| 释义 |
ballastn. Origin: Probably either (i) a borrowing from Middle Low German. Or (ii) a borrowing from Dutch. Or (iii) a borrowing from French. Etymons: Middle Low German ballast; Dutch ballast; French ballast. Etymology: Probably < either Middle Low German ballast (2nd half of the 14th cent.), Dutch ballast (1399), or Middle French ballast (1375; 1416–18 as balast; French ballast), all perhaps ultimately of Scandinavian origin (see below).Equivalent forms are found in many European languages in the late medieval period, probably disseminated by maritime and trade contacts in the Baltic associated with the Hanseatic League. With the forms cited above, compare German Ballast (14th cent.; probably < Middle Low German), Old Swedish barlast (c1400; compare earlier barlastadh loaded with ballast (a1352), Swedish barlast ; also ballast (15th cent.)), Norwegian ballast , Old Danish barlast (1443; Danish ballast ), post-classical Latin ballastrum (1444 in a British source), ballastum (1462 in a British source), Spanish balastro (19th cent.; < English). The priority among these words and the relationships between many of them are unclear. Although many are close in date, the earliest attested appears to be the participial form corresponding to Old Swedish barlast (see above: probably < bar mere (see bare adj.) + last load, cargo: see last n.2), with -rl- becoming -ll- by assimilation, and this is often interpreted as the ultimate etymon. However, it has conversely been suggested that the original coinage was Middle Low German ballast (see above), etymologized < bal bad (see bale adj.) + last load, cargo (see last n.2), the Scandinavian forms in bar- being interpreted as folk-etymological, although this does not appear to be supported by the recorded chronology. Old Danish baglast , lit. ‘back load’ (1622) and Dutch balglast , lit. ‘belly load’ (17th cent.) probably represent later remodelling by folk etymology. The β. forms show loss of final -t , probably immediately after similar forms at ballast v. (see discussion at that entry). In sense 5 probably after similar use of German Ballast in e.g. Ballastwiderstand ballast resistance (1880 in the passage translated in quot. 1896 at sense 5). 1. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > ballast 1486 in M. Oppenheim (1896) 23 Marriners reteyned for the..laboryng in castyng out of the ballast. 1530 J. Palsgrave 196/2 Balast of a shyppe, lestage. 1536 xviii Balest for shippes. 1568 C. Watson tr. Polybius f. 49v And cast their ballesse over borde. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden i. 712 Coblestones for ballais. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil 130 With sandy Ballast Sailors trim the Boat. View more context for this quotation 1718 R. Steele 180 Balast must be used to sink her down to the center of motion. 1737 W. Meston ix. 63 As Ships, that bear more Sail than Ballast, Slinger before the very smallest Unequal Blast. 1855 T. B. Macaulay III. 727 The gravel which was the ballast of their smack. 1885 2 Nov. 3/4 A reasonable quantity of ballast for keeping the ship upright was allowable. 1921 94 147/2 I have seen Portland cement shipped from England to Egypt at almost nothing per ton, chiefly because a ship needed ballast. 2007 (Nexis) 10 29 Using water as ballast..is now the principal method of balancing ships. society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > balloons and airships > [noun] > ballast 1784 B. Franklin Let. 16 Jan. in (1888) VIII. 433 They discharged some of their ballast of sand when they would rise again. 1834 18 Nov. 4/4 It rose at once half a mile in a perpendicular direction, the car leaning so much on one side, that his ballast and a bottle of wine and his hat were thrown out. 1851 J. Renwick ii. 9 The aeronaut..has the power of ascending and descending within the limits of the quantity of gas and supply of ballast. 1908 H. G. Wells i. 9 The descent of ballast upon his potatoes. 1927 V. W. Pagé (1928) ii. 50 Ballast must be carried on an airship for use in possible emergencies in landing the ship. 2000 28 July 535/3 To regain the lost altitude, scientists lighten the payload by dropping ballast; when the ballast is gone, the mission is over. 2. Nautical. in ballast. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [phrase] > in the hold society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [phrase] > in the capacity of ballast 1592 T. Nashe (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C3 v Hee will to the sea..and..lyes in brine in Balist, and is lamentable sicke. c1630 T. Risdon §272 Ninety were sick on the ballast. 1815 W. Scott I. v. 73 Smuggler, when his guns are in ballast..pirate,..when he gets them mounted. 1866 J. E. T. Rogers I. xviii. 423 Sea-coal was taken in ballast. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > trading vessel [phrase] > laden with ballast only 1691 No. 2637/3 Merchant-men bound in Ballast from Havre de Grace. 1769 Jrnl. 25 May in A. J. Wahll (2003) 136 Arrived here two ships from London in ballast. 1878 in 26 Sept. 2/3 When in ballast the Bywell Castle draws 12 feet aft. 1935 19 Jan. 4/7 The steamer, which was understood to be in ballast, was bound from Baltimore for Halifax. 1991 Apr. 16/1 The ship was in ballast, and well out of the water. 3. figurative and in extended use. the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [noun] > capacity for moral effort or endurance > source of moral strength 1612 F. Bacon (new ed.) xxxvii. 228 Solid and sober natures haue more of the ballast, then of the saile. 1670 I. Walton Life H. Wotton 19 in Having to his great Wit added the ballast of Learning. 1720 D. Manley v. 274 Neither had he Ballast enough to bear such a Piece of good Fortune, without being overset by the powerful Gusts of Vanity. 1728 J. Swift (1729) No. 5. 45 It wants the Ballast of those, whom the World calls Moderate Men. a1761 J. Cawthorn (1771) 7 In vain, with reason's ballast, would he try To stem th'unfathomable deep. 1852 Ld. Cockburn I. 342 Delay is often the ballast of sound legislation. 1896 T. Hardy iv. iv. 294 There was a stability, a ballast, in Philotson's pronouncement which restrained his friend's comment. 1923 64 405/2 His consistent selfishness, his want of mental and moral ballast, and the megalomania..make up an unpleasing personality. 2006 (Nexis) 15 Oct. (Business section) 6 The Africa Commission..was used as the intellectual ballast for negotiations on debt relief and aid. society > travel > transport > [noun] > of loads > a load 1620 F. Quarles Jonah in (1717) 54 Go to Niniveh..behold the Ballace And burthen of her bulk, is nought but sin. a1640 P. Massinger (1976) iv. iii. 28 What woulde you haue Sr? Ber. my ballace [i.e. some food] about mee I shall nere sayle well els. 1647 J. Hall i. 15 Shall not I congeal to see Doris the Ballast of thine arms? 1735 C. Coffey iii. 6 I shall be lost, without Ballast in my Belly. 1899 3 438 The characteristic elements of Luther's language relieved of the ballast of nonessential sixteenth-century idiosyncracies. 1991 (Nexis) 27 Apr. (Weekend Books section) 29 A rambling, obsessive interior monologue, picking up all manner of irrelevant mental ballast along the way. 4. society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > [noun] > used as bed of roads or railways 1701 II. 740 They fortified the place [sc. Hull] with a Brickwall and many Towers, on that side where they are not defended by the River; and brought in such a quantity of Stones for Ballast, as was sufficient to pave all the Town. 1760 325 The road dirt..is harsh and sharp, in the nature of sand; especially where the roads have been mended with balast or gravel. 1881 §1098 When the soil is clayey it may be converted into balast..a useful material for making roads. 1951 33 49 More than half of the cone had been removed for road ballast. 2003 (Nexis) 12 Feb. 36 A Tip-Saver has even been installed at a mine in Mt Isa to produce road ballast for underground roads. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > gravel, small, or broken stones > used as bed of railways 1831 N. Wood (ed. 2) 510 Upon this [sc. layer of moss and hurdles] was laid about two feet of ballast, or gravel, to form the permanent road. 1838 2 80 The railway should be restored to its proper level by beating or rolling additional ballast under the bearers. 1842 1 Jan. 3/3 I repaired the small slip [sc. in a railway cutting]..with draining tiles, flints, gravel, or ballast. 1850 B. H. Latrobe 10 The iron track I propose..diffuses the pressure on the ballast much more lengthwise. 1876 R. Routledge 63 The permanent way is formed first of ballast. 1956 A. C. O'Dell i. 16 Grease and dirt can choke the ballast and so it has to be either washed and replaced,..or else renewed. Without clean ballast fast running is dangerous. 1999 C. P. Wheater ii. 51 A species of bug (Rhytistylus proceps)..thrives on the calcareous flora growing on limestone ballast on a disused railway cutting. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > other stone used in industry or construction 1839 C. Davy vi. 168 Thames ballast, (used for concrete), is an admixture of sand and small stones. 1871 (ed. 54) 135 When used as concrete it [sc. Portland cement] has been gauged as poor as 10–1—i.e., 1 part of cement to 10 of sand and shingle or ballast. 1944 D. E. Warland xiii. 142 The 4-in. bed of concrete composed of ‘all in’ ballast and Portland cement in the proportion of 6 to 1 can now be laid on the hardcore. 2006 (Nexis) 26 Mar. (Features section) 35 Dig a hole 45cm (18in) deep, stand the post in it and back fill with concrete (one part cement to four parts ballast). the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > circuit > [noun] > stabilizing device 1896 D. E. Jones & G. A. Schott tr. H. Hertz i. 7 In all of the following experiments the external circuit consisted of one Daniell cell and a ballast resistance of from 3 to 80 Siemens units. 1931 L. B. Turner v. 121 It is on account of the negative slope resistance that arc lamps are always run with a ballast resistance in series. 1939 18 115/1 The iron wire ballast lamp, ballast resistor or barretter, as it is sometimes called, is a device..for maintaining between very narrow limits the electric current flowing in a circuit, in spite of considerable voltage fluctuations. 1962 80/2 A resistor is used as a ballast in a rectifier battery-charging circuit to prevent excessive current in the event of variation in supply voltage. 2000 July 83/1 All luminaires operate electronic ballasts to eliminate lamp flicker, providing a more stable and faster lamp run-up time, plus increased lamp life. Compounds C1. Objective with verbal or agent noun. 1834 26 June 7/4 John Reilly, an Irish ballast-getter. 2005 T. Dolin ii. 64 Cigar-end finders, old wood gatherers, ballast-getters, and street photographers. society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > other manual or industrial workers > [noun] > who load or unload ?1780 (title) The ballast heaver. 1838 C. Dickens III. xlviii. 239 Labourers of the lowest class, ballast-heavers, coal-whippers. 2007 (Nexis) 28 Apr. 55 A ballast heaver was a wharf workman who loaded ballast into ships, commonly stone. C2. a. society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > balloons and airships > [noun] > ballast 1747 S. Richardson IV. 7 A woman's pockets are half as deep as she is high. Ty'd round them as ballast bags, I presume, lest the wind..should blow away the gypsies. 1884 8 Feb. 154/1 The inflation of the balloon..was expedited by means of the equatorial ropes hanging at the right and left of the balloon, and to which were attached the ballast-bags. 1890 A. Giberne xvii. 151 At 23,000 feet, Mr. Coxwell,..examining his ballast-bags, decided that we must..descend. 1951 15 208/1 Detailed photographs of balloon gas cells and ballast bags made at the Goodyear plant. 2005 (Nexis) 13 Dec. d1 Many of the thousands of pounds of ballast bags that had ringed the blimp were gone. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > cargo vessel > [noun] > carrying other cargoes 1665 in M. Wood (1940) 9 Ordaines the baillie..to compt with Mr Muskeins for bygones and to agrie with some other for the ballast boatts. 1755 Oct. 445/2 Ballast-boats and lighters. 1866 25 Oct. 6/7 A ballast-boat near the spot and punts were immediately in attendance. 1934 7 Aug. 17/1 Offers of ballast boats have held rates in check. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > other types of engine > [noun] > other specific engines ?1748 C. Labelye 5 If all these Remedies prove ineffectual, Ballast Engines must be set to work on the River Thames. 1865 13 Jan. 6/7 A load was attached to the ballast-engine. 2001 (Nexis) 20 Feb. After 12 months he drove the ballast engine at Didcot. 1756 July 336 A piece of one of her masts was found about 140 yards from the ship, sticking perpendiculary in a ballast-hill. 1870 11 Aug. 293/2 On the ballast-hills of the north-east coast..many plants have apparently become permanently established. 1963 J. Bird ii. 43 The riverside was also encumbered by colliery tips and ballast hills built by returning colliers. 2000 (Nexis) 8 Feb. 32 To cater for visitors, ballast hills were cleared to create Bents Park and Marine Park, which opened in 1890. 1839 4 Sept. 7/5 A ballast train, consisting of 18 loaded waggons. 1864 24 Dec. 9/6 He was in the hinder portion of the ballast train. 1939 31 Oct. 5/5 A ballast train was unloading at Bonilla. 2006 (Nexis) 15 May 2 Engineers parked a ballast train on the line next to the fire to protect passing passenger services. society > occupation and work > equipment > digging or lifting tools > [noun] > shovel > other shovels 1838 8 Aug. 8/3 The North Star engine ran against two ballast wagons. 1848 5 Aug. 773 A train of huge iron shovels or ballast-waggons, as they are called. 1925 17 Oct. 9/7 The London and North-Eastern Railway Company have placed an order for 24 25-ton steel hopper bottom ballast wagons. 2006 (Nexis) 7 Apr. 1 The locomotive, hauling 16 empty ballast wagons, was unable to stop immediately. b. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > parts of vessels > body of vessel > bottom or part under water > [noun] > keel and kelson > keel > types of 1894 24 194/2 I have not a word to say against the ballast-fin so far as racing is concerned. 1982 I. Nicholson (1996) ix. 32 The crane which launches the boat can sometimes first be used to lift the hull onto the ballast fin. 2001 (Nexis) Sept. 26 I can recall checking one boat in which the lead ballast fin was fastened by stainless steel bolts. 1823 M. Willoughby (1857) 3 The ballast keels..are prolonged,..so as when drawn up to fit the bottoms of the vessels from stem to stern. 1946 107 69 There is a complete description..for finding the centre of gravity so that the ballast keel can be put in the exact right position. 2006 (Nexis) 30 Dec. d6/1 Mike Golding and Alex Thomson of Britain pulled out in November when Thomson abandoned his vessel..after the ballast keel broke. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > flat-bottomed boat > [noun] > lighter > types of 1691 T. Hale p. liv If great Care had not been taken..in the government of their Ballast-Lighters, and ordering them not to draw up Ballast too near the Banks of the River, there would have been great danger of another accident. 1733 68 The said Corporation, before 10 July 1733, shall cause visible Marks to be set on the Stern..of each Ballast Lighter between every two Gauge Marks already placed on them. 1803 399/1 A ballast-lighter..struck the side of the ship. 1901 16 Dec. 7/3 On Thursday night a ballast lighter sank in the Humber. 1986 D. H. Roberts tr. J. Boudriot II. x. 93 A tarpaulin is stretched from the ballast-lighter to a lower deck gunport opposite the main-hatchway. society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > associated shore-based personnel > [noun] > one who provides ballast 1575 in (London County Council) (1909) 213 Raffe Pynder & divers other his fellowes ballest men & ther servantes. 1698–9 Act 11 Will. III c. 21 in (1820) VIII. 611 Every Person..who..shall be employed in..navigating any Lighter..on the River of Thames (Trinity Man Fisherman Ballast Man..excepted). 1715 No. 5347/3 Abuses committed by the Ballastmen upon the..Thames. 1739 C. Labelye 26 The Ballast-Men began to make the Excavation. society > travel > travel by water > [noun] > offices concerned with shipping 1677 A. Marvell 8 George Boreman, Esquire, once an Under-Clerk in the six Clerks Office, now Master of the Ballast Office. 1720 J. Strype (rev. ed.) II. v. xviii. 286/2 Deptford-Strond..where their Ballast Office is also kept. 1835 III. 330/2 Ballast-office Corporation, Dublin, or, more correctly, the Corporation for Preserving and Improving the Port of Dublin. 1922 2 May 9/4 Republican youths seized the Ballast Office and the Kildare-street Club. 2004 (Nexis) 10 Aug. (Business section) 12 Rok bought four Ballast offices from the receiver, including the Ellesmere Port site. 1713 in (1726) 229 In the Ballasting or Unballasting any Ship or other Vessel, there shall be a Canvas or Tarpolin, which shall reach from the Ballast Port or Gunnel, to the Lighter or Boat. 1766 234/1 Then, knocking out the ballast port, [they] quitted the ship, and left the two boys in the sinking vessel to perish with her. 1858 31 Mar. 11/4 The artificial holes made in the brig would admit the water, and bring her down to the ballast port. 1932 3 Dec. 15/6 Some water in No. 2 ballast port. 1870 (U.S. Congr. House Comm.) 75 9 ballast shovels. 1924 25 1223 It does not matter whether you hand tamp or machine tamp, you work the ballast with the ballast shovel. 2003 Myxi is not killing Rabbits in uk.local.peterborough (Usenet newsgroup) 5 July I think its time to get the large point bars and ballast shovels out! 1736 12 June 3/1 There will be wanted a large quantity of Lime, Piles, Mud, Earth, and Ballast Stones. 1857 J. G. Swan 260 Ballast stones which the storms had piled up in long rows. 1949 M. McLaverty 126 Ballast stones were dropped overboard and Terence saw the water fizzle white. 2006 (Nexis) 20 May 3b Watts and his colleagues scanned about 7 square miles east of Peck Lake..to pick up anomalies that could be cannons, fasteners used on the Reformation, bricks or ballast stone. 1855 1 June 512/2 Eight four-inch tubes pass through the ballast tank. 1920 W. S. Sims & B. J. Hendrick iv. 159 The officers had the option of two alternatives: to sink until the pressure of the water crushed the boat like so much paper, or to blow the ballast tanks, rise to the surface, and surrender. 1989 Feb. 77/2 She developed a heavy list to port with 9ft of water in a ballast tank. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021). ballastv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: ballast n. Etymology: < ballast n. Compare Middle Dutch ballasten (c1412), Middle Low German ballasten , German ballasten (1616), Old Swedish barlastadh , past participle (a1352), French ballaster (1618). Compare earlier ballasting n.The frequent forms without final -t probably arose by analysis of forms with final dental as past tense or past participle forms and formation of an analogical present. Sense 3 probably arose by confusion of these forms with balance n.1 in the early modern period. 1. society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > supply with ballast 1538 T. Elyot Saburro, rare, to balese a shyppe. a1552 J. Leland (1710) I. 43 The Shipes were balissid with great coble Stone. 1604 M. Drayton sig. B 2v To ballast Shippes for steddines in winde. 1656 A. Tuckney 34 So much burden would serve to ballast the ship, more would sink it. 1745 P. Thomas 273 We were continually employed..in ballasting, wooding, watering and in victualling the ship. 1792 G. Cartwright III. 75 As soon as it was light I had..the goods landed, the boat ballasted and then moored off. 1866 C. Kingsley I. vi. 166 They ballasted their ships with..pebbles. 1891 24 June 13/1 Oram was engaged with his men in ballasting the ship Claudian in the Regent's Canal. 1913 4 Oct. 1026/2 A modern passenger steamer..must be carefully ballasted by proper storing of the cargo and trimming of the fuel. 2000 (Nexis) 7 July 10 The ship was ballasted to prevent further movement. society > travel > air or space travel > ballooning > carry in or as in balloon [verb (transitive)] > furnish with ballast 1784 June 323/1 The car was ballasted with sand bags. 1786 J. Jeffries 20 Those who wish to go a great distance..with a Balloon, should..ballast their Balloon so that it will not rise above a certain height. 1850 J. Wise ii. xxi. 249 At precisely three minutes past two o'clock, I mounted the car,..having ballasted the vessel while it was restrained by a cord. 1906 3 June 19/1 For the descent the balloon is ballasted by a reservoir of water filled at the highest station. 2002 36 485/2 The balloons were ballasted to fly along the 0.33 kg/m3 density surface. 2. In extended use and figurative. the world > matter > properties of materials > weight or relative heaviness > weight [verb (transitive)] > make heavy > add weight to the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > hinder in specific manner [verb (transitive)] > encumber > burden 1566 T. Drant Wailyngs Hieremiah in tr. Horace sig. Kvj He ballasde me, With balefull bitternes. 1592 T. Nashe (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. E v A wolfe beeing about to deuoure a horse, doth balist his belly with earth, that hee may hang the heauier vpon him. 1631 R. Brathwait 52 Their conceits are euer ballased with harshnesse. 1774 H. Kelly i. 5 Lady D...Bequeathing him this only daughter.., who is mistress of so large a fortune. Sir Hec. Why, is not she an Acapulco vessel in herself, to say nothing of her being ballasted with rupees and pagodas? 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality viii*, in 1st Ser. II. 212 These yellow rascals must serve to ballast my purse a little longer. 1995 105 495 We may indeed be overly ballasted by commercialism and political life. the world > movement > absence of movement > render immobile [verb (transitive)] > stabilize > steady 1596 C. Fitzgeffry sig. D5v Constant stability ballassed her [sc. Fortune's] feete. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny I. x. xxiii Cranes..ballaise themselves with stones in their feet, that they flie more steadie. the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)] > make steadfast c1600 35 Ballace your wavering hearts with the sound truth of godlinesse. 1655 W. Gurnall 299 If he be not well ballast with humility, a little gust..will tople him into this sin. 1758 253 When a sprightly Imagination is not ballasted by a sound Understanding, it heedlessly commits..many Blunders. 1792 A. Young 547 Mature deliberation is wanted to ballast the impetuosity of the people. 1842 J. F. Cooper II. ix. 118 Now that they are no longer ballasted by religion, they are so many moral feathers. 1896 6 431 Mr. Giddings' laudable independence of thought is not sufficiently ballasted with knowledge. 1964 30 May 4/1 A performance ballasted with stolid common sense, rather than the capricious emotionalism we expect. 2002 (Nexis) 15 Feb. c1 The life of the mind must be ballasted with the senses. the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > make equal [verb (transitive)] > balance 1611 J. Speed vi. iv. 191/1 The cause for Tribute was ballized betwixt them. 1697 W. Dampier xv. 414 We furl'd our Main-sail, and ballasted our Mizen. society > travel > travel by water > transportation by water > transport by water [verb (transitive)] > load or unload cargo > load a ship or a cargo a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. ii. 140 Who sent whole Armadoes of Carrects to be ballast at her nose. View more context for this quotation a1642 R. Callis (1647) i. 1 I lanched forth my Ship..furnish'd and ballist with Merchandize. 1666 No. 93/1 Four ships well laden and ballasted with Goods. society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > paving and road-building > pave or build roads [verb (transitive)] > fill in gaps in road 1836 21 Mar. 2/4 Contracts for Works.—Great Western Railway... The entire completion (excepting the ballasting and laying the permanent rails). 1854 16 617 The Junction Road [i.e. Railroad] from Sandusky to Cleveland will be open for travel in a few weeks. This road will be completely ballasted when open for travel. 1881 4 June Laying down steel rails and liberally ballasting the whole line. 1928 E. W. Bradwin 43 The secondary stage of [railway] construction includes the laying of steel, ballasting with lifts of gravel and bringing the grade to a finished condition. 1986 14 188 He planted it with gorse, broom and forest trees, ballasting the paths so that the grass remained fine, and they could be walked on throughout the year. 2000 Feb. 98/1 I ballasted the track with Woodland Scenics fine ballast. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1486 v.1538 |
