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单词 natural
释义

naturaln.1

Brit. /ˈnatʃ(ə)rəl/, /ˈnatʃ(ə)rl̩/, U.S. /ˈnætʃər(ə)l/, /ˈnætʃr(ə)l/
Forms: Middle English naturel, Middle English–1700s naturall, Middle English– natural; English regional 1700s– neatril (Lancashire), 1800s naturl (Cornwall), 1800s– natheral (Yorkshire), 1800s– nat'ral, 1800s– natteral (Yorkshire); Scottish pre-1700 naturell, pre-1700 1800s naturall, 1800s naiteral, 1800s naitrel, 1800s nateral, 1800s natral; Irish English 1800s– nathural, 1900s– naitral, 1900s– nakural, 1900s– nateral.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion; partly modelled on a French lexical item, and partly modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymon: natural adj.
Etymology: < natural adj. In earlier senses after Middle French, French naturel constitution, complexion of the body (late 14th cent.), temperament, humour, inherent property (early 16th cent.), original inhabitant of a country (late 16th cent.), normal state, absence of affectation (1671; mid 16th cent. in phrase au naturel in sense ‘in accordance with real things’), classical Latin (or post-classical Latin) nātūrālis, nātūrāle.In sense 19 perhaps after Spanish natural native of a place or country (1485). Compare Italian naturale (late 15th cent.). With specific senses, compare classical Latin nātūrāle (neuter singular) typical feature (compare sense 4), nātūrālia (neuter plural) the genitals (compare sense 6b), post-classical Latin naturalis (masculine singular) a note in a natural scale (1517; compare sense 10).
†I. A natural condition or attribute.
1. In plural. The inborn mental or physical endowments of a person; natural gifts or powers of mind (or body). Occasionally as pure naturals in same sense (cf. sense 3a). Frequently with possessive adjective. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > [noun] > collectively
livingeOE
earthwareeOE
quickeOE
fleshc1000
naturalsa1400
live1565
life1728
the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > nature > natural things or objects
naturalsa1400
the world > action or operation > ability > [noun] > ability or talent > a talent or special ability > collectively
naturalsa1400
sentimentc1470
part1561
natural parts1642
talents1656
eligibilities1660
outfit1851
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > production > product > natural product or products
naturals1586
product1600
outgrowth1846
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 15 If he haue þe science of knowynge of vertues, þe science of spiritis schal nouȝt be hid fro him. Alle þese þingis bifore seid ben but natureles [L. naturales], & þei ben but techinge of medicyns speculatijf.
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 145 (MED) We schule fynde greet sutil trouþis..myche more þan eny man may come by þoruȝ his naturals in þis lijf.
1526 Pylgrimage of Perfection (de Worde) f. 124 Bycause his vnderstandynge and other naturalles be hole in hym.
1586 T. Bowes in tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. Ep. Ded. sig. *iijv The Author thereof was a meere heathen man, and directed onely by his pure Naturals when he wrote it.
1627 R. Sanderson Serm. I. 264 So much, if he had not been wanting to himself in the use of his naturals, he might have known.
1642 R. Burney Answer Observ. v. 23 'Tis Adams pure naturalls, impure nature that makes a Subject covet to be a King.
1650 N. Ward Discolliminium 46 For my naturalls, I am a proper man, foure foot, twelve inches and an halfe high.
1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. iii. iv. 144 A person of excellent naturals, and those wel improved by acquired literature.
2. Natural disposition, inclination, or character. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun]
heartOE
erda1000
moodOE
i-mindOE
i-cundeOE
costc1175
lundc1175
evena1200
kinda1225
custc1275
couragec1300
the manner ofc1300
qualityc1300
talentc1330
attemperancec1374
complexionc1386
dispositiona1387
propertyc1390
naturea1393
assay1393
inclinationa1398
gentlenessa1400
proprietya1400
habitudec1400
makingc1400
conditionc1405
habitc1405
conceitc1425
affecta1460
ingeny1477
engine1488
stomach?1510
mind?a1513
ingine1533
affection1534
vein1536
humour?1563
natural1564
facultyc1565
concept1566
frame1567
temperature1583
geniusa1586
bent1587
constitution1589
composition1597
character1600
tune1600
qualification1602
infusion1604
spirits1604
dispose1609
selfness1611
disposure1613
composurea1616
racea1616
tempera1616
crasisc1616
directiona1639
grain1641
turn1647
complexure1648
genie1653
make1674
personality1710
tonea1751
bearing1795
liver1800
make-up1821
temperament1821
naturalness1850
selfhood1854
Wesen1854
naturel1856
sit1857
fibre1864
character structure1873
mentality1895
mindset1909
psyche1910
where it's (he's, she's) at1967
1564 in W. Robertson Hist. Scotl. (1759) II. App. 17 Of her own natural, her Majesty has a certain inclination to pity the decay of noble houses.
1586 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1914) VIII. 425 The King of his awin naturell doeth proceid sinceirlye in all his actionis wyth hir majestie.
1609 S. Daniel Civile Wares (rev. ed.) iv. xlii. 98 He was not bloudy, in his Naturall.
1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 188 The same naturall of lightnesse and inconstancie still remaines in the French.
a1650 D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1844) V. 101 So altered in his substance and naturall.
3.
a. in one's (pure) naturals [after post-classical Latin in puris naturalibus] : in a purely natural condition, not altered or improved in any way; completely naked. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > nakedness or state of being unclothed > [adverb]
naked as a worm?a1366
nakedlyc1425
to the skin?1518
in one's (pure) naturals1579
in puris naturalibus1581
unclothedlya1626
puris naturalibus1626
with nothing on1678
uncoveredly1683
in the buff1803
Adamically1860
in the (also one's) altogether1894
in the raw1941
in the nuddy1953
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > of the nature or character of [phrase] > in one's natural condition
in one's (pure) naturals1579
1579 J. Stubbs Discouerie Gaping Gulf sig. Div Yf they..remained but in theyr pure naturalles, they would neuer so speake for a faultor prince of Rome.
1607 R. C. tr. H. Estienne World of Wonders 58 A Frenchman taken in his pure naturals [Fr. de soy-mesme].
1649 A. Ascham Bounds Publique Obed. 27 The Common-wealth were dead, and each man were left in his naturals, to subsist of himselfe.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 143 Exhibiting the inclinations of their Authors in pure Naturalls without any adulterated addition.
1704 in J. Swift Tale of Tub Bookseller to Rdr. sig. A6v I thought it fairer Dealing, to offer the whole Work in its Naturals.
1737 L. Clarke Compl. Hist. Bible II. xii. 721 He has laid himself open, even in his pure Naturals, for the veriest Brute.
1853 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 575 Our German traveller had the good fortune to inspect the show-rooms of King Otho's palace, not in their pure naturals, as they are commonly shown to strangers, but when furnished with fair ladies and gay knights.
b. Natural form or condition. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > physical arrangement or condition > [noun]
anatomy1579
natural1633
anatomization1664
the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > original or natural condition
i-cundeeOE
kindc1175
statea1387
disposition1581
natural1633
natural state1653
1633 J. Done tr. ‘Aristeas’ Aunc. Hist. Septuagint 68 All was most resplendant in their naturall.
1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 261 To shew you how the fruits of the Garden are to be Conserved in their Naturall [Fr. Naturel].
1684 J. Evelyn Let. 14 Apr. in Diary & Corr. (1852) III. 273 To preserve fruit and flowers in their natural.
4. A normal feature or attribute. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) i. xvi. §1. 164 Their Temples, their Altars, their Sacrifices, and other such like naturalls of Religion.
5. In plural. Normal bodily features or characteristics, as opposed to those which are subject to illness or disease. Frequently contrasted with non-natural adj. 1. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1670 J. A. Comenius Janua Ling. Triling. 220 When he taketh the cure in hand, first of all he mitigates the pains with certain lenitives; and preserveth the naturals [L. conservat naturalia], which he finds are remaining in the patient.
1826 W. Scott Diary 9 June in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Sir W. Scott (1837) VI. x. 319 Slept well last night. By the way, how intolerably selfish this Journal makes me seem—so much attention to one's naturals and non-naturals?
1868 J. Oswald Etymol. Dict. Eng. Lang. 256 Non-naturals, in medicine, things which, by the abuse of them, become the causes of disease.., opposed to naturals, whatsoever belongs naturally to an animal.
II. A person or thing having a natural, unaltered, or unrefined quality or attribute.
6.
a. A natural thing or object; something having its basis in the natural world or in the usual course of nature. In modern use: a natural product, a product that has not been processed or manufactured.
ΚΠ
a1500 Wisdom of Solomon (Cambr. Kk.1.5) in R. Girvan Ratis Raving & Other Early Scots Poems (1939) 177 Na man may say of ony thing..that this is a new thinge and fresch naturall that neuir was befor in the warld.
?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens i. sig. Aivv Than come vnto the naturalles, and after to the vnnaturalles.
1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 192 The abiectest naturalls haue their specificall properties.
1621 R. Montagu Diatribæ Hist. Tithes 521 Alway in Naturalls: sometime in Politicalls.
1650 T. Vaughan Anthroposophia Theomagica 24 It answers to the Holy Ghost, for amongst Naturalls it is the onely Agent, and Artificer.
a1680 J. Corbet Nonconformist's Plea (1683) 29 As in Naturals, the inferior subordinate causes have no power of acting against the efficacy of the Superior; so in Morals [etc.].
1705 Char. Sneaker in Harl. Misc. (1808) XI. 29 This is the Aristotelian principle in naturals; but the sneaker adapts it to politicks.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) These are call'd naturals, natural things, or things according to nature..in contradistinction to non-naturals.
1852 Southern Literary Messenger Apr. 208 These [sc. rivers, marshes, water, air] are generals or naturals, and on them depends the habit of the place, as to its good or evil health.
c1955 C. M. Wetzel (title) Trout flies: naturals and imitations.
1996 F. Popcorn & L. Marigold Clicking ii. 250 Even your local supermarket is expanding its shelf space with plenty of good-for-you naturals.
b. The genitals. Also in plural. Cf. natural parts n. Now rare (archaic).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > sex organs > [noun]
shapea1000
shameOE
i-cundeOE
memberc1300
privy memberc1325
kindc1330
privitiesc1375
harness1382
shameful parts1382
genitoriesa1387
partc1390
tailc1390
genitalsa1393
thingc1405
genitalc1450
privy parts1533
secret1535
loin?1541
genitures1548
filthy parts1553
shamefulness1561
ware1561
meatc1564
natural places1569
secret members1577
lady ware1592
natural parts1601
lady's ware1608
gear1611
private parts1623
groin1631
pudendums1634
natural1650
privacies1656
sex1664
secrecyc1675
nudities1677
affair1749
sexual parts1753
person1824
sex organ1847
privates1940
naughty bits1972
1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 209 They button up the naturals of Mares.
1781 Ld. Fife Let. 21 Apr. in Ld. Fife & his Factor (1925) v. 134 I would have inoculate him, but he told me he had them [sc. the smallpox] in the natural.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xiv. [Oxen of the Sun] 383 Any female..with the desire of fulfilling the functions of her natural.
7. A person having a low learning ability or intellectual capacity; a person born with impaired intelligence. Cf. natural fool n. Now Irish English, archaic, or historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > mental deficiency > [noun] > person
congeonc1285
idiota1400
foola1425
natural foolc1450
natural idiot1497
natural1533
changeling1577
weakling1577
mooncalf1586
slimslack1600
aufe1621
oaf1638
weak-wit1656
underwit1682
imbecile1830
ament1871
unfortunate1881
balmy1903
subnormal1905
deficient1906
retard1909
retardate1912
retarded1912
mopoke1946
retardee1956
mong1980
1533 T. More Debellacyon Salem & Bizance i. i. f. xiiii It could neuer be done more naturally, not though he that wrote it were euyn a very naturall in dede.
a1569 A. Kingsmill Viewe Mans Estate (1580) 10 If hee bee but meane in that respecte, then yet he is no foole, no naturall.
1623 T. Scott High-waies of God 44 Nature cannot bee so blinde as to suffer any but naturals to beleeve this their doctrine.
c1680 W. Beveridge Serm. (1729) II. 530 We are still mere naturals, no better than fools and madmen.
1722 R. Steele Conscious Lovers ii. i I own the Man is not a Natural; he has a very quick Sense, though very slow Understanding.
1777 F. Burney Jrnl. July in Early Jrnls. & Lett. (1990) II. 275 She..is not a natural, —that is, not an absolute Ideot.
1841 C. Dickens Barnaby Rudge x. 292 The person who'd go quickest, is a sort of natural, as one may say, sir.
?1857 J. Scholes Tim Gamwattle's Jawnt vi. 25 E mun bi o pure neatril, hoo sed; did e think ut a pow could stond on th woint.
1878 C. Gibbon For the King (new ed.) iv The man shuffled and bowed low, with the vacant grin of a natural.
1908 E. Fowler Between Trent & Ancholme 317 A boy of weak intellect, a Natural.
1931 M. Allingham Look to Lady 184 She lives with 'er son... 'E's a natural. They ain't neither on 'em right.
1954 O. St. J. Gogarty It isn't this Time of Year at All xix. 121 Where villages have..grown into towns, the village idiot..is not as easily found as in the more countrified hamlets where he is spoken of as ‘a natural’.
1989 ELH 56 585 Dickens's description of Barnaby follows but regrounds the model for representing madfolk presented by Scott's ‘naturals’.
8.
†a. A person whose moral or spiritual sense is either unawakened or uneducated, or is deduced only through human reason. Cf. natural adj. 9. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > [noun] > immoral state natural to man > one in this state
naturalc1547
c1547 H. Latimer Let. in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 1351/2 As your naturals, and diabolicals would haue you to do.
1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Gen. i. 24–5) 16 So it is here with the man that is no more then a meer naturall. But he that is spirituall discerneth all things.
†b. A mistress. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [noun] > illicit intimacy > person > a mistress
chevesea700
wifeOE
bed-sister1297
concubine1297
leman1297
file1303
speciala1400
womanc1400
chamberer?a1425
mistress?a1439
cousin1470
doxy?1515
doll1560
pinnacea1568
nobsya1575
lier-by1583
sweetheart1589
she-friend1600
miss1606
underput1607
concupy1609
lig-by1610
factoress1611
leveret1617
night-piece1621
belly-piece1632
dolly1648
lie-bya1656
madamc1660
small girl1671
natural1674
convenient1676
lady of the lake1678
pure1688
tackle1688
sultana1703
kind girl1712
bosom-slave1728
pop1785
chère amie1792
fancy-woman1819
hetaera1820
fancy-piece1821
poplolly1821
secondary wife1847
other woman1855
fancy-girl1892
querida1902
wifelet1983
1674 T. Duffett Empress of Morocco ii. 21 I'le tear thee from my Natural.
1688 T. Shadwell Squire of Alsatia i. i. 5 You..took a pretty Wench, a Gentlemans Natural, away by force.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Natural, a Mistress, a Wench.
c. Originally U.S. A person naturally endowed for (a role, etc.) or at (a skill, etc.); a person having natural gifts or talents; a thing naturally having qualities necessary for success, or making it particularly suitable for (a particular purpose).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > [noun] > ability or talent > people having talent > person having talent
natural1749
talent1807
dungeona1859
1749 J. Gordon Let. 31 Aug. in E. G. Breslaw Rec. Tuesday Club Annapolis (1988) 141 We look upon the one to be a Natural..in vocal music, that is to Say..by nature furnished with those gifts that are requisite to form a good singer.
1863 Q. Rev. Oct. 335 As with all literary naturals, he [sc. Thomas Hood] drifted rather than plunged into authorship.
1925 Cosmopolitan June 80/2 The fight was what promoters call a ‘natural’.
1933 F. Baldwin Innocent Bystander (1935) xiii. 260 But she's a natural... I watched her walk across the stage..and the audience rose to her.
1955 Observer 24 July 13/7 The sort of play which should have been a natural for television.
1963 J. Donohoe in J. Pollard Austral. Surfrider v. 40 (caption) Tanya controls balance and steering with her feet... Her left foot is forward as with all ‘naturals’, her feet well apart in the centre. Goofie-footers lead with their right of the board.
1975 Sunday Times 23 Feb. (Colour Suppl.) 26/4 He was a natural, and gradually began to pick up something of a reputation.
1975 Times 25 Feb. 3/6 Railways are a natural for process control and on-line computer systems.
1990 TV Times 14 Oct. 6/1 I was encouraged to act at school. I was a natural at playing the fool.
9. the natural.
†a. The real thing or person; real life. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > originality or non-imitation > [noun] > the real thing
the natural1589
life1600
original1624
(the) genuine article1794
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun] > an artistic representation > the thing copied
the natural1589
original1624
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxv. 254 Painting..represents the naturall by light colour and shadow in the superficiall or flat.
1659 J. Leak tr. I. de Caus New Inventions Water-works 31 The Paper was not large enough to draw it so large as the Natural.
a1691 Sir D. North in H. Roscoe North's Lives (1826) II. 349 I saw many artificial grots and rocks.., in which the natural of this [petrifaction] was perfectly imitated.
b. That which belongs to the natural world or occurs in the ordinary course of things.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > nature > natural order or course of nature
i-cundeeOE
course of kindc1325
course of nature1511–12
natural order1531
the natural1765
1765 H. Walpole Let. 16 Mar. (1980) XL. 377 An attempt to blend the marvellous of old story with the natural of modern novels.
1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §15. 57 To study the Supernatural as the Philosopher studies the Natural.
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xiv. 254 In the absence of the highest aims, of the pure..we have the factitious instead of the natural; tasteless expense, arts..man and his objects.
1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist i. §3. 20 If the narrative..moved completely in the region of the natural.
1906 J. London White Fang iii. i. 121 To his mind this was power unusual, power inconceivable and beyond the natural, power that was god-like.
1959 B. Wall tr. T. de Chardin Phenomenon of Man iii. iii. 223 Are not the artificial, the moral and the juridical simply the hominized versions of the natural, the physical and the organic?
1992 Mod. Painters Spring 95/1 One of his concerns is to juxtapose primordial signs and symbols and modern technological shapes, to achieve an interplay between the natural and the man-made.
10. Music.
a. A note in a natural scale. Cf. natural adj. 13.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > [noun] > natural
white note1597
natural1609
mean1675
1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 81 But set..a Flat against a Flat, or at least against a naturall. For the Naturals [L. naturales] are doubtfull [etc.].
1731 P. Prelleur Mod. Musick-master I. 6 There is a character called a Natural..used to contradict such Flats and Sharps as are set at the beginning, and to bring that note to it's natural sound.
1790 D. Read (title) An introduction to psalmody... Containing, a series of familiar dialogues, under the following heads, viz...an exercise for the counter-Tones, semitones, flats, sharps and naturals [etc.].
1818 T. Busby Gram. Music 224 Any natural, flat, or sharp, proper to the key.
1849 Hamilton's Celebrated Dict. 117 Tierce de Picardie (French), a term applied to the concluding chord of a piece of music in a minor key, when its third is made major by an accidental sharp or natural.
1880 in G. Grove Dict. Music II. 52/1 The normal key, which happens..to begin on C, is constructed of what are called Naturals.
1987 R. S. Brindle New Music (ed. 2) ix. 96 The score of Donatoni's Black and White for two pianos indicates only which fingers are to be used.., and whether to play naturals or sharps.
b. The sign ♮, applied to a note to signal the cancellation of its former sharpened or flattened value, and hence a return to its value in the natural scale.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > written or printed music > notation > [noun] > signs altering pitch
bemol1609
sharp1653
B sharp1654
natural1724
accidental1868
flat1872
cancel1912
1724 W. Turner Philos. Essay Music 50 The said Note..has always this mark; ♮ placed before it, which is called a Natural... Formerly, we had no such mark in use; nor is it yet, twenty years ago since I first met with it.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 544 This inconvenience may be avoided..by marking the note sol with a natural.
1806 J. W. Callcott Musical Gram. v. 57 The Natural must be always considered as representing a Sharp or a Flat.
1838 Penny Cycl. X. 302/2 In antient music, before the character of the Natural was introduced, the Flat was employed to reduce any note..to its natural state.
1880 in G. Grove Dict. Music II. 448/1 Naturals do not occur in the signatures of keys, except when it is necessary to cancel all or part of a previous signature.
1938 Oxf. Compan. Music 26/2 The American substitution of Cancel for Natural (after a sharp or flat) is defended on grounds that are decidedly logical.
1986 Music & Lett. Oct. 402 The clarinet has lost..a natural from its D in Ex. 36, bar 3.
c. Each of the keys on a keyboard instrument (now usually coloured white) which produces a note in a natural scale.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > keyboard instrument > stringed keyboards > [noun] > pianoforte > keys
piano key1829
sharps and flats1834
natural1880
dominos1889
1880 in G. Grove Dict. Music II. 53/1 Each natural is covered as far as it is visible with ivory.
1896 A. J. Hipkins Descr. & Hist. Pianoforte 28 The lower keys are called the naturals and, where seen, are covered with ivory; the visible ends of the shorter upper keys, called sharps, are raised to the height required by blocks of ebony glued upon them.
1979 Early Music 7 524/3 It was in some ways a slightly unusual instrument: for instance, the keyboard was the reverse of Zumpe's normal arrangement in having ebony naturals and ivory accidentals.
1989 E. M. Ripin et al. Early Keyboard Instruments i. 83 Only the characteristic Italian keyboard with boxwood naturals gives a clear indication that this is an Italian instrument.
†11. A style of wig made from human hair. Cf. natural wig n. at natural adj. and adv. Compounds 2. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > [noun] > wig > types of > made from human hair
natural wig1708
natural1724
1724 Dublin Gaz. 29 Aug. 2/2 All sorts of Perukes, as..Minister's Bobbs, Naturalls, Half-Naturals [etc.].
12.
a. In any gambling game: a combination or score that immediately wins; esp. (in craps) a score of seven. Also (in extended use): a period of seven years' incarceration.In quot. 1762, perhaps referring to a particular card.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > dice-playing > [noun] > craps > type of throw
natural1762
little Joe1886
craps1890
point number1926
miss-out1936
1762 O. Goldsmith Citizen of World I. 165 He had something in his face gave me as much pleasure as a pair-royal of naturals in my own hand.
1897 R. F. Foster Compl. Hoyle 568 Crap Shooting. If the total of the two dice on the first throw is seven or eleven, it is called a nick, or natural, and the caster immediately wins the stakes.
1910 A. E. W. Mason At Villa Rose i. 5 The bank was winning... Wethermill turned up ‘a natural’, and the croupier swept in the stakes.
1930 J. Lait Big House 15 Dean Ward Kent arrived at the big house with a ‘natural’ staring him in the face, for that is what the crap-shooting inmates call a seven-year ‘stretch’.
1962 ‘K. Orvis’ Damned & Destroyed xv. 109 The dice bounced to a natural.
1990 Righting Words Spring 17/1 A ‘soft point’ means the numbers four, six, eight, or ten must be made before a seven is thrown. If the seven is thrown first, that is called a ‘natural’.
b. Cards. A hand in pontoon (blackjack) totalling 21 in the first deal of cards.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > other card games > [noun] > vingt-et-un, etc. > type of hand
natural1837
pontoon1972
1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxi. 333 When the last ‘natural’ had been declared, and the profit and loss account of fish and sixpences adjusted.
1849 A. R. Smith Pottleton Legacy xxiv. 249 The first natural came in Mr. Flitter's division.
1866 A. L. Spencer Scenes Sub. Life 16 Her cards..she now and then forgot altogether, though excessively pleased when informed that she had had a natural.
1897 R. F. Foster Compl. Hoyle 475 The dealer first examines his hand. If he has exactly 21, an Ace and a tenth card, which is called a natural, he shows it at once.
1953 H. Phillips Pan Bk. Card Games (1960) 271 A player who has a ‘Natural’, in addition to receiving three times his stake, takes the Bank for the next deal.
1985 E. Leonard Glitz x. 92 Nancy watched Vincent draw a pair of aces on the deal and split them to bet two red chips on each. Then was hit with a king and queen and paid three three-to-two for the naturals.
13. colloquial (originally English regional (southern)). = natural life n.; now usually in in all my natural, for the rest of my natural.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > course or span of life
life-dayOE
year-daysOE
timeOE
dayOE
lifeOE
life's timeOE
livelihoodOE
yearOE
lifetimea1300
life-whilea1300
for (also to) term of (a person's) lifea1325
coursec1384
livingc1390
voyage1390
agea1398
life's dayc1425
thread1447
racea1450
living daysc1450
natural life1461
lifeness1534
twist1568
leasec1595
span1599
clew1615
marcha1625
peregrination1653
clue1684
stamen1701
life term1739
innings1772
lifelong1814
pass-through1876
inning1885
natural1891
life cycle1915
puff1967
1891 in G. L. Gower Gloss. Surrey Words (1893) 27 I was never on good terms with her in my natural.
1898 J. D. Brayshaw Slum Silhouettes 220 Yer never see sich a 'owlin' swell as Cocky was in yer born natural.
1911 L. Stone Jonah ii. ii. 161 I niver 'eard anythin' like that, in my natural.
1913 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. I. i. iv. 46 I never worked so hard in all my natural.
1925 P. G. Wodehouse Carry on, Jeeves iii. 59 I didn't want to have England barred to me for the rest of my natural.
1967 J. Porter Chinks in Curtain xviii. 185 I couldn't stay like that for the rest of my natural.
1990 Record Mirror 3 Feb. 20/1 A six-track debut LP..led to a host of major record companies..making wild promises to keep the band in cycling gear and..videos for the rest of their naturals.
14. The off-white or beige colour of unbleached and undyed fabric.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > white or whiteness > [noun] > off-white or dirty white
sheep's-colour1551
whey-colour1662
sullied white1681
crash1927
off-white1927
natural1930
1930 Daily Express 6 Oct. 9/6 (advt.) Real Italian hand embroidery on pale cream linen, beautifully worked in blue, gold, rose, or natural.
1954 Archit. Rev. 65 286/2 It makes a particularly good textured background for pictures, and is manufactured in six colours: natural, light corn, tobacco, strawberry, alizarin green and egyptian green.
1971 Vogue 15 Oct. 144/3 Dress..; colours: cocoa, blue, natural.
1999 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) June 1 (advt.) Feast your eyes on this glorious new collection of wines, browns, reds, pinks, corals, and naturals.
15. Archaeology. Undisturbed soil or rock, below the levels affected by human activity.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > [noun] > virgin rock
virgin rock1877
natural1946
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [noun] > soil as source of growth > virgin soil
virgin earth1652
virgin clay1709
virgin mould1813
virgin soil1828
natural1946
1946 R. J. C. Atkinson Field Archaeol. 210 Natural rock or ‘natural’, the undisturbed material upon which the soil lies.
1950 Notes on Archaeol. Technique (ed. 3) 13 Many avoidable mistakes have been made through failure to identify the real ‘natural’ (undisturbed) layer of a site. Before the excavation proper is started, dig a cutting... In one half, stop on the ‘natural’; in the other dig well into it. The ‘natural’ can then be studied in plan and section.
1954 M. B. Cookson Photogr. for Archaeologists i. 14 A sharp right-angle where the last archaeological layer meets ‘natural’, balks swept at the end of a day's work, will repay the trouble taken a hundredfold.
1981 Antiquaries Jrnl. 61 i. 153 A trench which had to be reduced subsequently to four 2 m. squares not all of which could in the event be taken down to natural.
16. U.S. Among African Americans: a hairstyle in which the hair is not straightened, bleached, or chemically relaxed; spec. an Afro.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > styles of hair > [noun] > curled or frizzed style
frizz1668
bullhead1672
bull1699
buckle1711
frizzle1850
cataract curls1864
Niagara1864
water wave1876
marcel wave1895
permanent wave1906
Greek goda1910
marcel1921
finger wave1925
permanent1926
perm1927
home perm1949
Afro1967
natural1967
Jewfro1976
Jheri curl1977
bubble perm1992
1967 Ebony Dec. 141/2 Malcolm X wore his hair natural, but he did not wear a Natural.
1973 E. Bullins Theme is Blackness 150 I love you, baby... I sure dig that sexy natural.
1994 A. Sinclair Coffee will make you Black xvi. 162 But why put somebody down for wearing her hair in a natural?
17. On a cut diamond: a small area of the surface of the crystal left in its original condition; = naïf adj. 2.
ΚΠ
1970 E. Bruton Diamonds xi. 193 The bruter..will often brute a stone so that there is a small part of the original skin—natural surface of the crystal—left... Such an indication, known as a natural or a naif..is not infrequently seen on the girdle of a polished stone.
1981 H. Newman Illustr. Dict. Jewelry 211/1 A small part (called a ‘natural’) of the naif is sometimes left on the girdle of a cut stone.
1982 G. Lenzen Diamonds & Diamond Grading xii. 112 Among the natural external features are included the so-called naturals or naïfs (French: ‘rough’), which are the remnants of the (natural) faces or edges of the rough diamond to be seen on a cut diamond.
18. Mathematics. = natural number n. at natural adj. and adv. Compounds 2. Chiefly in plural.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [noun] > particular qualities > whole
unitya1398
integer1571
integrum1594
roundnessa1654
unit1679
lateral1706
natural number1763
natural1971
1971 D. G. H. B. Lloyd Mod. Syllabus Algebra vi. 110 In this respect the set of rationals differs completely from the set of naturals or the set of integers.
1979 D. R. Hofstadter Gödel, Escher, Bach (1980) xiv. 453 The naturals and supernaturals together make up the totality of generalized naturals.
1992 Theoret. Computer Sci. 105 264 Constructing the number hierarchy from scratch, all the way from the naturals to the quaternions with rational coefficients.
III. A person or thing of or from a designated region; a native.
19.
a. A native of a place or country. Now rare (chiefly historical).
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native people > [noun] > person
sonOE
landsmanc1000
natural1509
native1535
homeling1577
indigena1591
originary1594
home-born1600
birth child1609
inbred1625
naturalist1631
autochthon1646
naturalizanta1652
breedling1663
indigene1664
indigenal1722
child (son, etc.) of the soil1814
native-born1814
1509 in J. Gairdner Historia Regis Henrici Septimi (1858) 436 He schuld send hys commandement unto al the naturalys of the reame of Castyl.
1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres ii. 28 Therby do rise..tumults amongst the naturals of the country.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 258 The more seuere that these are to the naturals, the greater their repute with the Spaniard.
1657 S. Purchas Theatre Flying-insects 128 The naturals who are acquainted with their manners, presently follow them, to get the honey.
1748 in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1911) 6 229 I..am become a Natural of the country or country born as some call themselves.
1904 F. Van Dyne Citizenship of U.S. iv. i. 301 In international law the status of such persons comes under the doctrine of dual allegiance, each government claiming and exacting the allegiance of its naturals within its own jurisdiction.
1997 T. Mackintosh-Smith Yemen (1999) viii. 244 Here—in these isolated communities on an isolated chunk of land—are the people who are closest to the first sons of Qahtan: true ancient naturals, whom the genealogists digging for Qahtani roots had overlooked.
†b. A plant, animal, or product native to a particular country, region, etc. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1582 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1599) II. i. 162 Of them which bee the Naturals of this Realme, and in what part of the Realme they are to be had.
1637 P. Vincent True Relation Late Battell 19 I speake not of the naturals of the countrey, fish, fowle, &c. which are more than plentifull.
†20. A native language. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > a language > [noun] > native language
lede-quidec1275
birth tonguea1387
mother languagea1425
mother tongue?a1425
vulgar1430
mother's languagec1443
mother's tongue1517
natural language1570
commona1616
natural1665
vernaculara1706
native1824
home language1833
first language1875
Umgangssprache1934
mameloshen1968
1665 G. Havers tr. P. della Valle Trav. E. India 50 Tartars..of Samarcand, where the Persian Tongue is the natural [It. la (lingua) naturale] of the Country.
†IV. A person having an interest in nature.
21.
a. A naturalist. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > study > person who studies > [noun] > natural history
naturalist1600
natural historian1640
physiologist1653
naturala1682
field naturalist1789
physiophilist1804
natural scientist1872
naturist1925
wildlifer1963
a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1684) 107 By Zoographers and Naturals the same is named Ispida.
1834 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 839 Modern naturals assert the lion's a cooard [sic].
1882 Atlantic Monthly Sept. 340 A characteristic feature of the English landscape..is the company of rambling naturalists, or, as the proverbial peasant calls them, ‘naturals’.
b. A nature poet. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > poet by kind of poem > [noun] > nature poet
natural1821
nature poet1857
1821 Ld. Byron Let. to ——, on Bowles' Pope 29 Let Mr. Bowles, or Mr. Wordsworth.., or any of the other ‘naturals’, make a poem upon them [sc. the hills of Rome], and then see which is most poetical.
a1849 H. Coleridge Ess. & Marginalia (1851) II. 117 The superiority of Pope to the naturals.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

naturaln.2

Brit. /natᵿˈrɑːl/, U.S. /ˌnædəˈrɑl/, /ˌnædəˈræl/
Inflections: Plural naturales.
Origin: A borrowing from Spanish. Etymon: Spanish natural.
Etymology: < Spanish natural natural n.1 (although this is first attested slightly later in this sense: 1928).In plural form naturales after the Spanish plural form.
Bullfighting.
A type of pass made facing the bull with the muleta in the left hand.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting or baiting animals > bullfighting or bullfight > [noun] > actions of bullfighter
pass1835
recibir1838
suerte1838
volapié1838
larga1902
recibiendo1902
recorte1909
estocada1910
quite1924
natural1925
piccing1925
cape-work1926
pic1926
Veronica1926
veronique1931
banderilling1932
farol1932
mariposa1932
media vuelta1932
molinete1932
lidia1952
manoletina1952
revolera1952
orteguina1957
rejoneo1961
1925 E. Hemingway Let. 16 July (2013) II. 361 He..started with 5 naturales with the muleta—beautiful complete faena all linked up and then killed perfectly.
1932 E. Hemingway Death in Afternoon xviii. 198 The greatest pass with the muleta, the most dangerous to make.., is the natural. In this the man faces the bull with the muleta held in his left hand, the sword in his right.
1959 V. J. Kehoe Aficionado! xiv. 174/1 A natural is always in the direction of the arm that makes it.
1973 Sat. Rev. World (U.S.) 25 Sept. 29/2 Taking the smaller muleta, he ran off several fine naturales, bringing the bull tightly round him.
1999 Observer (Electronic ed.) 24 Oct. (Culture section) Time and again it seems that El Juli will be caught, but still he nudges closer to the bull, threading in left-handed naturales (passes) and chest passes which prepare the bull for its final lunge.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

naturaladj.adv.

Brit. /ˈnatʃ(ə)rəl/, /ˈnatʃ(ə)rl̩/, U.S. /ˈnætʃər(ə)l/, /ˈnætʃr(ə)l/
Forms: Middle English matural (transmission error), Middle English naturale, Middle English natureel, Middle English naturele, Middle English naturelle, Middle English naturile (in a late copy), Middle English naturill (in a late copy), Middle English–1500s naturalle, Middle English–1500s naturel, Middle English–1500s naturell, Middle English–1600s naturall, Middle English– natural, 1500s natturall, 1500s–1600s natrall, 1700s nat'ral, 1700s– nateral (regional and nonstandard), 1900s– nathural (Manx English); English regional 1800s– natheral (northern), 1800s– nat'ral, 1800s– nattral (northern), 1900s– natal; U.S. regional 1800s naiteral, 1800s naitral, 1800s natchul, 1800s naterel, 1800s natral, 1800s nat'ral, 1800s natrel, 1800s nat'rul, 1800s– nachul, 1800s– nateral, 1900s– natchel; Scottish pre-1700 natirall, pre-1700 natrall, pre-1700 naturail, pre-1700 naturaill, pre-1700 naturaille, pre-1700 naturale, pre-1700 naturall, pre-1700 naturalle, pre-1700 naturel, pre-1700 naturell, pre-1700 naturelle, pre-1700 natwral, pre-1700 1700s– natural, 1700s–1800s naitural, 1800s naiteral, 1800s natral, 1800s nat'ral, 1800s– naitral, 1800s– naitrel, 1800s– nateral, 1900s– naitril, 1900s– natril, 1900s– nayteral, 1900s– nettural; also Irish English 1700s– nateral, 1800s– nathural, 1900s– naitral, 1900s– nakural, 1900s– naytheral, 1900s– neckerl.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French natural; Latin nātūrālis.
Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Old French natural, naturel, natureel, Middle French, French naturel produced by nature, without human interference (early 12th cent.), innate (early 13th cent.), conforming to the particular nature of each individual (late 13th cent.), relating to the country where a person is born (mid 15th cent.), not cultivated (early 16th cent.), indigenous, originating from a certain country (16th cent.), (of a person) not spiritual (mid 16th cent.), diatonic (1721), without affectation, constraint (1664), not contrived, not artificial (1690), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin nātūrālis innate, inherent, normal, arising from the circumstances, formed by nature, constituted by nature, relating to nature as an object of study, in post-classical Latin also spoken in a person's place of birth (5th cent.; 8th cent. in a British source), having status by birth (from 10th cent. in British and continental sources) < nātūra nature n. + -ālis -al suffix1. Compare naturel n.Compare Spanish natural (1207), Portuguese natural (1273), Italian naturale (a1294). With uses relating to status granted by birth (sense A. 14a), compare French seignor naturel legitimate lord (mid 13th cent. in Old French as seignor natural).
A. adj.
I. Existing in, determined by, conforming to, or based on nature.
1. Existing or present by nature; inherent in the very constitution of a person or thing; innate; not acquired or assumed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural
i-cundeeOE
fleshly971
kindlyOE
kindc1175
naturalc1275
kindc1390
innatea1420
nativea1425
inborn1513
innative1513
habitual1526
ingenerate1531
instincta1538
innated1545
inset1545
of one's nativity1582
inbreda1592
connatural1599
prognatec1600
ingenious1601
ingenit1604
congenite1610
connativea1618
intuitive1621
infusive1630
habituous1633
veined1633
genial1646
connatea1652
relollacean1654
relollaceous1657
relolleous1662
congenial1664
complanted1668
ingrown1670
ingenerated1677
unborrowed1704
cogenite1712
born1741
naturable1771
unacquired1793
congenerous1813
congenital1848
ingrain1852
indigenousa1864
ingenital1886
wired-in1957
c1275 [implied in: Kentish Serm. in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 217 Water is natureliche schald and a kelþ alle þo þet hit drinkeþ... Wyn..is naturel liche hot ine him selue and an het alle þo þet hit drinked. (at naturally adv. 1)].
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 266v Þe mule gendreþ nouȝt by cause of colde and natural complexioun of boþe fader and mooder.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 1876 As matere by naturel appetit Kyndly desyreth after forme... So þis wommen restreyn hem ne can To sue her lust ay fro man to man.
1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 457 (MED) He lokyd no ferthere than in hyr face Where of natural yiftys plente was I-now.
c1475 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 662 Ryche attyres of stonys and perre, Charbonclys, rubyes..Shewe in dirknesse lyght... But [read By] ther natural hevenly influence.
1483 in Lett. of Reigns Richard III & Henry VII (1861) I. 32 Hur naturall kinde and disposicion.
1509 J. Fisher Mornynge Remembraunce Countesse of Rychemonde (de Worde) sig. Biii v A natural desyre and appetyte to be knytte & ioyned wt them agayne.
1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. Cviij If either of these two, would seke to folowe their natural aptnesse, it wer moste like thei should excell.
1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. i. xxiii. f. 48 It is no pure and naturall affection, but rather a supposed and Ciuile loue.
1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) i. ix. 18 That it may by Natural Instinct shut up the mouth of the Stomach.
1699 Ld. Shaftesbury Inq. conc. Virtue i. ii. 3 Nothing horrid or unnatural, nothing unexemplary, nothing destructive of..natural affection.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. i. 11 The natural Love of Life gave me some inward Motions of Joy.
1780 R. B. Sheridan School for Scandal iii. iii. 37 Wine but draws forth the natural qualities of a man's heart.
1796 E. Burke Lett. Peace Regic. France i. 101 The wise Legislators..who aimed at..grafting the virtues on the stock of the natural affections.
1824 J. Bentham & P. Bingham Bk. Fallacies i. i. 52 He is thus ignorant, if natural talent does not fail him, because he is so idle.
1876 J. B. Mozley Serm. preached Univ. of Oxf. v. 113 The soul has natural feelings and affections for it to feed upon.
1895 J. Conrad Almayer's Folly i. 15 Almayer, with youth's natural craving for change, was nothing loth.
1917 S. Leacock Frenzied Fiction vii. 122 But then you Outside Men have got a natural elemental fearlessness about you that we Cave-men have lost.
1949 ‘G. A. Birmingham’ Laura's Bishop 134 Sir George has a natural, probably inborn, dislike of all government boards and ministries.
1986 J. Huxley Leaves of Tulip Tree i. 3 She had a natural gift for her profession and the capacity for hard work.
2. Consistent with nature; normal, expected.
a. Ordinary; conforming to a usual or normal character (or †constitution).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > usual or ordinary
commona1325
naturalc1390
ordinarc1400
ordinary?a1425
ilk-day's1488
naturely?c1510
famous1528
familiar1533
vulgar1553
workaday1554
modern1591
tralatitious1653
commonish1792
workday1808
everyday1813
bread and butter1822
normal1843
common-seeming1857
tralatician1893
wake-a-day1893
the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > usual or customary > to or with a person > usual or natural to a person
naturalc1390
c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 647 Or elles ydel wordes ben tho that ben nedelees or with outen entente of naturel profit.
a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Merlin (1904) I. l. 1477 It is owre lordis wille that bothe wit & memorye j schal have..more thanne a Naturel man jn this erththe knoweth oþer kan.
a1500 Craft of Deyng (Cambr. Kk.1.5) in R. Girvan Ratis Raving & Other Early Scots Poems (1939) 169 Gyf þai be cumyne to the natural cours of eilde.
c1522 T. More Treat. Memorare Nouissima in Wks. (1557) I. 101 Abusing ye part & office of a natural man and reasonable creature.
c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. (1821) I. xxv Quhairthrow thay sal appeir erar misfassonit monstouris than ony naturall peple.
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 145 We haif in Jesse found the rod, God and man naturall.
1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iii. ix. 146 We were come into a more convenient and naturall temperature.
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. v. xii. 74 The natural or perpendicular motion.
1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. II. 9 Classifying them into natural motions and violent motions.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 492 Natural Motion, a term applied to the descending parabolic curve of a shot or shell in falling.
1898 B. P. Colton Physiol. i. 2 We are not natural, but often highly artificial, in our mode of living.
1929 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 117/2 If we are given two intervals which have no point in common, it is not natural to speak of the length of the set of points which they represent.
2000 Canoeist Apr. 34/1 In the natural course of events they had..got married and had children.
b. Of an emotion, reaction, event, etc.: naturally arising or resulting from, fully consonant with, or appropriate to the circumstances; predictable, understandable.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [adjective] > in accordance with nature > naturally arising
naturalc1425
caseablea1635
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 300 (MED) It is natural Men to delite in þing þat is newe.
c1475 Mankind (1969) 739 (MED) Wepynge, sythynge, and sobbynge were my suffycyens; All naturall nutriment to me as caren ys odybull.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 645 Som natural tears they drop'd, but wip'd them soon. View more context for this quotation
1678 J. Dryden Ess. (1900) I. 193 I judged it both natural and probable, that Octavia..would search out Cleopatra to triumph over her.
1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. v. xxv. 322 It is natural for careless Writers to run into Faults they never think of.
1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 25. ⁋12 It is natural for those who have raised a reputation..to exalt themselves.
1796 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 1796 It is natural to suppose their Fleet was to amuse ours whilst they cross from Leghorn.
1803 C. Hatchett in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 93 137 An increase of specific gravity in the smaller coins, as a natural consequence of rolling, punching, annealing.
1823 W. Scott Peveril I. x. 271 I may indeed have said your estates were born to be united; and to be sure it is natural to me..to wish that it was all within the ring fence again.
1855 D. Brewster Mem. Life I. Newton (new ed.) II. xx. 219 It was a very natural wish on the part of physical astronomers.
1909 Daily Chron. 19 Feb. 6/5 The increase in the traffic was..the natural result of the linking-up policy adopted.
1957 ‘R. West’ Fountain Overflows xi. 250 They gave her no salary at The Laurels, only a little pocket-money, which I suppose was natural enough, since they expected to give her a home for the rest of her life.
2001 Independent on Sunday (Electronic ed.) 16 Sept. The calls on all sides are for swift, retributive action, and they are natural enough given the horrors we have suffered.
c. Being such by the nature of things or force of circumstances; inevitably or obviously such.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > necessity > [adjective] > determined by natural necessity
necessary?a1425
naturalc1475
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [adjective] > in accordance with nature
naturalc1475
native1509
c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 153 (MED) My naturall enmyes seek and laboure to take my libertee for to kepe it in thaire miserable subieccion.
1516 in J. W. Clay Testamenta Eboracensia (1902) VI. 1 My naturall enemy death.
1550 R. Sherry tr. Erasmus Declam. Chyldren in Treat. Schemes & Tropes sig. Nviiv The same shall helpe.., as is Rhinoceros, whyche is a beaste that hathe a horne in hys nose, naturall enemye to the Elephant.
1769 H. Brooke Fool of Quality IV. xvii. 246 The French..I look upon to be our natural and salutary enemies. They..hold us in exercise, and keep a quarrelsome people from falling out among themselves.
1788 A. Hamilton in Federalist Papers xxiv. 153 The savage tribes on our Western frontier ought to be regarded as our natural enemies.
1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris xi. 230 Justice and establishment have not their natural protectors in that country.
1834 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Seine 46 In 1440, [Harfleur] again fell into the hands of the ‘natural enemies’ of France.
1880 L. Stephen Alexander Pope v. 118 He came forward as the champion of Wit..against its natural antithesis, Dulness.
1908 Science 18 Dec. 885/2 ‘Millions’ are among the most active natural enemies of mosquitos.
1981 A. Schlee Rhine Journey vi. 66 We decided that I was the natural person to speak with you, because of our close bond of affection.
d. Normally or essentially connected with, relating to, or belonging to a person or thing; consonant with or inherent or proper to the nature or character of the person or thing.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [adjective] > natural or in accordance with nature of thing
naturalc1485
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 70 The thingis yat ar corporale jn this erde..movis nocht with the moving of jt..bot ȝit haue thai othir naturale movementis.
c1500 (?a1475) Assembly of Gods (1896) 114 He hath me dryuen ayen myn entent And contrary to my course naturall.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. i. 27 The men lefte the naturall vse of the woman.
1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Iiiiv Thyes clookes..be all of one coloure, and that is the naturall colour of ye wul.
1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 1 Acatia..setteth the loose matrix in the naturall place.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 740 All from mee Shall..on mee redound, On mee as on thir natural center light. View more context for this quotation
1678 J. Norris Coll. Misc. (1699) 191 Its Conduciveness and Natural Tendency to the interest of Human Life.
1710 J. Addison Whig Examiner No. 5. ⁋9 The doctrine has a natural tendency to make a good king a bad one.
1776 J. Adams in J. Adams & A. Adams Familiar Lett. (1876) 148 We have this week lost a very valuable friend..by the smallpox in the natural way.
1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 268 That portion of electricity which every body is supposed to contain, is called its natural share.
1850 J. McCosh Method Divine Govt. (ed. 2) ii. ii. 199 The natural recoil of superstition is scepticism.
1885 Law Rep.: Chancery Div. 29 485 The natural inference from the facts.
1928 E. O'Neill Strange Interlude i. 15 A natural tendency toward a prim provincialism where practical present-day considerations are concerned.
1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day i. 23 I am addicted now to Proust and Henry James, having come to them later and at my own natural pace.
1980 F. Weldon Puffball (1981) 87 ‘But I like you dirty,’ said Liffey. ‘It's natural.’
e. With to. Of a quality, attribute, emotion, etc.: that belongs intrinsically to a person or thing; that comes easily or spontaneously to a person.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > intuition > natural impulse, instinct > [adjective]
untaughtc1445
habitual1526
natural1575
intestine1583
instinctivea1656
intestinala1861
primitive1910
instinctual1924
gut level1962
1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus i. f. 10 Naturall is to king..and Quene. To spend thair time in sum Jucunditie.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. v. 123 A certaine contriued forme and qualitie, many times naturall to the writer.
1634 W. Tirwhyt tr. J. L. G. de Balzac Lett. 181 I will never believe, that..you will lose those perfections so proper, and naturall unto you.
1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. v. 800 If this were most Natural to the Humane Soul and most Perfective of it.
1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks II. iv. 94 Be they of the poorest Insect-kind, such as Bees or Wasps; 'tis natural to 'em to be rous'd with Fury.
1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. i. xiv. 49 For a thing to be natural..to the mind of Man, it must appear originally therein.
1780 W. Cowper Let. 18 Mar. (1979) I. 325 The love of Power seems as natural to Kings, as the desire of Liberty is to their Subjects; the excess of either is vicious, & tends to the ruin of both.
1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod i. i. §2 These qualities..were natural to them, and not the effect of tutorage.
1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 140 He acted throughout in a manner natural to a timid amiable man.
1881 B. Jowett tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War I. 121 The hope, natural to poverty, that a man though poor, may one day become rich.
1925 J. M. Murry Keats & Shakespeare v. 57 The burden of the mystery, and the actual pain of the world, are natural to man.
1990 Atlantic Dec. 90/1 He moves with the zest natural to anyone who has been greeted at the door by a marching band of young girls in adorable yellow sequined dresses.
†f. Of a condition, environment, etc.: naturally adapted for, or applicable to, something. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > [adjective] > naturally suited
natural1586
1586 G. Pettie & B. Yong tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (rev. ed.) iv. f. 224 They take but small refection, a thing most natural [It. naturale] for sustainance of life.
1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 12 The gentlenesse of the aire, with the fertilitie of the ground,..is so propitious and naturall for the increase of fruite.
1606 L. Bryskett Disc. Ciuill Life 50/1 The milk of the mother..should be more kindly and natural for the babe then any other.
a1631 J. Donne Βιαθανατος (1647) ii. vi. §7 But the most naturall to our present purpose is this.
1639 S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events A 4 It is a wonder how so many graces and beauties..increased in him, as in a soyle naturall for eloquence.
g. as natural as breathing and variants: designating activities or circumstances which seem entirely natural or instinctive; second nature.
ΚΠ
1842 J. R. Lowell in U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. May 479 A spirit foreordained to cope with wrong, Whose divine thoughts are natural as breath.
1854 G. S. Weaver Hopes & Helps for Young of both Sexes viii. 124 Amusements are as natural as breath, and as universal as life.
1873 Appletons' Jrnl. 4 Oct. 433/1 The flighty French journalists and politicians, to whom this kind of amusement is as natural as breathing.
1929 R. M. Jones Trail of Life in College xii. 186 He has forever convinced me that it is as natural as breathing for a child to be religious.
1964 ‘S. Woods’ Trusted like Fox vi. 69 To mimic the other man's habit of quotation was as natural to him as breathing.
2001 Dallas Morning News (Electronic ed.) 27 Apr. And, here, on the front lines of free trade, speaking Spanish is as natural as breathing.
h. In surfing, skateboarding, etc.: of or designating a stance in which the left foot is placed in front of the right foot; (also) designating a person who uses this stance; = regular adj. 6h. Contrasted with goofy. natural foot n. a natural stance; a person who uses this stance; cf. goofy foot n. at goofy adj. Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > water sports except racing > surfing > [noun] > surfer > specific types
rider1914
surf-bum1957
big kahuna1959
gremlin1961
hot dogger1961
kook1961
goofy foot1962
hodad1962
surfie1962
goofy footer1963
natural1965
goofy surfer1968
switchfoot1970
boogie boarder1979
grummet1986
waxhead1987
grom1988
wakeboarder1994
kitesurfer1995
1965 M. Farrelly & C. McGregor This Surfing Life 33 If you're a ‘natural’ rider—one who stands with his left foot forward—your left foot should be about half-way down the board.
1982 Surfing Feb. 80 When you look at the natural footers, the surfing ability is the same [as the goofy footers].
1983 Surfing Jan. 9/1 I notice that you mainly feature natural foot pros. How about some goofies for a change, like Tom Carroll?
2005 R. Ostler Dewdroppers, Waldos, & Slackers 151 Regular foot or natural foot means using the right foot to push, the natural way for most right-handed people to skate.
2012 Sunday Star-Times (Auckland, N.Z.) (Nexis) 8 Apr. 7 Both are goofy-footers and for that reason stand out on a tour where every other surfer is a natural foot.
3. Having a real or physical existence.
a. Belonging to, operating, or taking place in, the physical (as opposed to the spiritual or intellectual) world. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective] > natural or existing in nature
kindlOE
kindlyc1225
naturalc1390
kindlike1489
native1560
real1602
physiurgic1817
physioplastica1832
physiurgoscopica1832
the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective] > material or not spiritual
fleshlyc1175
bodilya1340
temporalc1380
worldyc1380
claylya1400
elementaryc1440
mondiala1500
gross1509
fleshly-wise1542
elemental1574
outward1574
natural1581
terrestrene1599
elementated1605
sublunary1609
temporarya1616
subluminary1625
sublunar1625
outwardlya1642
material1843
intramundane1845
unethereal1861
naturistic1886
c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 453 Goodes of nature of the soule ben good wit, sharp vnderstondynge, subtil engyn, vertu naturel [v.r. material], good memorie.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 259v In euery beste is a radical membre þat is welle and heed of alle þe vertues natural and spiritual.
c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 46 Natural vertues ben þo vertues whiche disposen, araien and parfiten a creature or power of eny creature bi ȝift of kynde.
1557 New Test. (Geneva) Luke viii. 21 (note) The spiritual cousinage is to be preferred to the carnal and natural.
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 141 b Will, beyng straighted wtin ye same limittes and boundes of naturall causes, hath no power..to atchieve those spirituall good things.
1638 F. Rous Heavenly Acad. viii. 120 As in naturall marriages two are one flesh.
1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ To Rdr. sig. *4v So much as Spiritual and Heavenly things exceed Natural and Earthy, so much do the Uranicks exceed the Physicks.
1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV 140 The general concurse of God to acts of a natural order, specially such as are wicked, is not proxime, immediate and identific, but remote, mediate, and really distinct from the act of the creature.
1784 E. Allen Reason vi. §2. 214 Such are our deluded notions of the immediate operations of the holy spirit..on our minds independent of the intervention of some adequate, natural or intermediate cause.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 213/1 Christ..had a natural birth at Bethlehem and also a spiritual birth begun at his baptism and consummated at his resurrection.
†b. Actually existent, as opposed to what is spiritual, intellectual, fictitious, etc. In later use only in natural body n. at Compounds 2 and natural person n. Obsolete. [With natural virtue compare post-classical Latin virtus naturalis (first half of the 14th cent. in a British source), after ancient Greek ἀρετή ϕυσική (Aristotle).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > reality or real existence or actuality > [adjective] > as opposed to apparent, spiritual, or intellectual
naturalc1487
authentical1593
substantial1597
real1607
unimaginary1608
authentic1664
c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica iii. 161 The naturall oliphauntes sturdely renne vppon those ymagynative monsters.
a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 66 (MED) Heigh god hath most enlightend Gregeys amonge alle oþer philosophers to enserche sciences, and to perfitly knowe alle manere of Naturels þinges.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) v. i. 335 Which is the naturall man, And which the spirit? View more context for this quotation
1618 T. Adams Happines of Church ii. 37 In a naturall man at such an affrightment, all the bloud runs to the heart.
1691 J. Hartcliffe Treat. Virtues 403 They will produce..Spiritual effects with a power much above what natural Agents can exert.
1710 G. Berkeley Treat. Princ. Human Knowl. §4 That sensible objects have an existence natural or real, distinct from their being perceived.
1712 G. Berkeley Passive Obed. §14. 16 If from the Moral we turn our Eyes on the natural World.
1792 E. Sibly New & Compl. Illustr. Occult Sci. (new ed.) 53 Uranology is a science which treats of the natural body of Heaven.
1883 H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spiritual World (ed. 2) 71 This world of natural men is staked off from the Spiritual World by barriers which have never yet been crossed from within.
†c. Belonging to the inanimate part of the natural world. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > deity > [adjective] > inanimate
natural1678
1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 514 The..Division of Pagan Gods..into Animal and Natural (by Natural being meant Inanimate) is utterly to be rejected.
†4. Based upon innate moral feeling; instinctively or immediately felt to be right and fair, though not prescribed by any enactment or formal compact; having a claim to be followed or acted on even if not legally prescribed. Cf. natural law n., natural justice n. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > branch of the law > [adjective] > specific
setc1200
positivec1385
naturalc1390
directive1610
distributive1651
directory1692
substantive lawa1832
naturel1856
natural law1934
c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 921 This is verray mariage that was establissed by god er that synne bigan whan naturel lawe was in his right poynt in Paradys.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 9449 (MED) Sua sun als he þat apel ete, þe laghes bath he þan for-lete, Bath naturel and positif.
?a1425 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. iii. met. xi. 44 How schulde men deme the sothe of any thing that were axid, yif ther nere a rote of sothfastnesse that were yplounged and hyd in the naturel principles, the whiche sothfastnesse lyvede within the depnesse of the thought?
1700 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding (new ed.) iv. xix. 427 I do not mean, that we must consult Reason, and examine whether a Proposition revealed from God can be made out by natural Principles, and if it cannot, that then we may reject it.
1775 J. Warren Speech 6 Mar. in Orations (1785) 59 They were two [sic] well acquainted with humanity, and the principles of natural equity, to suppose that the grant gave them any right to take possession: they therefore entered into a treaty with the natives, and bought from them the lands.
5. Based on nature or the intrinsic properties of a thing.
a. Of a period of time: determined by cycles in nature.natural day, period, year: see Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > [adjective] > natural or sidereal
naturalc1395
sidereal1612
naturel1856
c1395 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 116 In the space of o day naturel, This is to seyn in foure and twenty houres.
c1450 (c1385) G. Chaucer Complaint of Mars 122 A naturel day in derk I lete her duelle.
1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli Secretes Alexis of Piemount iv. f. 67 By the space of twoo naturall dayes.
1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xxxii. 114 The naturall time generally construed is ment by the spring, the summer, the haruest and the wynter.
1792 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 82 387 I will call the time from new moon to new moon, the natural month.
1836 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 126 161 Flowers even reversed their natural periods of opening, when the cellar was illuminated by night, and kept dark during the day.
1950 W. H. Auden Enchafèd Flood (1951) ii. 65 The determination to live in one-directional historical time rather than in cyclical natural time.
1984 A. C. Duxbury & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans i. 22 Electronic navigational aids require accurate time keeping that is independent of natural time.
b. Of a quantity, number, measure, etc.: arising from or based on fundamental or intrinsic properties of an object or entity.natural logarithm, frequency, number: see Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
c1450 Art Nombryng in R. Steele Earliest Arithm. in Eng. (1922) 45 Of progressioun one is naturelle or contynuelle, þat oþer broken and discontynuelle. Naturelle it is, whan me begynnethe with one and kepethe ordure ouerlepyng one; as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.
1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. bj Beames, or naturall lines.
1821 J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metric Syst. (1871) iii. 129 As it respects the natural standard it has only been a change from the weight of a kernel of wheat to the length of a kernel of barley.
1946 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 186 171 The kilogram was originally defined by reference to a ‘natural’ standard, i.e. the mass of the cubic decimetre of water.
1965 E. M. Patterson & D. E. Rutherford Elem. Abstr. Algebra ii. 57 Let G be a group and let H be a normal subgroup of G. Then there is a homomorphism of G onto G/H... We sometimes refer to [it]..as the natural homomorphism of G onto G/H.
1990 Proc. London Math. Soc. 60 70 If A is a permutation group on a set Δ then the product action of W is the natural action of A Wr Sm induced on Δm.
c. Of a branch of science, or a method of arrangement, classification, etc.: having a basis in the normal constitution of things; arising from intrinsic properties. Chiefly in Biology: (of a classification system or its groups) intended to correspond to the relationships presumed or inferred to exist between the organisms classified, rather than being based on an arbitrary or convenient principle; not artificial.In taxonomy originally applied to systems based on the correlation of a large number of characteristics, and therefore considered likely to have predictive value, such as the botanical system of Jussieu (contrasted with the artificial system of Linnaeus, which was arbitrarily based on the number of stamens and pistils in the flower; cf. artificial system n. at artificial adj. and n. Compounds 2) or latterly those of modern phenetic taxonomists. In later use more commonly: designating or belonging to a taxonomic system intended to reflect the inferred evolutionary relationships between organisms; in cladistics (from the late 1960s) used spec. with reference to monophyletic groups which contain all the descendants of a common ancestor.See also natural order n. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic > [adjective] > specific kinds
natural1630
logistical1653
vulgar arithmetic1653
logistic1656
binary arithmetic1796
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical classification > [adjective] > natural (of prediction)
natural1630
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > schools or theories of grammar > [adjective] > other spec.
natural1630
Paninian1862
tagmemic1958
modistic1963
the world > relative properties > order > [adjective] > ordered or systematically arranged > constituted by nature (of method of arranging)
natural1859
1630 E. Wingate (title) Arithmetiqve made easie, in two bookes. The former, of naturall arithmetique... The other of artificiall arithmetique.
1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. 297 Natural Grammar (which may likewise be stiled Philosophical, Rational, and Universal).
1797 Encycl. Brit. III. 457/2 Linnæus and most other botanists are of opinion, that there is a natural method [of classification], or nature's system.
1807 Trans. Linn. Soc. 8 15 Melastoma in the Eighth Order perhaps alone constitutes a Natural Family.
1811 Trans. Linn. Soc. 10 15 The Linnæan system of botany..has..laid a more solid foundation for the establishment of a natural arrangement.
1841 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom i. §4. 2 The apparatus of digestion appears to be among the least efficient for the purpose of a natural division [of the animal kingdom].
1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. Introd. 24 True classification is contradistinguished by the term natural.
1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic v. 141 Natural, or regular, or direct predication they held to be that in which the genus is predicated of the species.
1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation 2 You have studied experimentally the laws obeyed by these measured lengths, and have found the geometry to which they conform. We will call this geometry ‘natural Geometry’.
1945 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 85 4/1 It is understood that a ‘true’ or ‘natural’ classification has, by intention, quite a different basis and expression.
1979 E. O. Wiley in J. Cracraft & N. Eldredge Phylogenetic Anal. & Paleontol. 213 As many phylogeneticists have argued, only monophyletic groups sensu Hennig (1966) are natural groups with a real existence in nature.
1991 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 25 Apr. 5/1 Today, a ‘natural classification’ is usually taken to mean one that reflects evolutionary history.
d. Mathematics. Designating a standard trigonometric function of an angle, as opposed to the logarithm of such a function (see logarithmic adj. a).
ΚΠ
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. i. Add. 48 I have joyned the Chord proper to it, which is the Natural Sine of half the Arch doubled.
1743 W. Emerson Doctr. Fluxions 55 A Circle whose Radius is 1, and natural Tangent [etc.].
1828 Moore's Pract. Navigator (ed. 20) 15 Sine rhumbs, marked (SR), is a line which contains the logarithms of the natural sine of every point and quarter point of the Mariner's Compass.
1956 P. O'Brian Golden Ocean vi. 99 He could be heard murmuring the table of natural cosines in his sleep.
6.
†a. Not unusual, exceptional, irregular, or miraculous; explicable in terms of natural phenomena. Cf. natural causes n. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > usual or ordinary > ordinary or of usual occurrence
naturala1425
usual?1577
ordinary1594
vulgar1607
bog-standard1962
a1425 Dialogue Reason & Adversity (Cambr.) (1968) 31 Sum tyme þe mone starith brode; sum tyme it lokith narwe... Þe see ebbith & flowiþ... A ȝens þese mutacions grucche no man for þei ben naturel.
c1475 tr. C. de Pisan Livre du Corps de Policie (Cambr.) (1977) 99 The mone..felle in a clips... It was no thyng ellis but the naturall course of kynde.
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 320/2 It was no naturall eclypse.
a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1926) I. 67 Bot that is nocht naturale.
1591 in Criminal Trials in Scotl. (1833) I. ii. 253 In the birth of your last sone..your naturall and kindlie payne [was] vnnaturallie cassin of yow.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iii. iv. 153 No naturall exhalation in the skie.., But they will plucke away his naturall cause, And call them Meteors, prodigies, and signes. View more context for this quotation
1663 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures (new ed.) xii. 39 It seemed to be rather a miracle than any natural work.
b. Of a function, characteristic, disease, etc., of the human body: occurring or appearing spontaneously or in the course of nature.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > [adjective] > connected with persons
natural?a1425
?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 125v (MED) When þe elbowe is drawen oute fro þe bodie as ferre as it maye, þer is in þe toppe of þe schulder a naturel pitte.
c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 43 Þe pisse from þe reynes..priuily entriþ þe holis of þe vttere tunicle of þe bladdre by a naturel mevynge bitwene tunicle & tunicle.
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes A naturall marke or mole..vpon the skin.
1611 Bible (King James) James i. 23 For if any be a hearer of the word and not a doer, he is like vnto a man beholding his naturall face in a glasse. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iv. ii. 13 Wil you haue them weep our Horses blood? How shall we then behold their naturall teares? View more context for this quotation
1639 N. N. tr. J. Du Bosc Compl. Woman i. sig. C 2 They would consider their naturall beauty much more, if they had not so much borrowed beauty with them.
1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 135 White Teeth being so justly accounted a precious and natural beauty, that they are hence called the Sale-piece.
1768 O. Goldsmith Good Natur'd Man i. 11 As her natural face decays, her skill improves in making the artificial one.
1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 10 The inoculated cow-pox is as much milder than the natural, as the inoculated small-pox is milder than the natural.
1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 9 193 About 2,500 were afterwards proved to be secure from the Natural Small-Pox.
1863 Chambers's Encycl. V. 191/2 The wig, the front, and other imitations of the natural covering of the human head.
1881 H. James Portrait of Lady III. vi. 85 He had caught a glimpse of her natural face, and he wished immensely to look into it.
1899 Proc. Philos. Soc. Glasgow 31 40 Nateral pox is rare, as most children have been inockilate.
1964 J. A. M. Meerloo Hidden Communion ii. 23 The person in his natural process of growth and individuation.
1972 A. Oakley Sex, Gender & Society viii. 189 Sex differences may be ‘natural’, but gender differences have their source in culture.
1997 Independent 18 Feb. ii. 3/2 The menopause is a natural event in the life of a woman.
c. Of death: resulting from old age or disease, not brought about by accident, violence, poison, etc. Also, in extended use, in (to die) a natural death: to fade away, become forgotten. Cf. natural causes n. 2.In quot. c1475: physical as opposed to spiritual death. [Compare Italian morte naturale (a1250), Old French mort naturel (mid 13th cent.); compare also classical Latin mors nātūrālis.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > death > manner of death > [noun] > natural death
(to die) a natural deatha1522
straw-death1787
natural causes1834
the world > life > death > manner of death > [adjective] > natural death
naturala1522
fair1682
c1475 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Cambr.) (1935) i. 721 (MED) For bothe body and soule that ladde [sc. Need] sleith; Thus is it worse than naturall deth.]
a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iv. xii. 106 Nor ȝit by natural ded peryschit sche.
1576 T. Newton tr. L. Lemnie Touchstone of Complexions i. ix. f. 66v So lykewyse Yongmen..dye by naturall death aswell as Oldmen do.
1656 S. Vernon Trepan 11 Here i cannot but affirm, that i believe mr. goodwin died not a natural death, and omitting what might be charged upon them..radical moysture of his body.
1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 121 The grant is usually made ‘for the term of a man's natural life’; which can only determine by his natural death.
1788 A. Hamilton in Federalist Papers xvi. 97 Its more natural death is what we now seem to be on the point of experiencing, if the federal system be not speedily renovated in a more substantial form.
1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 350 If there arises the slightest suspicion that his death was not natural, they put his wife to the torture.
1812 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 7 53 These human ghowls were not content..to let their friends die a natural death before they ate them.
1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1839) VII. 189 The conversation so far as it tended that way died a natural death.
1870 Kirriemuir Obs. 1 July 1 [It] maun be a blouster to begin wi', an syne end in a natral death.
c1900 H. A. Jones in M. R. Booth Eng. Plays of 19th Cent. (1969) II. 382 When I heard this story was being circulated I thought it would be better to take no notice and let it die a natural death.
1948 P. Dickinson Stone in Midst 75 Thunder gathers all the sky, Tomorrow night a war will end, Men their natural deaths may die And Cain shall be his brother's friend.
1975 S. Brett Cast xi. 104 Assisting her investigations into a perfectly natural death as if it were murder.
1997 P. Cornwell Nat. Exposure vi. 140 I wouldn't have signed him out as a natural death. The world should know the truth.
7. Formed by nature; not subject to human intervention, not artificial.
a. Of a substance or article: not manufactured or processed; not obtained by artificial processes; made only from natural products. Also: manufactured using only simple or minimal processes; made so as to imitate or blend with the naturally occurring article.
ΚΠ
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. 5677 (MED) At his hede of gold was an ourne, Þat was filde with bawme natural Þat ran þoruȝ pipes artificial.
a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 3 Þerfore good gold naturel, & of þe myn of þe erþe, is clepid of philosophoris ‘sol’ in latyn.
a1500 in D. W. Singer Catal. Lat. & Vernacular Alchemical MSS (1928) I. 318 (MED) Take mercurii naturell and medle hym with common salt.
1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 183 But thies vertues ought to be attributed to trewe gould in dede and natural, not to chymisticall gould.
1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. ix. 355 Of pitch there are two kindes, the one being naturall, and taken out of certain stones.
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iv. x. 205 There being..in every thing we eate, a naturall and concealed salt.
1799 tr. Laboratory (ed. 6) I. i. 5 In some measure like the natural camphor.
1825 Canad. Courant (Montreal) 17 Dec. 1/5 This is undoubtedly the first attempt which has ever been made to apply natural Gas to so extensive and useful a purpose.
1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 264 That species obtained directly from fused iron, which is termed natural steel.
1835 J. Ross Narr. Second Voy. North-west Passage xlii. 563 The first natural water we had obtained.
1878 R. Jefferies Gamekeeper at Home 134 Just at present ‘natural’ sticks—that is, those cut from the stem with the bark on—are rather popular.
1926 C. M. Whittaker Dyeing with Coal-tar Dyestuffs (ed. 2) xiii. 198 In the United States the term ‘Rayon’ has been widely adopted in place of ‘artificial silk’ in order to avoid any possible confusion with natural silk in the mind of the buying public.
1967 R. K. Narayan Sweet-vendor i. 14 One must eat only natural salt.
1991 Green Mag. Guide to Home 1 iv. 86/2 We have recently seen the introduction in the UK of so-called natural paints which are marketed as being based on naturally occurring materials.
b. Occurring in, or part of, the environment; inherent in the form of an organism, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [adjective] > created or produced > natural or formed by nature
wildc1175
naturalc1450
spontaneous1732
unbuilt1882
c1450 J. Metham Palmistry (Garrett) in Wks. (1916) 84 (MED) Ther be in creaturys handys, lynys, and tokynnys, of the qwyche sum be accydental and sum be natural.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxiii. 94 The vertu of naturale fude of the mete.
c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. (1821) I. lvi Of sic naturall herbis as grew in thair awin yardis.
a1550 ( G. Ripley Compend of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) f. 43v (MED) Withe the thirde humidite most permanent..hermes tree to ashes is brent; It is our naturall fire moste sure.
1562 W. Turner Bk. Natures Bathes Eng. (title page) in 2nd Pt. Herball All seik persones that can not be healed without the helpe of natural bathes.
1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. Pref. sig. ***i Professors of the knowledge of nature and naturall things.
?a1600 (a1500) Sc. Troy Bk. (Cambr.) l. 519 in C. Horstmann Barbour's Legendensammlung (1882) II. 226 Scho feill syse Gerte fall Eclyps one wondre wyse, Notht be coniunctioune naturale, Bot by hyr science collaterale.
1614 W. Lithgow Most Delectable Disc. Peregrination vi. sig. R We saw also a naturall rocke in the high way.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1668 (1955) III. 511 Divers Glossa Petra's, & other natural Curiosities, found in digging.
1755 B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sci. 7 You promised me a regular Account of natural Things, and said we should begin with the Heavens.
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xix. 155 A fertile plain, watered by the natural and artificial channels of the Tigris.
1790 W. Wrighte Grotesque Archit. (title page) Hermitages, Terminaries, Chinese, Gothic, and Natural Grottos.
1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. i, in Lamia & Other Poems 150 Like natural sculpture in cathedral cavern.
1853 F. D. Maurice Prophets & Kings Old Test. xx. 351 To make them acquainted with natural scenery.
1891 W. Morris News from Nowhere x. 82 As to the land being a garden,..though I might not like the artificial ones, I assure you that some of the natural rockeries of our garden are worth seeing.
1936 Discovery Jan. 10/2 Sydney, which proudly boasts of the finest natural harbour in the world, welcomes you to that vast Dominion ‘down under’.
1988 Jrnl. Royal Mus. Assoc. 113 237 But when he was in the papal chapel he always sang contralto, perhaps..to avoid trying to blend his falsetto to the natural sounds of the castrati.
c. Of vegetation: growing of itself; self-sown, self-propagated; not introduced artificially. Also of land or a landscape: not cultivated or altered.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > wild and cultivated plants > [adjective] > wild or not cultivated
wildc725
untameda1340
unsownc1374
unplanteda1382
savagea1500
natural1526
self-sowed1597
self-sown1608
maiden1616
voluntary1620
spontaneous1665
uncultivated1697
wilding1697
volunteer1794
uncultured1804
agrarian1851
self-raised1852
the world > the earth > land > landscape > wild or uncultivated land > [adjective]
westeeOE
wildc893
wastyc1230
wastec1290
untilled1297
void1398
wilsomea1400
desolate1413
wastablea1450
unlaboured1474
untilthed1495
spare1508
unmanured1541
unculted1548
uncultured1555
Hyrcan1567
untoiled1578
manureless1595
griggy1597
Wealdish1598
Hyrcanian1600
unwrought1600
wealy1601
uncultived1605
incult1624
unmanaged1634
incultivateda1657
uncultivate1659
uncultivated1684
unreclaimed1753
wildered1810
irreclaimed1814
natural1827
feral1882
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rom. xi. 24 Yf thou wast cut out of a naturall wilde olive tree [L. ex naturali oleastro].
a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) i. viii. f. 53 That regioun..full of gude pasture and naturale gers.
1657 W. Coles Adam in Eden cclix There groweth up sometimes under the Cistus where it is naturall, a certain Excrescence.
1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 95 It opens the Land, and makes it much more fruitful, especially in natural Grass.
1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry I. 151 It was as full of natural white clover..as any field generally is in twice that time.
1799 J. Robertson Gen. View Agric. Perth 236 There was a considerable tract of natural fir several years ago near Tyndrom.
1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxvi. 155 The natural lands in this colony have never yet been valued at more than 5s. per acre.
1834 Brit. Husbandry (Libr. Useful Knowl.) I. 326 Peas, potatoes, and barley, besides natural grass.
1864 J. R. Lowell Fireside Trav. 108 Orchards, commonly of natural fruit, added to the pleasant home-look.
1925 Univ. Calif. Geogr. II. 37 There may be a succession of these landscapes with a succession of cultures. They are derived in each case from the natural landscape.
1927 Forestry 1 14 Scots Pine..in natural forests was almost always associated with a broad-leaved species, generally birch.
1990 Jrnl. Molluscan Stud. 56 313/2 The increase in human population has resulted in the clearing of much of the natural vegetation.
d. Involving no artificial or man-made ingredients, chemicals, etc.; ecological, organic; spec. (of food and drink) containing no artificial colourings, flavourings, or preservatives.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > additive > [adjective] > without additives
natural1802
additive-free1965
1802 J. Yznardi Let. 12 Feb. in T. Jefferson Papers (2009) XXXVI. 572 Half Pipe Natural Sherry 84 [dollars]. Half D[itt]o with Color 94 [dollars].
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 603/1 Science affords a means of distinguishing a gallisized from a natural wine.
1948 Good Housek. Cookery Bk. ii. 400 The natural rice has rather more flavour and food value than polished rice.
1961 Harrods Food News 11/1 Canadian Apple Juice, natural.
1973 P. Larkin Let. 24 Mar. in Sel. Lett. (1992) 474 Speaking of drinking, I have found a new one, vodka & ‘natural orange juice’, with ice.
1982 A. A. Mister Working on Farm 7 My thanks..to..the Soil Association..and..those of its members who show in their daily toil that natural methods work.
1988 D. MacCarthy Prodfact 88 153 Natural yoghurt stirred into fresh cream gives it a piquant taste.
e. Of a medicine, treatment, etc.: avoiding the use of pharmaceuticals and other artificial or manufactured substances; alternative, complementary, or homeopathic.
ΚΠ
1866 De Bow's Rev. Oct. 384 Our consumptive invalids who annually crowd to Southern Europe, most generally perish in the vain search of the natural remedy of an equable temperature.
1904 Collier's 7 May 20/3 (advt.) Our method is perfectly safe, natural and scientific. It strengthens the heart, allows you to breathe easily and takes off Double Chin.
1944 Lancet 6 May 605/2 Such an influence is to be expected if natural antibiotics are involved in the interplay between plant and environment.
1978 J. A. Maxwell America's Fascinating Indian Heritage iii. 90/1 Some pharmacologists believe that the Indians' knowledge of herbal curatives and palliatives equaled..modern man's expertise with natural drugs.
1995 Holiday Which? Mar. 111/5 Sea-Bands (wrist bands that press on acupuncture points) work for some people, as do ginger-based natural remedies or homoeopathic cures.
f. Designating or relating to methods of birth control which rely on recognition of the fertile phase of a woman's menstrual cycle, esp. a method in which couples abstain from intercourse during this phase rather than use contraceptives (also called rhythm method). Cf. NFP n. at N n. Initialisms 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > contraception or birth control > [noun] > rhythm method
natural1917
rhythm method1934
Vatican roulette1962
1917 Med. Critic & Guide 20 247 Natural vs. artificial birth control... All possible methods could probably be divided into two classes, the natural and the artificial.
1939 R. A. Ferry Theory & Pract. Nat. Birth Control iii. 36 The answers to all these questions constitute the discovery of natural birth control.
1972 Stud. Family Planning 3 194 Scientists from a variety of professional disciplines and cultures explored and evaluated contemporary methods of natural family planning.
1986 M. Stott Spilling Beans 39 The pill is out, IUD has a lot of question marks over it, leaving the cap, and other more hit-and-miss remedies like natural contraception.
1992 Cambr. Encycl. Human Evol. (1994) x. vi. 426/1 The terms ‘rhythm’ and ‘safe period’ to designate methods of birth control based on periodic abstinence have been replaced by the term ‘natural family planning’.
8.
†a. Scottish. Having innate abilities and gifts. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) II. 23 This Eolus..as an naturall man, first bi experiens persauyt this.
a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 284 The lord Home beand ane wyse and naturall man.
a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 120 Quein regent beand ane vyse and naturall woman, consawand the myndis and natur of Scoittismen.
1659 in Blairs Papers (1929) 161 Father Jon Jaque..is a verie material and a naturel man.
b. Having the innate ability to fill the specified role, adopt the specified profession, display a particular character, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [adjective]
habitual1526
natural1598
complexionate1607
habituous1633
complexional1636
temperamental1646
dispositive1656
attempered1661
characterial1824
naturel1856
dispositional1921
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [adjective] > natural, born, or by birth
bornOE
kinda1375
naturate1509
natural1598
natural-born1835
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 500 And thou a naturall coward without instinct. View more context for this quotation
1645 J. Ussher Body of Divinity (1647) 45 Was this saving wisdome of God known to the Philosophers and naturall wise men of the world?
1674 London Gaz. No. 907/4 A Flea bitten Mare,..a natural pacer.
1713 R. Steele Englishman No. 7. 43 A Natural Critick looks upon a Regular as a Dunce.
1776 in New Jersey Archives (1901) 2nd Ser. I. 103 A Horse,..a natural pacer, but can trot.
1858 N. Hawthorne French & Ital. Note-bks. II. 85 He..would have made a natural doctor of mighty potency.
1886 Dict. National Biogr. VI. 149/1 Bradburn was, according to the testimony of all who heard him, an extraordinary natural orator.
1925 New Yorker 5 Sept. 10/3 Other and more natural players surpassed him.
1942 National Geographic Mag. June 695 (caption) Natural musicians and splendid bandsmen, these Suva natives are impressive looking, with their magnificent physiques, mops of fuzzy hair, [etc.].
1986 M. Foot Loyalists & Loners 147 He was the greatest natural orator in an age of great orators.
9.
†a. Theology. Of a person: spiritually unenlightened; unregenerate; having a belief system or world view uninformed by revelation. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > inspiration or revelation > [adjective] > not
darkc1350
mistya1522
natural1526
endarkened1612
benighted1637
uninspired1700
unirradiated1792
darkened1856
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. ii. 14 For the naturall man [L. animalis homo] perceaveth not the thyngs off the sprete off god.
1567 Conf. Faith in Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) III. 17 Naturall man..lustis for thingis plesing and delectabill vnto the self.
a1599 R. Rollock Serm. (1616) xi. 208 The naturall man waltering and wallowing in sinne.
1609 G. Downame Treat. Christian Libertie 36 Let naturall or vnconuerted men apply this to themselues.
1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes iv. §3. 378 Naturall men are as wolves, tigres, devils one to another.
1675 R. Barclay Apol. Quakers ii. §1. 19 Many carnal and natural Christians will oppose this Proposition.
1760 W. Law Spirit of Prayer i. 54 By the flesh, and its lustings, are meant..the natural man, as he is by the fall.
a1853 F. W. Robertson Serm. (1857) 3rd Ser. iv. 51 The heathen—manifestly natural men—had the ‘work of the law written in their hearts’.
b. Philosophy and Theology. Of a system of belief, etc.: derived entirely from experience of the natural world; arrived at by reason and observation rather than through revelation or enlightenment. Cf. natural reason n. 2, natural religion n., natural theology n.
ΚΠ
1526 Bible (Tyndale) James iii. 15 This wisdom descendeth not from above: but is erthy, and naturall [L. animalis], and divlysshe.
1665 J. Spencer Disc. Vulgar Prophecies 42 That natural wisdom,..of which the true prophets of God gave such undoubted evidences.
1800 T. Jefferson Let. 31 Jan. in Writings (1984) 1077 This has given an air of mystery..real fears are that the craft would be endangered by the spreading of information, reason, & natural morality among men.
1814 Q. Rev. Oct. 105 This [sc. a passage from Wordsworth's Excursion] is high poetry; though (as we have ventured to lay the basis of the author's sentiments in a sort of liberal Quakerism)..others may..object to the appearance of a kind of Natural Methodism.
1951 E. E. Evans-Pritchard Social Anthropol. ii. 23 It was in this sense that they [sc. the Scottish moral philosophers] talked about natural morality, natural religion, natural jurisprudence, and so forth.
1972 A. J. Ayer Russell ii. 38 A position of complete scepticism is not practically tenable: we cannot divest ourselves of what Hume called our natural beliefs.
1989 MLN 104 892 The Socratic paradox of a knowledge which only knows itself to be ignorance is recast by Montaigne as a paradigm of natural wisdom uncorrupted by culture.
†c. Having only the wisdom given by nature; not educated by study. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1680 T. Lawson Mite into Treasury 33 A Natural man through search may apprehend much of the Feats and Terms of this Art, their Points,..Perimeter, Triangle, Rectangulous, Obliquangulous [etc.].
1791 ‘T. Newte’ Prospects & Observ. Tour 425 If this had been realized..the natural man would have outdone the philosopher.
a1871 G. Grote Fragm. Ethical Subj. (1876) v. 132 The ἀρχαὶ of the wise man (σόϕος) and the natural man (ϕυσικὸς) are derived from experience.
10.
a. Of thought, behaviour, or expression: having the ease or simplicity of nature; free from affectation, artificiality, or constraint; simple, unaffected, easy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > unaffectedness or naturalness > [adjective]
natural1553
unaffecting1602
inartificial1665
unaffected1677
real1747
unpedantic1782
unpretentious1838
untheatric1858
unselfconscious1866
the mind > attention and judgement > good taste > simplicity > [adjective]
plainc1330
simplea1382
neat1453
natural1553
austere1581
bare1583
unintricated1649
severe1665
clever1674
light1740
ungaudy1795
unassuminga1807
inartificial1823
quiet1838
unpretentious1838
unabstract1840
uninvolved1853
penny-plain1854
simplex munditiis1874
unstagy1882
clinical1932
shibui1947
understated1957
1553 R. Ascham Rep. Affaires Germany 1 If proper and naturall wordes, in well ioyned sentences do lyuely expresse the matter.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) v. i. 83 Thy Verse swels with stuffe so fine and smooth, That thou art euen Naturall in thine Art. View more context for this quotation
1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 17 My zeale, which is naturall and honest.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Marotic Stile A peculiarly gay, merry, yet simple and natural Manner of Writing, introduced by Marot.
1774 O. Goldsmith Retaliation 101 On the stage he was natural, simple, affecting, 'Twas only that, when he was off, he was acting.
1827 J. Rush Philos. Human Voice (1833) viii. 121 The Qualities of voice employed as the means of expression, are those of the Whispering, the Natural, the Falsette and the Orotund voices.
1858 A. H. Clough Amours de Voyage in Atlantic Monthly Mar. 541 'Tis an excellent race..and..E'en under Pope and Priest, a nice and natural people.
1863 E. M. Sewell Glimpse of World 199 Just put all thought of yourself aside and be natural.
1932 J. C. Powys Glastonbury Romance x. 290 His long association with birds and beasts and reptiles had given him a very natural and earthy attitude towards erotic emotion.
1956 I. Murdoch Flight from Enchanter x. 134 She smiled in a helpless feminine way about which Rainborough could not decide whether it was natural or the effect of art.
1987 N. Hinton Buddy's Song vi. 28 He always sounded natural and he never tried to make himself sound important.
b. Of a person: acting in accordance with one's innate character; not dissimulating, deceiving, or affected.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > unaffectedness or naturalness > [adjective] > acting in accordance with one's real character
natural1825
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > sincerity, freedom from deceit > [adjective]
aefauldOE
trueOE
true as steela1300
throlya1375
entirec1380
faithfula1382
entirelyc1400
single1519
sincere1533
sincere1539
simple-minded1556
Dunstable?1565
truthful?1567
single-hearted1574
single-minded1577
sound1580
downright1584
unaffected1592
real1597
plain-hearted1601
unartificial1603
free1619
honest1634
fair and square1636
round-dealing1642
wholehearted1657
down flata1663
well-designing1670
heart-whole1684
single-eyed1705
unsanctimoniousa1797
natural1825
bona fide1827
unfallacious1827
jannock1828
forthcoming1835
up and down1836
bonified1840
forthgoing1851
unhypocritical1854
forthright1855
upstanding1863
on the level1872
genuine1890
for real1954
upfront1967
1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan I. 73 At home it is..that we show the natural-man.
1889 Spectator 12 Oct. 466/2 [If he] said to every guest precisely what arose in his mind to say, he would be a more ‘natural’ man.
1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage cxx. 637 Things that she felt though was unconscious of, the intoxication of the air and the hops and the night, the healthy instincts of the natural woman, a tenderness that overflowed [etc.].
1971 Dict. National Biogr. 1951–60 139/2 The charm and humility of his essentially natural personality.
†c. U.S. Wild, savage. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective]
retheeOE
hotOE
strongOE
woodlyc1000
un-i-rideOE
stoura1122
brathc1175
unridec1175
unrudec1225
starklyc1275
toughc1275
wood1297
ragec1330
unrekena1350
biga1375
furialc1386
outrageousc1390
savagea1393
violenta1393
bremelya1400
snarta1400
wrothlya1400
fightingc1400
runishc1400
dour?a1425
derfc1440
churlousa1450
roida1450
fervent1465
churlish1477
orgulous1483
felona1500
brathfula1522
brathlya1525
fanatic1533
furious1535
boisterous1544
blusterous1548
ungentle1551
sore1563
full-mouthed1594
savage wild1595
Herculean1602
shrill1608
robustious1612
efferous1614
thundering1618
churly1620
ferocient1655
turbulent1656
efferate1684
knock-me-down1760
haggard-wild1786
ensanguined1806
rammish1807
fulminatory1820
riproarious1830
natural1832
survigrous1835
sabre-toothed1849
cataclysmal1861
thunderous1874
fierce1912
cataractal1926
1832 J. P. Kennedy Swallow Barn II. viii. 125 Ned Hazard's a pretty hard horse to ride, too; only look at his eye,—how natural it is!
11. Unaltered, not enhanced.
a. Of a person, his or her appearance, attributes, etc.: having the normal form, colour, etc.; not disfigured, disguised, or altered in any way. Of a style of hairdressing: having the appearance of being unstyled (see also natural n.1 16).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [adjective] > in accordance with nature > having normal form
natural1567
1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. vii. sig. Sv Conuerting the naturall coollour [of her hair] in to a glistering glee [= brightness] suborned by arte.
1685 London Gaz. No. 2075/4 Her hair brown of a natural Frizze or Curl about the forehead.
1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 112 His hair playing freely in natural ringlets.
1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 4 97 Her feet are now as natural and well shaped as any other child's of the same age.
1863 Chambers's Encycl. V. 192/1 The people..returning to natural and unpowdered hair.
1954 W. S. Maugham Ten Novels i. viii. 201 Typee is a glorification of the noble savage, uncorrupted by the vices of civilization, and..Melville looked upon the natural man as good.
1974 S. Middleton Holiday xiii. 210 Meg liked men natural, she'd claimed once, not reeking with male perfumes.
1981 G. Vidal Creation ii. ii. 37 She had a high natural color.
1987 E. Leonard Bandits vi. 74 That's the way your hair should be, natural.
2000 B. Greer in C. Newland & K. Sesay IC3 122 Short, natural hair like the kind you were told to hide beneath a wig.
b. Of a fabric: having the colour of its unbleached and undyed state. Of a colour: that of the unbleached and undyed fabric (cf. natural colour n. 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > white or whiteness > [adjective] > off-white
paper-whitec1430
sheep-hued?a1600
natural1854
ecru1869
natural-coloured1909
off-white1931
1854 Morning Post 7 July 1/5 (advt.) Aberdeen Linsey Woolseys in granite, heather, and natural wools.
c1860 in A. Adburgham Shops & Shopping (1964) vii. 74 Vicuna,..woven in its natural colour,..is admirably adapted for Ladies' Cloaks and Gentlemen's Costumes.
1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 12/3 Plain Habutai Silk in natural (cream) color only.
1941 R. Stout Red Threads i. 6 He must have the natural kasha, the one with nubs, by tomorrow afternoon.
1978 Lancashire Life Apr. 67/1 Wearing a medium-grey lightweight suit..and a natural straw Trilby.
1991 New Age Jrnl. Apr. 77/2 A line of ‘green’ cotton products..[has] been woven into such items as pillow cases, bath towels, linen napkins, nightshirts, and baby-crib sheets—all of them a natural ‘buff’ color.
c. Of a decorative finish: that retains or enhances the colour and texture of the original material. Also of wood, etc.: not painted, stained, or otherwise artificially coloured.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > painting or coating materials > [adjective] > types of paint > type of paint finish
natural1888
eggshell1894
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > [adjective] > not painted or artificially coloured
natural1937
1888 Scribner's Mag. Dec. 99/2 (advt.) Raven Gloss Shoe Dressing imparts a natural finish, not varnish.
1908 Sears, Roebuck Catal. No. 117. 377/1 The frame is made of thoroughly seasoned hardwood, natural shellac finish.
1937 R. Hooper Woodcraft in Design & Pract. ii. 8 Furniture of natural unpolished oak, oatmeal coloured walls, fabrics the same.
1954 L. Hochman How to Refinish Furnit. 55/1 (caption) The natural grain and wood colour of this walnut coffee table was enhanced with a natural finish.
1974 Habitat Ann. Catal. 40/2 Imagine a bedroom custom-built to your own specifications and finished in natural teak.
2001 Art Room Catal. Spring Preview 2/2 Joined entirely from rich, natural mahogany (from a sustainable plantation), the arms and back rail create one sculptural line.
12. Of appearance.
a. Of pictorial representation or visual effect: closely imitating nature; lifelike, exact.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adjective] > closely resembling > lifelike
livelyc1330
lifelikea1522
natural1581
speaking1582
vive1584
breathing1669
semblant1714
thinking1732
nature-true1850
vivid1852
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [adjective] > qualities of
natural1581
well-observed1620
exact1645
well-treated1663
nature-painting1748
idealized1810
life-size1813
life-sized1834
lifelike1836
likely1840
realistic1943
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. 30 b The most naturall [It. naturalissima] resemblant picture of a Gentleman with two hornes on his forehead.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. iii. 74 b Of the Ianissaries going to the warres yee may see the naturall draught by the figure following.
1662 J. Evelyn Sculptura v. 125 Hatchings express'd by single stroaks, are ever the most graceful and natural; though of greater difficulty to execute.
1688 J. Ogilby tr. G. de Magaillans Hist. China 70 It is the nature of Hieroglyphicks not to be the natural figures of the things which they signifie, but only to represent them.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Plan The Geometrical Plan is that wherein the solid and vacant Parts are represented in their natural Proportion.
1770 J. Armstrong Misc. II. 272 In some places natural and unexaggerated representations of life are not felt.
1821 W. Scott Kenilworth I. vi. 125 How beautiful are these hangings!—How natural these paintings, which seem to contend with life!
1851 C. Newton in J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. App. xxi. 399 By natural representation is here meant as just and perfect an imitation of nature as the technical means of art will allow.
1967 Mrs. L. B. Johnson White House Diary 20 Oct. (1970) 582 Mary Lasker has given eight hundred thousand daffodil bulbs to be planted there in natural drifts.
1986 MLN 101 830 The critical or revolutionary potential of caricature resides in the power to sustain likeness..[Philipon's] caricature of Louis Philippe could be linked by a series of like images to a ‘natural’ portrait of the king.
b. (as) natural as life: entirely natural, esp. in appearance or behaviour; appearing as if alive.
ΚΠ
1703 S. F. Egerton Poems Several Occasions 85 But thus we fondly Rave to miss the Joy, Love natural as Life, does Life destroy.
1802 in New Eng. Mag. (1891) May 388/2 A large and valuable collection of curiosities—consisting of Birds, Beasts, and Insects, in the best preservation, (to appearance) natural as life.
1808 J. Austen Let. 15 June (1995) 125 Our two brothers were walking before the house as we approached, as natural as life.
1821 J. Galt Ayrshire Legatees (1895) xxv. 223 A steam-ingine that minches minch-collops as natural as life.
1887 Overland Monthly Dec. 729 ‘Wide Awake’ and ‘Fast Asleep’ are two lithoed water colors by Ida Waugh, the American artist, soft in tone and as natural as life in expression.
1990 A. S. Byatt Possession iv. 62 The dome, which you must imagine like the magic covers you have seen in your drawing-room under which dwell all sorts of brilliant little birds, as natural as life on their branches.
13. Music. Designating a note in the western musical system that is uninflected by a sharp or flat or any sign indicating a modification of diatonic pitch. Also of a key, harmony, etc. Cf. natural n.1 10. Also in figurative context.natural horn, scale, trumpet: see Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > [adjective] > natural
natural1721
naturalized1880
1721 A. Malcolm Treat. Musick 291 These inserted notes [sc. semitones] take the name of the natural note next below..called a sharp.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Durale or Duro, in the Italian music... This name is given to B natural, by reason its sound is sharp, when compared with B mol, or flat.
1792 M. Wollstonecraft Vindic. Rights Woman v. 219 There would be no end to rules for behaviour, if it be proper always to adopt the tone of the company; for thus, for ever varying the key, a flat would often pass for a natural note.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 544 You may see that there are [here] at the same time both a sol natural and a sol sharp.
1818 T. Busby Gram. Music 30 The natural keys were originally so called in contradistinction to the sharps and flats.
1848 Brit. Patents 12,378 (1857) 2 My invention consists of so arranging the mechanism of a flute that the closing of the C sharp and the B natural holes may be simultaneous by the action of the second finger.
1915 W. Cather Song of Lark iii. ii. 263 ‘I beg your pardon,’ Thea muttered. ‘I thought you wanted to get that B natural.’ She began again, as Miss Darcey indicated.
1989 E. M. Ripin et al. Early Keyboard Instruments i. 11 The amount of sharp projecting above the natural-key covers indicates a fairly shallow depth of touch.
II. Relating to birth or family; native.
14.
†a. Of a person: having a status (esp. of allegiance or authority) by birth; natural-born. Cf. natural subject n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete (historical in later use).
ΚΠ
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 9202 (MED) Oure newe lord ȝong naturel, Þat so wiȝtliche fiȝteþ for ous, Helpe we him, for Crist Ihesus!
1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 465/1 Kyng Richard, his rightwise, true, and naturall Liege and Soverayne Lord.
1497 J. Alcock Mons Perfeccionis (de Worde) sig. Eij Our moost naturell Souerayne lorde Henry the seuenth.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. iiiv The Englishe nacion hys naturall countreymen.
1595 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 i. i. 82 Whom should he follow but his naturall king.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 15 The Bassa of Aleppo, and naturall Lord of the rich vally of Achillis.
1818 M. W. Shelley Frankenstein II. ii. 25 I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and docile to my natural lord and king, if thou wilt also perform thy part, the which thou owest me.
1887 Dict. National Biogr. IX. 3/2 Among these were Eadric, by whose treasons against his natural lord he had often profited, and Æthelweard, the son of Æthelmær, the patron of Ælfric the Grammarian.
b. Of the transfer of a privilege, property, etc.: according to right of heredity. Hence of property, a privilege, etc. (later also a trait): hereditary; possessed by right of birth.
ΚΠ
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 58 (MED) I am david of jesse rote, the fresch kyng by naturall successyon.
a1628 F. Greville Treat. Monarchy xi, in Remains (1670) 133 Realms of natural descent..with those which Chance or Conquest win, Shall be united in one government.
1646 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. F. Biondi Hist. Civil Warres Eng. II. ix. 188 All France (which falling upon his person by naturall Inheritance; not by anothers Renounsal, was his legal Patrimony).
1662 Duchess of Newcastle Comedy of Apocriphal Ladies i. xvii, in Playes Written 646 Was it in her power to dispossesse her self of her natural Inheritance?
1794 T. Dwight Greenfield Hill vii. 153 (note) The foundation of all equal liberty is the natural and equal descent of property to all the children of the proprietor. Republics cannot long exist, but upon this basis.
1833 J. Hall Harpe's Head xxv. 251 I do not know..whether I ought to accept the bounty of my uncle, which, by making me rich, deprives you of your natural inheritance.
1875 A. Trollope Way we live Now I. xiv. 89 This man felt himself constrained..to see that his land went by natural descent.
1938 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 24 282 The simple correlation..between the intelligence scores of identical twins reared apart..is in itself weighty evidence for the predominant influence of natural inheritance.
1995 Speculum 70 33 Some sons..left their father's households and established their own when they married, taking with them all or part of their natural inheritance.
15.
a. Of a person: related genetically but not legally to his or her father; born outside marriage, illegitimate. [Compare classical Latin fīlius nātūrālis (late 2nd cent. a.d.); compare also Middle French enfant naturel (late 14th cent. in this sense).]
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > relationship to parent > [adjective] > illegitimate
cheves-bornOE
misbegetc1325
bastc1330
misbegettenc1330
bastard1376
unlawfula1425
naturalc1425
illegitime1502
base1529
base-begot1534
illegitimate1536
misbegotten1554
bastarded1579
misborn1583
nameless1594
spurious1598
unfathered1600
misgotten1623
misbegot1626
baseborn1645
slip-sprung1665
born in (or under or out of) wedlock1675
side wind1738
love-begotten1761
born on the wrong side of the blanket1771
anonymous1869
sinistral1897
1393 in C. Innes Registrum de Dunfermelyn (1842) 275 Tenendam..eidem Willelmo & heredibus suis de corpore suo legittime procreatis..quibus forte quod absit deficientibus Michaeli Scot filio naturali eiusdem Willelmi & heredibus suis masculis de corpore suo legittime procreandis.]
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 378 Þis noble kyng also Hadde þritty sonys... Þat callyd wern his sonys natural.
1558 in J. Beveridge & G. Donaldson Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1957) V. i. 99 Marioun Ogilvy, dochter naturale to umquhile Alexander Ogilvy..throw being of the said umquhile Marioun borne bastarde.
1563 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories Archdeaconry Richmond (1853) 167 My thre natural sonns..shalbe fownden meate and drynke.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 90 He hath smoothed vp the matter with a fine terme, in calling him a sonne naturall, a prety word.
1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 112 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors Mara Ragu..had three sons legitimate, and one natural.
1726 J. Arbuthnot et al. It cannot rain but it Pours 6 It has been commonly thought, that he is U— natural Brother, because of some resemblance of Manners.
1773 S. Johnson in J. Boswell Jrnl. Tour Hebrides Nov. (1785) 502 Supposing me to be her son, and that she was not married till the year after my birth, I must have been her natural son.
1817 J. Evans Excursion to Windsor 38 He was never married, but had natural daughters, who enjoyed his property.
1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad I. iii. 135 To pass off one of his natural children as a legitimate daughter of the house of Castile.
1877 F. Ross et al. Gloss. of E. Riding of Yorks. 99/1 Natheral-bayn, an illegitimate child.
1932 Jrnl. Negro Hist. 17 58 There were 304 legitimate white children baptized... Ninety-four natural white children..were also listed.
1955 Times July 6/4 In an Act of Parliament the word ‘parent’ prima facie did not include the natural father of an illegitimate child.
1987 V. Glendinning Rebecca West i. ii. 10 He was the natural son of a member of the royal house of Hanover.
b. Of a person's child: genetically related (without reference to legal recognition). Formerly also: esp. †born in lawful wedlock, legitimate (obsolete). Also in extended use. [Compare classical Latin fīlius nātūrālis; compare also Middle French enfant naturel (15th cent. in this sense).]
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > relationship to parent > [adjective] > legitimate
full-bornlOE
born in (or under or out of) wedlockc1275
kindlya1300
mulierc1400
legitimatea1464
mulieryc1475
lawfulc1480
naturala1500
mulierly1506
lawfully1512
native1567
loyal1608
lineala1616
full-begotten1636
(on) the right side of the blanket1842
a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 36 (MED) The naturall sonne is betyn of his fadir within the howse whenne he trespassith. But the hired man is vttirly put owte of the howse whanne he trespassith, withowte any stroke.
1503 in Lett. Richard III & Hen. VII (Rolls) I. 195 Ye had..as good mynde towards h[ym] as ye cowd have to your naturall son.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Tim. i. 2 Unto Timothe hys naturall Sonne in the fayth.
1556 J. Heywood Spider & Flie lxvii. 10 What naturall father can se..His naturall childerne in dread quake and start, Without his hart smarting?
c1599 Life T. More in C. Wordsworth Eccl. Biogr. (1810) II. 151 Not one of his naturall children, yet brought up with his other children.
?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xiii. 172 He was lodg'd, with Priam, who held deare His naturall sonnes no more then him.
1654 O. Sedgwick Elisha 17 A Father doth not more love his Natural child, then the faithful Minister doth those whom he hath begotten unto Christ.
1741 T. Robinson Common Law of Kent i. ii. 11 By the Law of the Twelve Tables the Descent..was without Distinction of Primogeniture to all the Children, whether Male or Female, natural or adopted.
1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. v. 369 Concubinage, a kind of inferior marriage, of which the issue were natural children not bastards.
1975 J. Clavell Shōgun xxxix. 436 In Japan you don't ask if a person is adopted or natural.
1994 Family Law Rep. 1 624 There are four children who are the subject of the application... Those four children have a half-sister..who..is the natural child of the mother and the step-daughter of the father.
c. Of any other relation: genetically related, related by birth.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective] > by blood-relationship
fleshlyc900
bloodyc1390
carnal1490
akinc1515
natural?1515
native1567
consanguine1613
consanguineousa1616
consanguineal1795
consanguinean1827
biological1926
?1515 W. Harrington Commendations of Matrimony sig. C1v And lyke wyse it is of the other partye. as and the father naturall of the childe doo dey. the mother natural may not be maryed to ony of the men whiche dyde helpe to holde his chylde in baptisme.
1540 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 157 Wher it hath pleased Allmyghty Godde to call my naturall father to his fatall end.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iii. ii. 71 The great Turke being there a natural vncle of the late Rostan.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iii. iii. 107 My selfe..They take for Naturall Father. View more context for this quotation
a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) lii. 174 If he saw naturall brethren likely to fall out he would..wisely admonish them for peace.
1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon ii. viii. 415 Gabrielle a legitimated Daughter of France, one of his own natural Sisters.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones V. xv. vi. 240 And what must I stand sending a Parcel of Compliments to a confounded Whore, that keeps away a Daughter from her own natural Father? View more context for this quotation
1794 W. Jones tr. Inst. Hindu Law ii. §169 The first birth is from a natural mother; the second, from the ligation of the zone; the third, from the due performance of the sacrifice; such are the births of him, who is usually called twice-born, according to the text of the Véda.
1841 W. H. Mill Observ. Applic. Pantheistic Princ. ii. 209 The Mosaic law of levirate or adoption..certifies that all must remount to the same natural parent.
1899 Dict. National Biogr. LVIII. 118/2 A distinction between his duty to his natural father and his duty as a ‘son of the Commonwealth’, and..breach of confidence.
1949 New Statesman 24 Dec. 750/3 The distress caused by the snatch-back is no less tragic than would be suffered by natural parents who were forcibly deprived of their children.
1985 A. Carter Black Venus 65 My Aunt Titania. Not, I should assure you, my natural aunt, no blood bond.
1993 Family Law Rep. 2 278 Upon the adoptive parents undertaking to issue wardship proceedings against the local authority, the natural aunt and the child, the wardship was confirmed.
16.
†a. Observant of familial obligations; appropriately affectionate towards a close relative. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1460 Earl of March & Earl of Rutland Let. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. I. 9 (MED) We youre trewe and naturell sonnes..recomaunde us un to your noble grace.
a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 109 (MED) He shewed himself to you as a naturall fader and hadde pite vpon you and forgave you your oultragious offences.
c1530 Countess of Salisbury in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 107 I pray you to be a good and naturall modre unto hyr.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iii. i. 222 A noble..brother, in his loue toward her, euer most kinde and naturall . View more context for this quotation
b. Feeling or exhibiting innate or spontaneous kindness, affection, or †gratitude. See also natural-hearted at Compounds 1. Now rare (regional).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective] > feeling or showing natural gratitude
naturala1470
natural1537
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 552 Ye have done to us but as a naturall knyght ought to do.
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. lviiv Nature byndeth a man to..kepe them, or els he is nat a naturall man, remembringe what god hath done for the.
1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. K3 Doron to shewe himselfe a naturall young man, gaue her a few kinde kisses to comfort her.
1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vi. 84 Loyall and naturall boy. View more context for this quotation
1608 D. Tuvill Ess. Politicke, & Morall f. 10v Which are founde in euery well-disposed naturall man.
a1627 T. Middleton & W. Rowley Old Law (1656) ii. 18 Ant. Away unnaturall. Sim... to be naturall at such a time Were a fooles part.
1843 C. Dickens Christmas Carol iv. 132 A wicked old screw,..why wasn't he natural in his lifetime?
1894 D. S. Meldrum Margrédel 222 Miss Jean cam', who's as nateral as a peat.
a1908 H. C. Hart MS Coll. Ulster Words in M. Traynor Eng. Dial. Donegal (1953) 194/1 Natural, kind. It's not naytheral, i.e. unkind.
†c. Showing, or behaving so as to show, such a feeling to or towards a person, etc. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective] > feeling or showing natural gratitude
naturala1470
natural1537
1537 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. T. Cromwell (1902) II. 89 If yow wer either naturall towardes your countrey or your famylie, you wolde not thus shame all your kynne.
1561 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories N. Counties Eng. (1835) I. 193 As the said John will haive my blessing, to be naturall to the rest of his brether and sisters.
1611 B. Jonson Catiline iii. sig. F4v No Child can be too naturall to his Parent. View more context for this quotation
†17.
a. Of a country or language: being that of a person's birth; native. Cf. natural language n. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [adjective] > native (of country or place)
kinda1325
kindlya1400
nativea1438
natal?1440
naturalc1475
the mind > language > a language > [adjective] > native or vernacular
kinda1325
maternal1481
vulgara1513
motherly1598
natural1617
vernacular1647
vernaculary1652
vernaculous1658
vernacule1669
c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 149 (MED) What musinge..holdeth youre handes bounde..as in abidyng on whethir side the burdon shalle falle of this your naturall herbrurgh?
1508 J. Fisher Treat. Penyt. Psalmes sig. nn.viv A certayne woman chanane came ferre from her natural countre.
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. xxx. f. xii Brenne..takyng sore to mynde his expulsion from his naturall Countre.
1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII c. 26 §1 A speche nothing like ne consonant to the natural mother tonge vsed within this realme.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. xiij The most pernicious & venemus enemy to..his owne naturall countrey.
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie iv. xxix. 150 The naturall countrie of Castor and Pollux.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 256 All the Candians speaking Italian as well as their naturall Greeke tongue.
1657 P. Heylyn Ecclesia Vindicata i. i. 74 The Sclavonians..made suite unto the Pope to have the publick Service in their natural Tongue.
1674 R. South Acct. Trav. Poland 1674 in Posthumous Wks. (1717) 26 The Queen is now about 33 Years of Age..and speaks the Polish Language full as well as her own natural Tongue.
1759 Weekly Mag. 29 Dec. 16 Draining our natural country by peopling new acquisitions abroad.
b. Of a person: native to a country; native-born. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native people > [adjective]
inbornc1000
theodiscc1000
i-cundeOE
landisha1300
kindc1325
denizen1483
kindly born1483
native1488
naturally born1523
naturala1533
home-bred?1560
natural1574
home-born1577
homeling1577
natural-born1583
land-born1589
self-bred1590
self-born1597
indigene1598
land-breda1599
vernaculous1606
kindly1609
inbred1625
terrigenist1631
native-born1645
indigenous1646
indigenary1651
indigenital1656
aboriginal1698
own-born1699
indigenal1725
homegrown1737
terrigenous1769
indigenate1775
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. B.viijv Vertue maketh a stranger natural.
1576 W. Lambarde Perambulation of Kent 170 I wote not, howe the naturall and auncient inhabitantes..will beare it.
1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. x. 27 The naturall [Port. natural] people of that Countrie are blacke.
1602 W. Warner Epitome Hist. Eng. in Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) 359 Welch-men..Amongst whom was a succession of Naturall Kings.
1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 76 The Romans..conquered our Britain; reduced the natural Inhabitants from their Barbarism.
1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World xx. 536 The Natural Inhabitans of the Cape are the Hodmadods.
1755 London Mag. June 786/1 The inland parts of the northern main of Nova-Scotia..is possessed by the several Tribes of the Abenákki or Abnakki Indians, who were the natural Inhabitants of New-England.
c. With names of specific nationalities, as natural Englishman, etc. Also designating words of the specified language. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1556 J. Poynet (title) A shorte treatise of politike power,..with an exhortacion to all true naturall Englishe men.
1572 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 159 Thai ar all..of ane cuntry and naturall Scottismen.
1579 E. K. in E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Ep. Ded. §1 Good and naturall English words.
1630 P. Massinger Renegado ii. iv. sig. E Thou an Italian? Nay more..a naturall Venetian.
1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 281 These there castles are garded by natural Spaniards.
1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. iii. 49 Twelve Colonies could not do very much towards civilizing a People so prone to Unpoliteness as were the natural Africans.
d. That is a native of the specified place. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native people > [adjective]
inbornc1000
theodiscc1000
i-cundeOE
landisha1300
kindc1325
denizen1483
kindly born1483
native1488
naturally born1523
naturala1533
home-bred?1560
natural1574
home-born1577
homeling1577
natural-born1583
land-born1589
self-bred1590
self-born1597
indigene1598
land-breda1599
vernaculous1606
kindly1609
inbred1625
terrigenist1631
native-born1645
indigenous1646
indigenary1651
indigenital1656
aboriginal1698
own-born1699
indigenal1725
homegrown1737
terrigenous1769
indigenate1775
1574 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Familiar Epist. 13 God commaunded that the kings shulde be naturall [Sp. natural] of the kyngdome.
1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 64 Commonly the captaines be naturall of those prouinces.
1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII (1876) (modernized text) 201 Till Philip were by continuance in Spain made as natural of Spain.
III. Relating to nature as an object of study.
18.
a. Of a person: given to the study of the natural world and natural phenomena. Now only in natural historian n., natural philosopher n., natural scientist n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > [adjective] > studying natural philosophy
natural?1527
physical1678
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 65 Þis naturel philosofer and dyuynour serchede kynde and vertues of þynges.
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 345 As to natural clerkis may wel be knowen.
?1527 L. Andrewe tr. Noble Lyfe Bestes sig. aij The naturall maister Aristotell saith [etc.].
a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) IX. 100 Naturall men will write of lands of Pygmies.
b. Dealing with, concerned with, or relating to the natural world and natural phenomena as objects of study or research. Now chiefly in natural knowledge and natural history n., natural philosophy n., natural science n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > study > [adjective] > natural history
naturala1393
physiological1610
physiologic1669
natural-historical1804
natural-scientific1837
naturalistic1856
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 390 (MED) Of every naturel science Which eny clerk him couthe teche, He couthe ynowh.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1874) V. 11 (MED) Plinius..made..xxxvijti bookes of the story naturalle.
1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. Pref. He was a wittie man in naturall knowlege, and obserued well the change of wethers.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Alexander the Great in Panoplie Epist. 215 The natural secrets, in the understanding and knowledge of which I haue..beene instructed.
1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. i. 1 Thales..first introduc'd Naturall and Mathematicall Learning into Greece.
1707 Philos. Trans. 1706–7 (Royal Soc.) 25 2418 Some Natural Observations made..in Shropshire.
1773 S. Neville Diary 10 May (1950) ix. 201 Botany..is a branch of Natural knowledge to which I have not hitherto paid any attendtion.
1901 M. Foster Lect. Hist. Physiol. 3 It became..more and more potent as a steriliser of original research in natural knowledge.
1999 Brit. Jrnl. Hist. Sci. 32 131 A practitioner of one of the major divisions of natural knowledge (natural history, mixed mathematics, medicine, experimental philosophy, or occasionally natural philosophy or pure mathematics).
B. adv.
colloquial and regional. In a natural manner; = naturally adv. to come natural (usually with to): to be a natural or instinctive action; to be achieved without apparent effort or difficulty.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally
i-cundelyeOE
through kindc1225
proprementc1230
kindlya1250
naturallyc1275
kinda1325
by kindc1325
of kindc1325
in kind1340
properly1340
voluntarily1562
natively1590
alliably1593
physically1629
innately1632
natural1793
congenitally1862
connately1884
1793 J. Woodforde Diary 23 Feb. (1929) IV. 10 Hopes her Mother will..behave more natural to her than she ever yet did.
1869 ‘M. Twain’ Innocents Abroad xxvii. 290 The doctor asks the questions, generally, because he can keep his countenance... It comes natural to him.
1890 Temple Bar July 383 It comes quite natural to a poor woman to sit up the night with a sick neighbour.
1911 G. B. Shaw Getting Married in Doctor's Dilemma 196 My wife had to break me into it. It came natural to her.
1942 Z. N. Hurston in S.E. Post 5 Sept. 57/2 Natural, the future..looks something different from the past.
1952 E. O'Neill Moon for Misbegotten i. 33 He'll keep acting natural enough, and you'd swear he wasn't bad at all.
1986 ‘J. le Carré’ Perfect Spy vii. 163 The most important thing to do is to look busy, act natural, keep everything normal.
2001 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 24 June (Home ed.) 3 Something's up with the young Mexican singer... He's trying to act natural, but he can't completely contain his excitement.

Compounds

C1. With adjectives, as natural-hearted, natural mannered, etc. See also natural-born adj., natural-coloured adj.
ΚΠ
a1600 R. Hooker Remedie Sorrow & Fear §7 Those men that would gladly haue their friends and brethrens dayes prolonged on earth, (as there is no naturall-hearted man but gladly would).
1828 T. Moore Mem. (1854) V. 320 A handsome and natural mannered young fellow.
1871 M. MacLennan B. Blake I. iv She's a verra bonny an' natral-hairted lass.
1875 W. Alexander Sketches Life among Ain Folk 34 A richt naitral-hertet creatur [she] was a' er days.
1936 D. Hunter Papermaking Pilgrimage Japan, Korea & China iii. 45 The so-called ‘vellum’—that smooth, long-fibred, natural-toned paper sometimes used in the printing of fine books.
1963 Times Lit. Suppl. 10 May 342/2 The total impression is of a strongly sensuous quality, as yet more sculptured and cerebral than fluid and natural-seeming.
1992 Cent. Home June 12/1 Treated with a natural-toned stain, they go well with rustic twig furniture.
C2.
natural area n. a geographical area the distinguishing characteristics of which have arisen naturally and without planning.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > [noun]
countryc1300
countrysidec1450
world1551
natural area1917
1905 Econ. Jrnl. 15 13 The National Telephone Company has mapped out the whole country into natural telephone areas, without regard to municipal boundaries.]
1917 Mississippi Valley Hist. Rev. 394 The factors involved in the settlement and growth of the six natural areas of settlement in the lower peninsular.
1932 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 38 339 It is more likely that census tracts near the central business districts of Philadelphia would conform more closely to natural areas than in West Philadelphia.
1993 Jrnl. Sustainable Tourism 1 26 The most common criteria used to assess natural areas include ecological, or abiotic and biotic ones such as diversity, rarity, size, [etc.].
natural body n. a physical body, as opposed to a spiritual body: in later use only in allusion to 1 Corinthians 15:44.
ΚΠ
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. xv. 44 Hit is sowne a naturall body, and ryseth a spretuall body.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §835 The true passages and processes and affects and consistencies of matter and natural bodies.
1737 D. Waterland Rev. Doctr. Eucharist 168 The Sacramental Bread..representative and exhibitive of the natural Body.
1836 I. Taylor Physical Theory of Another Life i. 18 There is a spiritual body, and another vehicle of human nature, as well as a natural body.
1985 New Jerusalem Bible 1 Cor. xv. 44–45 What is sown is a natural body, and what is raised is a spiritual body. If there is a natural body, there is a spiritual body too.
natural break n. see break n.1 8k.
natural cement n. a naturally occurring cement; spec. one made by calcining argillaceous limestone.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > cement or mortar > [noun] > other kinds of cement or mortar
maltha?1440
testacyec1440
putty1472
tarras1612
natural cement1753
Roman cement1768
sand mortar1775
Roman cement1800
Parker's cement1811
mastic cement1815
gauge-stuff1823
Portland cement1824
putty cement1825
rust cement1830
matrix1838
terro-cement1838
rust1839
swish1863
Coaguline1868
albolith1870
dagga1878
mastic1881
tripolith1882
grappier1897
pozzolana cement1905
Ciment Fondu1924
snowcrete1928
soil-cement1936
1753 Philos. Trans. 1751–2 (Royal Soc.) 47 508 The vermiculi marini..are always attach'd to their shells... They are found in groups, adhering together by a natural cement.
1882 Chem. News 27 Oct. 187/2 The chemist to the Geological Survey Department of the Japanese Government, was led to look for a natural cement. Such cements are formed by mixing burnt lime with substances of volcanic origin, generally tufas.
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) II. 627/1 Natural cement, a naturally occurring argillaceous limestone, calcined and pulverized, is slower-setting and less uniform in quality than portland cement.
natural childbirth n. childbirth in which the mother-to-be uses methods of relaxation and physical cooperation with the natural process of childbirth (advocated by G. D. Read in 1933); (now also) childbirth with minimal medical or technological intervention; a birth of this kind.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > childbirth or delivery
teamOE
childinga1275
birtha1325
childc1330
deliverancea1375
childbearinga1400
kindlinga1400
birth-bearingc1426
forthbringing1429
childbirth?a1450
parturitya1450
bearinga1500
delivery1548
parture1588
infantment1597
puerpery1602
exclusion1646
parturition1646
venter1657
outbirth1691
clecking1815
parturience1822
birthing1928
natural childbirth1933
1933 G. D. Read (title) Natural childbirth.
1960 Guardian 6 July 5/1 There are still many doctors and hospitals which do little or nothing to teach expectant mothers about the various methods of ‘natural childbirth’.
1964 W. Markfield To Early Grave (1965) x. 181 Inez, six and a half months gone, was at a natural childbirth class.
1974 ‘E. Lathen’ Sweet & Low vii. 76 It was not easy..to become an instant swinger after ten years..of natural childbirth.
1996 H. Fielding Bridget Jones's Diary (1997) 70 She'd been telling everyone for months it was going to be a natural childbirth and, ten minutes in, she cracked and started yelling, ‘Give me the drugs, you fat cow.’
natural day n. [compare Old French jur natural (early 12th cent. in form naturalz jurz; Middle French, French jour naturel); compare also post-classical Latin dies naturalis (early 3rd cent. a.d.)] (a) the period in which the earth turns once on its axis; = day n. 2a; (b) the part of this period when the sun is up; = day n. 1 (rare).
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > period > a day or twenty-four hours > [noun] > reckoned in different ways
natural dayc1395
sun1491
nautical day1771
sol1976
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 82 Ðes frenkis men o france moal It nemnen un iur natural.]
c1395 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 116 In the space of o day naturel, This is to seyn in foure and twenty houres.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 239 (MED) A natural day goth his cercle aboute.
1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xlviii. f. 173 The Astronomers reckon their naturall day from noonetide to noonetide.
1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §10. 237 A Natural Day [is] the duration of an intire apparent revolution of the Sun about the Earth.
1890 Atlantic Monthly Nov. 685/2 They were still falling when the gray morning of the 11th came glimmering in... The natural day promised as inauspiciously as the calendar one.
1947 R. Bedichek Adventures with Texas Naturalist xxii. 287 The whimsicality of the seasons, and the vast and ample variety of the natural day—all proclaim an antagonism to routine.
1992 Pract. Fishkeeping Mar. 73/3 The biorhythmic action of a natural day in the tropics.
natural deduction n. Logic a method, devised separately in 1934 by G. Gentzen ( Math. Zeitschr. (1935) 39) and S. Jaśkowski ( Studia Logica (1934) 1), whereby formal proofs are obtained solely by the application of rules of inference without appeal to axioms.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > logical inference > terms relating to
simplification1903
natural deduction1947
inference rule1962
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > mathematical or symbolic logic > Polish school of symbolic logic > natural deduction
natural deduction1947
1947 Jrnl. Symbolic Logic 12 95 The paper is an exposition of methods of natural deduction developed by Hertz, Jaśkowski and Gentzen.
1969 Aristotelian Soc. Suppl. Vol. 43 53 The expression ‘natural deduction’ was introduced, I surmise, under the influence partly of the name bestowed on Herbrand's ‘theorem of deduction’ and partly of the French expression ‘la déduction naturelle’.
1991 Mind 100 58 Thomason succeeds in specifying a natural deduction system that is sound and complete with respect to Stalnaker's semantics.
natural disaster n. a natural event that causes great damage or loss of life, such as an earthquake, hurricane, or flood.
ΚΠ
1750 ‘Aminadab’ To B——p of L——n; on Let. to Clergy 5 That uncharitable Doctrine, that such natural Disasters were the Effect of the peculiar Sins of these unhappy People.
1826 Morning Chron. 10 May Nor was there any plague, famine, or natural disaster to account for so appalling a waste of life.
1942 Jones County Observer 21 Aug. Canteen members are trained..to participate in mass or group feeding for military or natural disaster emergencies.
2010 J. Withington Disaster! iv. 69 The storm..was the greatest natural disaster ever to strike the United States.
natural fibre n. textile fibre made from natural as opposed to synthetic materials.
ΚΠ
1934 Science 23 Nov. 468/2 Ramie or China grass offers the strongest natural fibre for clothing and paper.
1961 Financial Times 11 July 6/4 We have..retained our interest..in the natural fibre business where we have had a most successful year.
1994 Bon Appétit July 70/1 It's easy to while away a day at Ashland's espresso stands, jewelry-makers' studios, natural-fiber clothing boutiques and used bookstores.
natural food n. food that needs little or no processing; (in later use also) a food which contains no additives, a health food.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > qualities of food > [noun] > pure, whole, or health food
natural food1671
nature food1847
wholefood1880
health food1882
nutraceutical1990
phytonutrient1994
1671 J. Sharp Midwives Bk. iv. viii. 224 There is nothing better after conception, to prevent abortment than good natural food moderately taken.
1683 T. Tryon Way to Health 489 Nor [is it] lawful for any of us to eat Sweet-Meats or delicious Tarts, after we have eaten sufficiently of other simple & natural Food.
1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §14. 52 There is a considerable portion of all natural food..serving rather for the vehicle than for the substance of our support.
1934 H. C. Sherman Food & Health xvii. 160 Natural foods,..nature's wholes of the kinds to which our own bodies have been adjusting themselves throughout our evolutionary history.
1999 Healing Arts Festival 1999 Programme 14/2 (advt.) We are a one-stop organic and natural food supermarket in London.
natural foundation n. Building the soil itself used as the foundations for a building, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > kind of earth or soil > [noun] > consolidated soil
natural foundation1802
1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. at Foundation If the earth to be built upon is..such that the natural foundation cannot be trusted.
1906 H. Y. Margary in G. A. T. Middleton Mod. Buildings I. iii. i. 71/1 Natural foundation is the name applied to such as are formed on the soil itself, and it is applicable when the soil is practically incompressible.
1938 E. G. Warland Building Constr. i. i. 1 Natural foundation beds should be incompressible or equally yielding over the whole area.
1986 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 8 Nov. ii. 9/1 With a less permeable natural foundation for the dump, we'd at least have the comfort of knowing that the underlying geology was very tight.
natural frequency n. the frequency at which a mechanical or electrical system oscillates when not subjected to a continuous or repeated external force.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > vibration or oscillation > frequency > when not subject to external forces
natural frequency1873
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > [noun] > frequency > specific frequencies
high frequency1842
natural frequency1873
resonant frequency1897
resonance frequency1898
low frequency1928
modulation frequency1930
quench frequency1938
gyrofrequency1941
Nyquist frequency1963
1873 A. Privat-Deschanel Elem. Treat. Nat. Philos. 827 The particles of the medium which flow past him will vibrate with the frequency v + a/ vn, but the waves will pass him with only the natural frequency n.
1908 J. A. Fleming Elem. Man. Radiotelegr. i. 33 If..oscillations are maintained which have a frequency different from the natural frequency of [the] circuit, they are called forced oscillations.
1922 R. Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics II. 961/1 If the natural frequency is nearly equal to that of the applied force..we have the phenomenon known as resonance.
1962 F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics ix. 370 Very serious problems arise if the lowest natural frequency of the vehicle approaches the control frequency.
1991 Professional Engin. July 57/2 The system comprises a number of pneumatic support units which allows free suspension of a machine at a low natural frequency.
natural gender n. Linguistics the gender corresponding to the sex of a noun's referent, esp. as opposed to the noun's grammatical gender; the grammatical classification of words on the basis of the sex (or sexlessness) of their referents; cf. grammatical gender at grammatical adj. 1a, and see the note s.v. gender n. 1.
ΚΠ
1867 W. D. Whitney Lang. & Study of Lang. 275 We still keep up a linguistic distinction of natural gender by the use of our generic pronouns of the third person, he, she, and it.
1898 N.E.D. at Gender Mod. English has ‘natural’ as opposed to ‘grammatical’ gender.
1931 G. O. Cume Gram. Eng. Lang. III. xxvii. 549 In English..our nouns follow natural gender. Names of male beings are masculine... The names of female beings are feminine... The names of inanimate things are neuter.
1985 B. Mitchell Old Eng. Syntax I. 193 Self agrees with the personal pronoun and takes, not the gender of the noun, but the sex (natural gender) of the person concerned.
2010 M. V. Van Pelt Eng. Gram. to ace Biblical Hebrew iii. 30 English follows natural gender, meaning that the noun ‘boy’ is masculine, the noun ‘girl’ is feminine, and the noun ‘book’ is neuter.
natural glass n. any of various minerals (such as obsidian and tachylite) that resemble glass in their appearance and amorphous structure, having solidified from magma too quickly to crystallize.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > amorphous quartz or opal > others
girasol1588
oculus mundi1661
hydrophane1784
cacholong1791
pitchstone1794
pyrophane1794
semi-opal1794
wood-stone1794
fire opal1811
wood-opal1816
sun opal1818
isopyre1827
jasper-opal1843
opal jasper1848
resin opal1850
natural glass1853
pitch opal1861
vitrite1866
jasp-opal1868
opal-agate1868
pearl opal1872
harlequin1873
harlequin opal1887
wax-opal1896
potch1897
moss opal1904
nobby1919
1779 W. Hamilton Let. 1 Oct. in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) (1780) 70 80 The phenomenon of the natural spun-glass, which fell at Ottaiano with the [volcanic] ashes..was clearly explained to me.]
1853 Spectator 22 Jan. 84/2 The finest particles of gold-dust are found in the sands of rivers;..it is found infinitesimally disseminated in the veins of natural glass, (quartz rock).
1894 Thinker Mag. 5 342 Phenomena like the devitrification of natural glasses oscillate from paramorphic to pseudomorphic.
1942 Chem. Abstr. 36 6452 (heading) Transformation of natural glasses into crystalline rocks by subjection to high gas and water-vapor pressures.
1992 A. Bell tr. M. Toussaint-Samat Hist. Food vi. 130 The use of obsidian (natural glass) for vessels and for seals, as well as similarities in the so-called cardial decoration of pottery.., are all evidence of cultural cross-currents.
natural heat n. [compare post-classical Latin naturalis calor (early 12th cent. in a British source)] the inherent heat of the body.
ΚΠ
1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. L ij b To moche alayenge with water wolde distroye naturall heate.
1621 J. Fletcher et al. Trag. of Thierry & Theodoret iii. i. sig. E4v The teares of mandrake and the marble dew, Mixt in my draught, haue quencht my natural heate.
1757 B. Franklin Let. 14 Apr. in Papers (1963) VII. 188 And hence all the natural Coverings of Animals to keep them warm, are such, as retain and confine the natural Heat in the Body, by being bad Conductors.
1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xix. 184 The very learned gentleman who has cooled the natural heat of his gingery complexion in pools and fountains of law.
1997 Philos. Rev. 106 336 The soul..perishes..whenever the natural heat of the body—which Aristotle identifies with ordinary fire—is extinguished or otherwise made sufficiently cold.
natural high n. a state of high spirits or euphoria induced without the use of drugs; (hence) a naturally occurring substance (as guarana, etc.) said to have effects similar to those of manufactured euphoria-producing drugs.
ΚΠ
1971 TV Times (Brisbane) 17 Feb. 40/3 Pamphlets on how to get what he calls ‘a natural high’.
1990 Face (BNC) Nov. A ‘natural high’ that really does keep you up all night. Available from a health shop near you.
2001 Mirror (Electronic ed.) 14 June But he is set for a return to football, coaching United's youngsters after admitting he has found it too difficult to cope without the natural high of the game.
natural horn n. = natural trumpet n.
ΚΠ
1959 Collins' Mus. Encycl. 450/1 Natural horn, natural trumpet, a horn or trumpet which is not provided with any method, such as valves, of altering the length of the tube, and can therefore sound no other notes than those of the harmonic series above its fundamental, except as stopped notes.
2001 New Grove Dict. Music (Electronic ed.) at Horn It is necessary to reconsider some deeply-held convictions on the earliest music for natural horn, whereby a role is mistakenly attributed to Italy which in fact it did not play.
natural ice n. and adj. (a) n. ice made by cold weather rather than by artificial means; (b) adj. associated with or made of naturally formed ice; spec. (Canadian) of an ice rink.
ΚΠ
1668 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 3 640 The Book contains these particulars: 1. An explication of the Instruments, employed in these Experiments... 4. Exp. about natural Ice.
1856 Sci. Amer. 15 Nov. 80 It is well known how to make ice artificially, but..unless ice can be manufactured in any place as cheap as natural ice can be sold, then it is of no benefit whatever.
1969 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 265 460 (caption) Out of six different natural-ice specimens..the two extreme examples are shown here.
1975 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 14 Nov. 5/8 The parks committee of Toronto City Council..plans to operate natural-ice hockey rinks with volunteer help.
2001 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 31 Jan. f4 The winters were long, made tolerable by the natural-ice, indoor hockey rink at Rankin Inlet.
natural immunity n. immunity not acquired by vaccination or previous infection; spec. immunity to a particular infection which is inherent in the genetic make-up of an individual, species, family, etc.; also in extended use.
ΚΠ
1872 C. Hempel tr. B. Baehr Sci. Therapeutics (new ed.) 543 Some persons seem to possess a natural immunity from constitutional syphilis, whereas others manifest a peculiar susceptibility to this disease.
1898 W. S. Lazarus-Barlow Man. Gen. Pathol. ix. 408 Natural immunity cannot be explained by the presence of ‘alexins’ in the blood.
1948 L. E. H. Whitby Nurses' Handbk. Hygiene (ed. 8) iv. 85 Common-sense hygienic measures..should be the personal rule of every nurse, in order that she may keep her body fit and her natural immunity at its highest point.
1988 R. Shilts Band played On iii. vi. 54 You only got Pneumocystis when something had kicked the bottom out of your natural immunities.
1992 New Scientist 27 June 19/2 Wheat has a natural immunity to kanamycin.
natural killer n. Immunology (attributive) designating large granular lymphocytes, distinct from B and T lymphocytes, which are capable of killing certain tumour cells and virus-infected cells without prior sensitization or MHC restriction (esp. in natural killer cell); (also) of or relating to such cells.
ΚΠ
1977 Jrnl. Immunol. 119 2013/1 Natural killer cells and cells mediating F1 anti-parent responses..differ in their sensitivity to hydrocortisone acetate.
1979 Immunol. Rev. 44 3 (title) Immunogenetic analysis of ‘natural killer’ activity in the mouse.
1993 Sci. News 3 Apr. 215/3 Lusso's results fit with previous research on chronic fatigue syndrome, another immune illness in which natural killer cells don't function properly.
2002 Cancer Res. 62 4023 The mechanism of NKG2D in activating natural killer and CTL receptors provides a foundation for additional investigation.
natural liberty n. the freedom which a person or animal possesses in nature; spec. the state in which human beings are free to act as they think fit, unhindered by laws or regulatory social structures.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > freedom of action or from restraint > [noun] > subject only to laws of nature
natural liberty1561
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer iv. sig. Nn.iiiiv They..may wt ye same teach a prety bird to fle as a man lust, & retourne back from the wood and from his naturall libertye of his owne accord to snares and bondage.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxi. 108 Naturall liberty, which only is properly called liberty.
1707 Daily Courant 13 Jan. That Edict is derogatory to natural Liberty, which permits Men to change their Country.
1805 B. Rush Med. Inq. & Observ. (rev. ed.) I. 52 When natural liberty is given up for laws which enslave instead of protecting us, we are immense losers by the exchange.
1901 Times 15 Mar. 8/1 The very large body of innocent consumers..who are restricted in their natural liberty by the desire of the temperance reformers to deal with inebriate persons.
2003 Michigan Law Rev. 101 1369 A social contract that removes the individual from some initial position..and offers him the security of political governance in exchange for any loss of natural liberty.
natural line n. Palmistry a line on the surface of the hand.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > divination by natural phenomena > palmistry > [noun] > mark on the hand > other lines
line of the livera1440
sister1558
headline1571
liver line1571
discriminal1652
heart line1652
line of (the) sun1653
natural line1653
sun line1653
dragon's tail1678
fate-line1889
1653 R. Saunders Physiognomie i. 92 The Natural line joyned to the Line of Life, denotes the person exactly studious.
1663 R. Saunders Palmistry i. 36 The midle natural line ought to begin at..the Thenar part of the hand.., and to extend it quite cross the hand.
1947 Mod. Lang. Notes 62 5 The natural line arises from the same point as does the line of life, but it runs across the hand.
natural logarithm n. [after post-classical Latin logarithmus naturalis (P. Mengoli Geometriæ Speciosæ Elementa (1659) v. 201); compare French logarithme naturel (1765)] Mathematics a logarithm to the base e (2.71828…); also called hyperbolic logarithm, Napierian logarithm.
ΚΠ
1746 A. de Moivre in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 43 70 The quantity that is here called α, is that which some call the hyperbolic logarithm; others, the natural logarithm.
1816 tr. S. F. Lacroix Elem. Treat. Differential & Integral Calculus 26 These logarithms were known under the very improper name of natural or hyperbolic logarithms.
1943 Gloss. Terms Telecommunications (B.S.I.) 7 Propagation coefficient, propagation constant, the natural logarithm of the vector ratio of the steady-state amplitudes of a wave at a specified frequency.
1953 R. A. Heinlein Starman Jones vii. 85 Max counted ten, then just to be sure, recalled the first dozen 7-place natural logarithms.
1991 G. H. Tomlinson Electr. Networks & Filters 82 The convention is to use a logarithmic unit, namely the neper, which is based on natural logarithms, or the decibel (dB) derived from logarithms to the base 10.
natural magic n. see magic n. 1b.
natural magnet n. a piece of lodestone (magnetite) or other object that is naturally magnetic.
ΚΠ
1759 Philos. Trans. 1758 (Royal Soc.) 50 775 Though the same poles repel each other, yet, like natural magnets, in contact..they attract each other.
1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. IV. l. 457 His poker and tongs were natural magnets.
1834 M. Faraday in London & Edinb. Philos. Mag. 5 349 Nobili's was, I believe, an ordinary magnet; others have used the natural magnet.
1935 C. J. Smith Intermediate Physics (ed. 2) v. xxxix. 652 A piece of lodestone, Fe3O4, is a natural magnet.
natural marmalade n. see marmalade n. 2.
natural number n. [compare French nombre naturel (1675)] Mathematics (a) a positive whole number (1, 2, 3, etc.), sometimes with the inclusion of zero; †(b) a number of which a given number is the logarithm, an antilogarithm (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [noun] > particular qualities > whole
unitya1398
integer1571
integrum1594
roundnessa1654
unit1679
lateral1706
natural number1763
natural1971
1763 W. Emerson Method of Increments 113 To find the product of all natural numbers from 1 to 100.
1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 172/1 The logarithms..increased along with their corresponding natural numbers.
1890 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 58 674 The corresponding components of the pairs form series whose wave-numbers are functions of the successive natural numbers.
1989 R. Penrose Emperor's New Mind (1991) iii. 84 Sets that can be put into one-to-one correspondence with the natural numbers are called countable.
natural park n. (frequently with capital initials esp. as part of the name of a particular park) = nature park n. at nature n. Compounds 4b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > collection or conservation of natural specimens > sanctuary or reserve > [noun]
sanctuary1879
natural park1888
game reserve1907
nature reserve1912
nature sanctuary1928
nature park1929
wildlife sanctuary1936
1888 Amer. Naturalist 22 569 At the last meeting of the season the following papers were read: Mr. F. H. Knowlton, ‘Notes on the Fossil Wood of the Yellowstone Natural Park’;..[etc.].
1995 Independent 3 Oct. (Suppl.) 22/6 From time to time, plans are drawn up which invariably call for the commercial transformation of this area and the extinction of the Natural Park.
natural period n. Physics the time in which a freely oscillating system completes one cycle of oscillation.
ΚΠ
1870 Proc. Royal Soc. 19 106 When a mass of air or other gas is enclosed in a space bounded nearly all round by rigid walls, but communicating with the external air by one or more passages, there are certain natural periods of vibration.
1894 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 185 281 In an unloaded shaft, the period of whirl coincides with the natural period of lateral vibration.
1908 C. C. F. Monckton Radio-telegr. ii. 36 For different circuits, as long as the oscillation constants are the same the natural periods of vibration are the same.
1955 M. Hollander tr. P. H. Kuenen Realms of Water ii. 42 The tidal movements in the Malay Archipelago are very singular indeed..involving highly complicated reflection of the waves and resonances in the separate basins with natural periods of oscillation.
1994 D. S. L. Cardwell Fontana Hist. Technol. iv. 92 The pendulum, with its natural period determined only by its dimensions and by gravity, replaced the foliot and balance weights to regulate the weight-driven clock.
† natural places n. [compare classical Latin loca nātūrālia] Obsolete rare = natural parts n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > sex organs > [noun]
shapea1000
shameOE
i-cundeOE
memberc1300
privy memberc1325
kindc1330
privitiesc1375
harness1382
shameful parts1382
genitoriesa1387
partc1390
tailc1390
genitalsa1393
thingc1405
genitalc1450
privy parts1533
secret1535
loin?1541
genitures1548
filthy parts1553
shamefulness1561
ware1561
meatc1564
natural places1569
secret members1577
lady ware1592
natural parts1601
lady's ware1608
gear1611
private parts1623
groin1631
pudendums1634
natural1650
privacies1656
sex1664
secrecyc1675
nudities1677
affair1749
sexual parts1753
person1824
sex organ1847
privates1940
naughty bits1972
1569 R. Androse tr. ‘Alessio’ 4th Bk. Secretes i. 14 To cause the naturall places of women to purge.
natural porcelain n. hard-paste porcelain containing kaolin.
ΚΠ
1879 J. J. Young Ceramic Art 56 Natural porcelain is made from kaolinic clay.
1885 Encycl. Brit. XIX. 642/1 Bristol porcelain is of interest as being the first hard natural porcelain made in England.
1907 N.E.D. at Porcelain The name properly belongs to the hard paste or natural porcelain, composed of Kaolin combined in China with Petuntse, elsewhere with some siliceous material.
natural price n. Economics (now historical) the (intrinsic) value of a commodity with respect to the costs of production, as distinguished from the fluctuating market value.
ΚΠ
1662 W. Petty Treat. Taxes 30 If the Corn which feedeth London..be brought forty miles thither, then the Corn growing within a mile of London..shall have added unto its natural price, so much as the charge of bringing it thirty nine miles doth amount unto.
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. vii. 60 The natural price..is, as it were, the central price, to which the prices of all commodities are continually gravitating. View more context for this quotation
1851 Farmer's Mag. 19 173/1 It had been laid down.., that the natural price of the produce of any country consisted of the rent, the labour, and sufficient profit for the farmer to live by.
1992 Economist 3 Oct. 60/2 Ricardo was associated with the iron law of wages, which holds that the natural price of labour is ‘subsistence plus enough for reproduction’.
natural rate of unemployment n. Economics a rate of unemployment at which the labour market creates no inflationary pressure; cf. NAIRU n.
ΚΠ
1968 M. Friedman in Amer. Econ. Rev. 58 8 A lower level of unemployment is an indication that there is an excess demand for labor that will produce upward pressure on real wage rates... The ‘natural rate of unemployment’, in other words, is the level that would be ground out by the Walrasian system of general equilibrium equations.
1994 P. Ormerod Death of Econ. (1995) vi. 123 In an economy in which imperfections and obstacles to the workings of the free market were removed, the ‘natural rate’ of unemployment would be very low.
natural regeneration n. Forestry the growth of young trees from seed, suckers, etc., produced by those already established.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > wood or assemblage of trees or shrubs > [noun] > regrowth or advance growth
regeneration1834
advance growth1882
natural regeneration1889
1889 W. Schlich Man. Forestry I. ii. ii. 170 The selection of the rotation..should be so fixed under the method of natural regeneration as to admit of a proper regeneration of the wood, whether by seed or coppice shoots.
1946 Q. Jrnl. Forestry 40 18 A good deal of natural regeneration goes on at Bedgebury and had the seedlings been left..a Scots Pine forest could have been formed.
1993 Scotland's Nat. Heritage 7/1 A slightly different approach is required in de-forested areas where there are no longer seed sources for natural regeneration of trees and shrubs.
natural region n. [compare French région naturelle (1824)] a geographical region characterized by a distinctive combination of climate, vegetation, relief, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > region of the earth > [noun]
endc893
earthOE
coastc1315
plagea1382
provincea1382
regiona1382
countrya1387
partya1387
climatea1398
partc1400
nookc1450
corner1535
subregion1559
parcel1582
quart1590
climature1604
latitudea1640
area1671
district1712
zone1829
natural region1888
sector1943
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 518 Transvaal has been divided into three..distinct natural regions.
1937 Geography 22 253 ‘Natural regions’ has been used to cover two..types of unit-areas..: (i) those which are marked out as possessing..common physical characteristics—e.g., a certain kind of structure and surface relief, or a particular kind of climate,—and (ii) those..which possess a unity based upon any significant geographical characteristics, whether physical, biological or human.
1992 R. M. Bone Geogr. Canad. North i. ii. 19 The Subarctic, the largest natural region in North America, is covered by the boreal forest.
natural resources n. those materials or substances of a place which can be used to sustain life or for economic exploitation; also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [noun] > usable materials occurring naturally
natural resources1776
natural capital1803
the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > instrumentality > [noun] > (a) means > resources > natural
natural resources1776
natural capital1803
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations II. v. iii. 562 France, notwithstanding all its natural resources, languishes under an oppressive load of the same kind [sc. national debt] . View more context for this quotation
1845 Port Phillip Gaz. (Melbourne) 23 July 2 No sooner is he [sc. the squatter] circumscribed in his natural resources than he will improve his back run at least by artificial reservoirs of water, if not by fencing.
1986 Wire Aug. 19/2 Nat King Cole was his best-known student there; four years later he became bandmaster at the new DuSable High School, where he became one of the city's great natural resources.
1990 D. Icke It doesn't have to be like This iii. 40 The Green Party would increase the cost of natural resources to make it cheaper to re-cycle resources.
natural rubber n. rubber or rubber latex obtained from a plant, in contrast to synthetic rubber.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > rubber > [noun]
caoutchouc1775
rubber1776
Indian rubber1783
gum elastic1803
India rubber1812
natural rubber1862
latex1900
1862 Sci. Amer. 22 Nov. 323/1 By the action of the heat the sulphur unites with the india-rubber, forming a new compound, possessing the elasticity of the natural rubber, but entirely devoid of its stickiness.
1912 Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 15 July 617/1 There can now be no doubt that rubber may actually be obtained synthetically by the polymerisation of isoprene and its homologues and that the synthetic product really is rubber and strictly comparable with natural rubbers.
1990 Hindu (Madras) 25 Jan. 17/5 Natural rubber tapped from rubber trees, accounts for a third of the elastomer used in everything from vehicle tyres to shoes.
natural scale n. a musical scale containing no sharps or flats; spec. the scale of C major.
ΚΠ
1721 A. Malcolm Treat. Musick 247 We call it [sc. the diatonic scale] also the natural scale, because its degrees and their order are the most agreeable.
1761 F. H. E. Stiles in Philos. Trans. 1760 (Royal Soc.) 51 699 Our natural scale, beginning with Are, and ending with Alamire.
1880 in G. Grove Dict. Music II. 447/2 The scale of C major..was called ‘the natural scale’ because it has no accidentals.
1981 New Grove Dict. Music XIII. 397/2 ‘Convenience’ notation of accidentals..is still required in special notations (such as that of harp music, because the instrument, with a natural scale in Cb, is easier to play in flat keys).
natural seasoning n. = air-seasoning n. at air n.1 Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > seasoning or preserving
beathing1591
seasoninga1642
natural seasoning1856
impregnation1872
Burnettizing1885
fuming1893
haskinization1899
Rueping1904
full-cell1909
Powellizing1913
pressure treatment1914
pressure-treating1924
fixation1968
boucherizing-
1856 C. Haslett Mechanic's Machinist's & Engineer's Pract. Bk. 308 Timber should not be used in less than two years after it is felled... For carpentry, natural seasoning should have the preference.
1936 R. R. Rivers How to buy Timber iii. 15 Small, specially cut pieces of wood (usually Pine) are inserted crossways between each board in order to let in the air, and so season. That method is called ‘air-drying’, or ‘natural seasoning’. It is a slow process.
1994 Jrnl. Trop. Ecol. 10 283 Wood density is influenced by several factors associated with natural seasoning, including the rate at which the wood dries, the amount of material leached from the wood, and the degree of decay.
natural shoulder n. U.S. Tailoring (the shape of) the shoulder of a garment, esp. a man's jacket, etc., designed to follow or mimic the natural shape of the shoulder; frequently attributive or as adj.
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1957 Men's Wear (N.Y.) 8 Feb. 69/2 Natural shoulders mark the topcoats as well as the suits.
1992 Esquire July 99 This season, designers have preserved the comfort factor while making the suit neater—it has a long, narrow shape with a natural shoulder, reminiscent of tailored clothing prevalent around the turn of the century.
natural spirit n. now historical a subtle fluid regarded as the principle of growth and nutrition and as being produced in the liver; cf. animal spirit n. 1, vital spirit at vital adj. 2a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [noun]
birtha1250
the manner ofc1300
formc1310
propertyc1390
naturea1393
condition1393
qualitya1398
temperc1400
taragec1407
naturality?a1425
profession?a1439
affecta1460
temperament1471
essence?1533
affection1534
spirit?1534
temperature1539
natural spirit1541
character1577
complexion1589
tincture1590
idiom1596
qualification1602
texture1611
connativea1618
thread1632
genius1639
complexure1648
quale1654
indoles1672
suchness1674
staminaa1676
trim1707
tenor1725
colouring1735
tint1760
type1843
aura1859
thusness1883
physis1923
the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > [noun] > fluid secretion > spirits
spirita1387
cordial spirits?a1450
natural spirit1541
mobile spirit1649
1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 10 b Spirit naturall taketh his beginninge of the lyver, and by the vaynes.
a1550 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) 2385–90 The sprite vitall in the hert dothe dwell; the sprite naturall, as olde autours tell, to dwell in the lyver ys therof fayn.
1660 H. More Explan. Grand Myst. Godliness iv. iii. 105 By how much more a mans skin is full treg'd with flesh, blood and natural Spirits.
1755 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 22 Sept. (1967) III. 87 His natural Spirits gave him..chearfulness when he was Fluxing in a Garret.
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 95/1 The blood-making organ, the liver, separates from the blood subtle vapours, the natural spirits, which, carried to the heart, mix with the air introduced by respiration, and thus form the vital spirits.
1945 D. Guthrie Hist. Med. v. 77 In the liver the blood, endowed with Natural Spirit, passed to the right ventricle, whence it was distributed to nourish all the tissues and organs, and also to the lungs, in order that impurities might be exhaled.
1992 Jrnl. Econ. Perspectives 5 208 [Galen] devised a theory of pneumata or spirits in which the liver produced natural spirits carried by the veins.
natural state n. the state or condition in which something occurs in nature, untreated or unprocessed, as before the application of any manufacturing process; the condition to which a thing, person, or system tends in the absence of external influences.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > original or natural condition
i-cundeeOE
kindc1175
statea1387
disposition1581
natural1633
natural state1653
1653 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis (rev. ed.) i. 16 To preserve what is according to Nature, and in case of misprision to reduce unto the Naturall state.
1730 J. Swift Answer Craftsman in Wks. (1905) VII. 222 All the said commodities shall be sent in their natural state; the hides raw, the wool uncombed, the flax in the stub.
1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. 140 Torsion, or twisting, consists in the lateral displacement..of the opposite parts of a solid, in opposite directions, the central particles only remaining in their natural state.
1966 Harper's Bazaar Mar. 105 Oloroso, the darker, fuller style of sherry which, although dry in the natural state, is almost invariably sweetened for export.
1999 Bon Appétit May 178/1 Eau de Source (springwater)..must come from a specified place and be potable in its natural state.
† natural story n. Obsolete = natural history n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > study > [noun] > natural history
natural science?a1425
natural story?a1475
physiology1564
natural history1662
naturalizing1832
nature study1873
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1874) V. 11 (MED) Plinius..made..xxxvijti bookes of the story naturalle [L. de historia naturali].
1622 T. Gataker Spirituall Watch (ed. 2) 23 If we may beleeue those that write the naturall story.
natural subject n. now historical a person who owes allegiance to a ruler; esp. one who has been naturalized or made a subject; cf. sense A. 14a.
ΚΠ
1524 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 1 Preamble To brynge the Kynges naturall subiectes from occupacion to idelnes.
1656 T. Blount Glossographia at Naturalize To make a natural Subject; to admit into the number of natural Subjects.
1764 J. Otis Rights Brit. Colonies 70 It is presumed, that upon these principles, the colonists have been by their several charters declared natural subjects, and entrusted with the power of making their own local laws,..and..taxing themselves.
1892 Dict. National Biogr. XXIX. 171/1 On both..James obtained from the judges in the exchequer chamber a decision that the post-nati, that is to say Scotsmen born after his own accession to the throne of England, were natural subjects of the king of England.
1994 Representations Summer 97 In August 1550 Henri II had granted some twenty six [Jewish] families the right to establish themselves..with the same privileges as ‘the natural subjects of the king’.
natural trumpet n. a horn or trumpet in which the length of the tube cannot be altered during performance (as by valves, etc.), so that the range of notes available is limited to its natural harmonics and some hand-stopped notes.
ΚΠ
1910 K. Schlesinger Instruments Mod. Orchestra I. xviii. 83 The natural trumpet in which the length and pitch are varied by means of crooks.
1966 P. Bate Trumpet & Trombone vi. 99 (heading) Natural trumpets: medieval to modern.
1990 Classic CD July 22/2 His control over the natural trumpet is total, the agile runs and trills ring out, but don't dominate the other soloists.
† natural vingt-un n. Obsolete (in the card game pontoon (blackjack)) a hand of two cards (i.e. an ace with a king, queen, jack, or ten) which add up to twenty-one; cf. natural n.1 12b.
ΚΠ
1805 New Pocket Hoyle 102 The cards are all dealt out in succession, unless a natural vingt-un occurs... Whenever twenty-one is dealt in the first instance, it is stiled a natural vingt-un, and should be declared immediately.
1830 R. Hardie Hoyle made Familiar 78 If 21 is dealt in the first instance, that is, in the first two cards, it is styled a natural vingt-un.
1867 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games (new ed.) 318 The deal is retained by the person who commences, until a natural vingt-un occurs, when it passes to the next in rotation.
natural wastage n. see wastage n. 1d.
† natural wig n. Obsolete a wig made of human hair.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > [noun] > wig > types of > made from human hair
natural wig1708
natural1724
1708 London Gaz. No. 4399/4 The Party wore..a Suit of black Cloath, and a light brown Natural Wig.
1743 Pennsylvania Gaz. 14 July A Convict Servant Man, named Thomas Rickaly, aged about 26 Years, of middle Stature, dark Complexion: Had on a yellowish natural Wig, a blue Waistcoat [etc.].
natural wit n. (a) inborn intelligence; the innate faculty of reasoning; (b) an apparently innate flair for spontaneous humour; an intrinsic ability to be amusing.
ΚΠ
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 18 (MED) No guod he ne heþ þet god ne heþ hit him y-yeve, ne guodes of kende ase..naturel wyt.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 14 Hethen philsophiris bi her studie in natural witt founden..alle hem to be doon.
1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. i. 5 Artificial Logike then is the polyshing of natural wit, as discovering the validitie of everie reason.
1850 H. Melville White-jacket xlvii In the course of this diversified career his natural wit and waggery had been highly spiced, and every way improved.
1930 Jrnl. Philos. 27 288 Professor Laird's natural wit not infrequently tempts him to substitute a quip for an argument.
2000 Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 21 Oct. b13 Forget comedic timing, natural wit or good jokes. The more unfunny, the better.
natural year n. [compare classical Latin annus nātūrālis] = tropical year n. at tropical adj. and n. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1662 T. Stanley Hist. Chaldaick Philos. i. 3 A canicular Cycle, which consists of 1461 years (and are 1460 natural years).
1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie 95 Natural Year, one Revolution of the Sun by his proper motion, or 365 days and almost 6 hours.
1757 J. Ferguson Astron. Explained (ed. 2) xxi. §408 The Solar or Tropical Year, which contains 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 57 seconds; and is the only proper or natural year, because it always keeps the same seasons to the same months.
1855 U.S. Rev. Sept. 197 If no correction were made, a complete revolution would be produced in time, and the beginning of the natural year would successively coincide with a different day of the calendar.
1974 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 276 51 The earliest calendar year [in ancient Egypt] was lunar, kept in place in the natural year by the star Sirius.
2001 Morning Call (Allentown, Pa.) (Nexis) 20 June b3 It [sc. a sundial] is a way for students to visualize..the sun-earth cycle and the variations that occur there through the natural year.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.1a1400n.21925adj.adv.c1275
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