus] being..a religious Theist, and untainted with the Naturalism of Tacitus.

1794 R. Hurd Life Warburton 72 Lord Bolingbroke..was of that sect, which, to avoid a more odious name, chuses to distinguish itself by that of Naturalism.

1816 R. Hall Let. in Wks. (1832) V. 502 Their system is naturalism, not the evangelical system.

1858 E. H. Sears Athanasia 4 By the word ‘Naturalism’ we describe a belief in nature alone.

1874 W. Wallace tr. G. W. F. Hegel Logic §60. 100 Materialism or Naturalism, therefore, is the only consistent and thorough-going system of Empiricism.

1903 G. E. Moore Principia Ethica ii. 40 I have thus appropriated the name Naturalism to a particular method of approaching Ethics.

1967 Encycl. Philos. III. 69/1 According to ethical naturalism, moral judgments just state a special subclass of facts about the natural world.

1972 N. McInnes Western Marxists i. 25 Marxism begins as pure philosophy but it has a tendency to ‘degenerate’ into social naturalism.

1992 Mind 101 131 Armstrong advocates Naturalism: ‘the doctrine that nothing at all exists except the single world of space and time’.

3. A style or method characterized by close adherence to, and representation of, nature or reality.

a. In literature, theatre, cinema, etc.Used especially to refer to a style of novel in which reality was presented without moral judgement.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories

romanticism1821

romantism1828

naturalism1845

realism1856

sensationism1862

symbolism1866

classicisma1878

eroticism1881

impressionism1883

sensitivism1891

verism1892

neoclassicism1893

veritism1894

social realism1898

neo-realism1908

futurism1909

Félibrism1911

postmodernism1914

vorticism1914

Dada1918

Dadaism1918

Scythism1921

Scythianism1923

Russian Formalism1925

surrealism1927

Neue Sachlichkeit1929

populism1930

Sachlichkeit1930

dirty realism1931

ultraism1932

thingism1935

formalism1943

organicism1945

lettrism1946

New Wave1960

socialist realism1967

catastrophism1969

pointillism1972

po-mo1986

1845 E. A. Poe in Compl. Wks. (1902) XII. 188 Indeed the great charm of the whole acting of Mrs Mowatt is its naturalism.

1859 C. Kingsley Misc. II. 136 That Naturalism which threatened to end in sheer brutality.

1881 Daily News 13 June 4/4 That unnecessarily faithful portrayal of offensive incidents for which M. Zola has found the new name of ‘Naturalism’.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 840/1 His [sc. Whitman's] naturalism is uninteresting to them, while on the other hand a group apparently increasing in critical authority treat his work as significant.

1958 Observer 28 Apr. 15/1 A Shakespeare play can be ripped apart by the twin steel claws of naturalism and gimmickry.

1988 Plays Internat. Aug. 10/2 A play that cried out for a surrealist approach..was cloaked in tv-style naturalism by an inexperienced director.

b. In visual art. Cf. naturalist n. 6a.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [noun] > naturalism or representationalism

naturalism1852

naturalesque1888

representationalism1921

1848 C. Kingsley Yeast in Fraser's Mag. Sept. 289/1 That vile modernist, naturalism, is creeping back even into our painted glass.]

1852 A. Jameson Legends Madonna Introd. 37 The mannerism of the Italians, and the naturalism of the Flemish painters.

1853 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice III. i. 7 The Gothic naturalism advancing gradually from the Byzantine severity.

1884 Bazaar, Exchange & Mart 26 Dec. 681/3 Foregrounds of rush and wild flower he paints with extraordinary facility and naturalism.

1920 R. Fry Vision & Design 4 The greater sense of individual importance found its expression in the new naturalism which made portraiture in the modern sense possible.

1950 E. H. Gombrich Story of Art xix. 292 Caravaggio's ‘naturalism’, that is, his intention to copy nature faithfully, whether we think it beautiful or ugly.

1989 Mod. Painters Autumn 38/2 Those artists who reduce the painting of royalty to naturalism..are certain to produce pictures which seem either inadequate or inappropriate.

4. Adherence or attachment to what is natural; indifference to convention.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [noun] > reality > attachment to

realism1817

naturalism1865

1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. v. 155 Goethe's profound, imperturbable naturalism is absolutely fatal to all routine thinking.

1884 Contemp. Rev. Oct. 502 His naturalism, his enjoyment of the world as it is.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	naturalism
释义	naturalismn. Brit. /ˈnatʃ(ə)rəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈnatʃ(ə)rl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈnætʃ(ə)rəˌlɪz(ə)m/ Forms: 1600s naturalisme, 1700s– naturalism. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: natural adj., -ism suffix. Etymology: < natural adj. + -ism suffix, probably after Middle French, French naturalisme mythological interpretation of the facts of nature (late 16th cent.; 1752 in philosophy; 1839 in visual art). Compare earlier naturalist n. 1. Ethics. Action arising from or based on natural instincts, without spiritual guidance; a system of morality or religion derived only from human reason and having no basis in revelation. Cf. natural religion n., and naturalist n. 2b. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun] > natural system of morality naturalisma1641 moralism1850 the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > intuition > natural impulse, instinct > [noun] > instinctive reaction naturalisma1641 society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > kinds of religions > [noun] > natural natural religion1622 religion of nature1622 naturalisma1641 neologism1827 nature-religion1853 pre-animism1910 a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) 211 Atheists or men..who will admit of nothing but Morality, but Naturalismes, and humane reason. 1753 tr. A. Frey True & Authentic Acct. 34 The Naturalism and lawless Priviledges of the first Class. 1866 H. P. Liddon Bampton Lect. (1875) vi. 308 Pagans yield to those instincts of creature-worship which mere naturalism is ever prone to indulge. 1884 J. A. Symonds Shakspere's Predecessors iii. 96 A spirit survived from the old heathen past,..which we may describe as naturalism. 1894 Thinker 5 346 A mythological system, with innumerable gods grafted upon the original element of naturalism. 1933 W. R. Inge God & Astronomers vi. 230 As Lord Balfour argues in his Gifford Lectures, what makes naturalism ultimately untenable is that the higher values cannot be maintained in a naturalistic setting. 1952 R. M. Hare Lang. Morals v. 92 Naturalism in ethics, like attempts to square the circle..will constantly recur so long as there are people who have not understood the fallacy involved. 2. Philosophy. The idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the world; (occasionally) the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world. Also: the idea that moral concepts can be analysed in terms of concepts applicable to natural phenomena. Cf. naturalist n. 2a. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > naturalism > [noun] naturalism1750 descendentalism1833 nature philosophy1842 naturism1847 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > moral philosophy > [noun] > naturalism naturalism1874 1750 W. Warburton Julian 42 (note) [Ammianus] being..a religious Theist, and untainted with the Naturalism of Tacitus. 1794 R. Hurd Life Warburton 72 Lord Bolingbroke..was of that sect, which, to avoid a more odious name, chuses to distinguish itself by that of Naturalism. 1816 R. Hall Let. in Wks. (1832) V. 502 Their system is naturalism, not the evangelical system. 1858 E. H. Sears Athanasia 4 By the word ‘Naturalism’ we describe a belief in nature alone. 1874 W. Wallace tr. G. W. F. Hegel Logic §60. 100 Materialism or Naturalism, therefore, is the only consistent and thorough-going system of Empiricism. 1903 G. E. Moore Principia Ethica ii. 40 I have thus appropriated the name Naturalism to a particular method of approaching Ethics. 1967 Encycl. Philos. III. 69/1 According to ethical naturalism, moral judgments just state a special subclass of facts about the natural world. 1972 N. McInnes Western Marxists i. 25 Marxism begins as pure philosophy but it has a tendency to ‘degenerate’ into social naturalism. 1992 Mind 101 131 Armstrong advocates Naturalism: ‘the doctrine that nothing at all exists except the single world of space and time’. 3. A style or method characterized by close adherence to, and representation of, nature or reality. a. In literature, theatre, cinema, etc.Used especially to refer to a style of novel in which reality was presented without moral judgement. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories romanticism1821 romantism1828 naturalism1845 realism1856 sensationism1862 symbolism1866 classicisma1878 eroticism1881 impressionism1883 sensitivism1891 verism1892 neoclassicism1893 veritism1894 social realism1898 neo-realism1908 futurism1909 Félibrism1911 postmodernism1914 vorticism1914 Dada1918 Dadaism1918 Scythism1921 Scythianism1923 Russian Formalism1925 surrealism1927 Neue Sachlichkeit1929 populism1930 Sachlichkeit1930 dirty realism1931 ultraism1932 thingism1935 formalism1943 organicism1945 lettrism1946 New Wave1960 socialist realism1967 catastrophism1969 pointillism1972 po-mo1986 1845 E. A. Poe in Compl. Wks. (1902) XII. 188 Indeed the great charm of the whole acting of Mrs Mowatt is its naturalism. 1859 C. Kingsley Misc. II. 136 That Naturalism which threatened to end in sheer brutality. 1881 Daily News 13 June 4/4 That unnecessarily faithful portrayal of offensive incidents for which M. Zola has found the new name of ‘Naturalism’. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 840/1 His [sc. Whitman's] naturalism is uninteresting to them, while on the other hand a group apparently increasing in critical authority treat his work as significant. 1958 Observer 28 Apr. 15/1 A Shakespeare play can be ripped apart by the twin steel claws of naturalism and gimmickry. 1988 Plays Internat. Aug. 10/2 A play that cried out for a surrealist approach..was cloaked in tv-style naturalism by an inexperienced director. b. In visual art. Cf. naturalist n. 6a. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [noun] > naturalism or representationalism naturalism1852 naturalesque1888 representationalism1921 1848 C. Kingsley Yeast in Fraser's Mag. Sept. 289/1 That vile modernist, naturalism, is creeping back even into our painted glass.] 1852 A. Jameson Legends Madonna Introd. 37 The mannerism of the Italians, and the naturalism of the Flemish painters. 1853 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice III. i. 7 The Gothic naturalism advancing gradually from the Byzantine severity. 1884 Bazaar, Exchange & Mart 26 Dec. 681/3 Foregrounds of rush and wild flower he paints with extraordinary facility and naturalism. 1920 R. Fry Vision & Design 4 The greater sense of individual importance found its expression in the new naturalism which made portraiture in the modern sense possible. 1950 E. H. Gombrich Story of Art xix. 292 Caravaggio's ‘naturalism’, that is, his intention to copy nature faithfully, whether we think it beautiful or ugly. 1989 Mod. Painters Autumn 38/2 Those artists who reduce the painting of royalty to naturalism..are certain to produce pictures which seem either inadequate or inappropriate. 4. Adherence or attachment to what is natural; indifference to convention. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [noun] > reality > attachment to realism1817 naturalism1865 1865 M. Arnold Ess. Crit. v. 155 Goethe's profound, imperturbable naturalism is absolutely fatal to all routine thinking. 1884 Contemp. Rev. Oct. 502 His naturalism, his enjoyment of the world as it is. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1641
随便看	xradiography xrate xrated xrating xray xray analysis xray astronomer xray astronomy xray binary xray burst xray burster xray crystallographer xray crystallography xray dermatitis xray diffraction xray diffractometer xray examination xray eyes xray film xray fish xray fluorescence xray image xray machine xray microscope xray microscopy