| 释义 |
neern.1 Origin: Either (i) a word inherited from Germanic. Or perhaps (ii) a borrowing from Middle Low German. Etymon: Middle Low German nēre. Etymology: Either the reflex of an unattested Old English word (probably with Old English -ēo- ) cognate with West Frisian nier , Middle Dutch niere (Dutch nier ), Middle Low German nēre , neyre , nyere , etc., Old High German nioro , niero , nier , etc. (also in sense ‘testicle’; Middle High German niere , nier , German Niere ), Old Icelandic nýra , Norwegian nyre , Old Swedish niure (Swedish njure ), Danish nyre , Old Gutnish niauri (in vigniauri testicle) < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek νεϕρός kidney, also (in plural) testicles (see nephro- comb. form), classical Latin (Praenestinian) nefrōnēs, (Lanuvian) nebrundinēs (plural), probably ‘testicles’, or perhaps a borrowing of the corresponding word in Middle Low German. Scandinavian influence may be shown by the East Anglian forms nyre, nire.At the beginning of the 20th cent. the word was still attested in common regional use in northern, north-midland, and eastern counties of England as well as in Scotland. 20th cent. evidence for England is limited: the only relevant item in the Surv. Eng. Dial. questionnaire is ‘What do you call the inner layer of fat round the kidneys of a pig?’, for which near-fat /nɪəfat/ is recorded as a response only from Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire. Nears ‘kidneys’ is also recorded in a glossary from Lincolnshire in the mid 20th cent., and there is also limited evidence for near in the sense ‘kidney in suet’ from Derbyshire in the same period, although in all areas where it occurred in the 20th cent. the item would appear to have been recessive. Spellings in ea among α, β, and γ forms probably show lowering of Middle English close ē to open ē before r , although in some more recent instances confusion or analogy with other words may also be a significant factor (compare near adj.). The β. forms apparently show metanalysis (see N n.), although analogy with ear n.1 may also have played a part; F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. (ed. 2, 1790) at Inear, Near notes the resemblance of a kidney when cut lengthwise to an ear. The γ. forms (earliest in quot. 1788 at main sense and in F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. (ed. 2, 1790), and subsequently in a number of 19th-cent. Yorkshire glossaries) are harder to account for: Grose suggests confusion with inner adj.; perhaps compare innerer adj. Eng. Dial. Dict. also records a form nurses in the sense ‘kidneys’ from Lancashire, probably arising through analysis of the plural word as singular, and with typical Lancashire merger of /ɛə/ and /əː/. Now Scottish and English regional (chiefly northern and East Anglian). the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [noun] > kidney a1325 (Arun.) (1857) 149 (MED) Dedens le cors en checun homme Est trove quer, foye..boueles [glossed] neres [v.rr. tharme, roppes, boweles, merys], et reinoun [glossed] kidenei. a1400 in R. H. Robbins (1959) 157 Fatter men about þe neres Ȝit sawe I neuer þen are þese frers. a1425 (Stonyhurst) f. 38v Lumbus, a nere. (Harl. 221) 353 Neere of a beest, Ren. a1475 (Sloane) (1862) 52 (MED) For hagese. Þe hert of schepe, þe nere þou take. c1480 (a1400) St. Lawrence 12 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) I. 403 It brakis þe stane, þat man in bledyr ore nere has tane. 1535 Isa. xxxiv. A With the fatnesse of neeres of the wethers. c1550 (1979) vi. 53 Tansay that is gude to purge the neiris. 1595 A. Duncan Appendix Etymologiae: Index in Ren, the neire. 1634 ‘Philiatreus’ sig. A2v If in the water there is found any peece of flesh, it betokens the neers to bee hurt. 1740 A. Brodie (1863) 288 My pain off gravel in my neers and loins. 1788 W. Marshall Provincialisms E. Yorks. in II. 337 In-ear, or Near, the kidney. 1841 R. W. Hamilton 348 Will you eat a part of the niere? 1868 G. MacDonald I. 41 I would like a dish o' your chits and nears. 1947 E. S. R. Tait I. 71 We'd spaarls an' neers, reestid tees an' skenk hochs. Compounds 1444 in J. Stuart (1844) I. 11 That na fleshowar..tak oute of ony mutonne the neris or the nerecress. 1526 in R. Renwick (1887) I. 27 Na nyeiris na nyeircres be tane out of the scheip. 1877 E. Peacock at Near-end The near-end of a loin of veal is the part next the kidneys. 1884 G. S. Streatfeild Gloss. 346 Near-end, part next to the kidneys. 1877 E. Peacock Near-fat, the fat about the kidneys. 1886 R. E. G. Cole Near-fat, the fat round the kidneys in a sheep, pig, or other animal. 1824 J. Mactaggart at Neers Neer-strings, those strings which are connected with the kidneys. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). ne'eradv.n.2 Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: never adv. Etymology: Variant (with elision of the medial consonant) of never adv. Compare β. forms at ever adv. and adj. A. adv. 1. the world > time > frequency > infrequency > [adverb] > never c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1978) l. 15075 He wolde aȝein wenden heom to his folke..and ner [c1300 Otho neuere] æft a-ȝen teon. a1300 (c1250) (Vitell.) (1966) 74 (MED) In worle nes nere non þine imake of no wimmon. a1350 in G. L. Brook (1968) 39 (MED) Nes ner gome so gladly on gere. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. vi. 13 Þis fuyr is perpetuel þat shal ner [a1425 L.V. neuer; L. numquam] faile in þe auter. a1450 (Bodl. Add.) (1967) 425 Nere nowther [c1390 Vernon Neuer nouþer ne spekeþ him good]. a1450 (Faust.) (1883) 3089 (MED) In þe ȝere of grace hit was..After þat goddus sone was of Mary ybore A thousonde euene & neron mo. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 114 Thy trublit gaist sall neir moir [a1586 never] be degest. 1590 R. Harvey 25 Thou gettest such praise, As neer decaies. a1631 J. Donne (1650) 57 So these extreames shall ne'r their office doe. 1680 T. Otway v. 63 Mon. We ne're must meet again—Cast... Ne're meet again? Mon. No, never. 1738 J. Swift 46 You have the old Proverb on your Side, Naught's ne'er in Danger. 1803 in J. Johnson VI. 565 We'll ne'er permit a foreign foe, On British ground to rally. a1833 A. H. Hallam (1834) 38 Those dogs that from him ne'er would rove. a1902 F. Norris (1903) iii. 89 Goodbye. I ne'er shall look upon your like again. 1960 J. Barth iii. xvii. 717 He ne'er durst proffer advice unless asked for't. 2002 Jan. 67/1 When that bum baillie comes, 'e'll ne'er finnd us. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > be ignorant [phrase] > profess ignorance a1400 (Pepys) (1922) 69 (MED) And Jesus hem ansuered þat hij nysten nere what hij bisouȝtten. a1425 (c1395) (Royal) (1850) John ix. 21 Who openyde hise iȝen, we witen nere [v.r. neuere]. a1425 J. Wyclif (1871) II. 93 Þei seiden to him, Where is he? And he seide, Y woot nere. a1500 (Trin. Cambr.) 5702 Wherfor it gan do, certes wote I nere. a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in (1557) 39/1 I wote nere whither any preachers woordes ought more to moue you. 1590 R. Harvey 5 Nay I wot neere, but it hath left behind it a wale in my throate. 2. the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > however, nevertheless, notwithstanding a1382 (Bodl. 959) Num. xiv. 22 Y haue forȝeue to hem..nerþeles [a1425 Corpus Oxf. netheles; L. Attamen] alle men þat..han tempted me now..sholyn not see þe lond. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) 21247 Bot ner-þe-less, for his liuelade, o biscop siþen he tok þe hade. 1447 O. Bokenham (Arun.) (1938) 1125 (MED) Ineuytabylly I must deyin her..Nertheles, vertu of necessyte I wyl make. c1450 (c1385) G. Chaucer 130 But ner the lesse, for al his heuy armure, He foloweth her. a1500 tr. Lanfranc (Wellcome) f. 25v (MED) Nerthelesse this enpostume worchithe more whan it hathe made wheter þan afore. 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus f. 168v Nerethelesse many princes there bee, whiche..abuse the good menne. 1621 F. Quarles sig. G2 Yet be thy iust Petition ne'rthelesse Entirely granted. 1718 R. Blackmore 92 Their Station will be low, but ne'er the less For this Provision they should Thanks express. 1796 St. G. Tucker xv. 97 Cowardice is courage ne'ertheless. 1822 Ld. Byron i. i. 684 Ne'er the less I must have three. 1851 E. B. Browning i. xiii. 37 What if, ne'ertheless, The sun did, that day, leave upon the vines No charta. 1912 D. Ferguson 135 If brought humble, round you crumble Fondest hopes, yet ne'ertheless, To cease coping and sit moping Proves but little manliness. the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > however, nevertheless, notwithstanding a1382 (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Judith iii. 11 Ȝit nerþelatere þese thingis doende, þei myȝten not swagen þe feerste of his brest. 1439 in J. P. Collier (1857) 19 (MED) Nerthelatyr the wille and the full entent of me..ys to have..all the issues and profites of the seyde manerys. c1460 (?c1400) 120 Ner þe latter Endurith for a while, & suffreth hem þat woll. the world > relative properties > quantity > [adverb] > no more 1509 A. Barclay (Pynson) f. lv Thou ought nat yet to kepe it nere the more. But to his sectours or heyres it restore. c1520 tr. Terence Andria ii. ii, in sig. B.iii L. I haue now cawse to be glad iwis. D. Nay by my troth nere the more for this. 1633 G. Wither 62 They doe abhorre a rich man ne'er the more. 1709 R. Gould 323 Our Cash grows less, and Prudence ne'er the more. B. n.21802 S. Kerr 3 It's no' weel tellt, but ne'er may care, It's nae less true. 1814 W. Scott III. xi. 132 The ne'er be in me, sir, if I think you're safe. View more context for this quotation 1816 W. Scott I. ix. 201 I was at the search..but ne'er be licket could they find that was to their purpose. Compounds C1. With participles, forming adjectives. rare after 17th cent.the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > [adjective] a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. ii. 46 His new Kingdome of nere-changing night [1597 perpetuall rest]. 1893 H. A. Jones ii. 39 Sentence us To our ne'er-changing doom, ne'er-changing love, So that the hungry centuries may ne'er..once tear thee from me. 1598 J. Marston iii. viii. sig. Gv Hee that the inmost nookes of hell did know, Whose nere craz'd prowesse all did ouer-throw. the world > time > duration > eternity or infinite duration > [adjective] 1693 W. Congreve tr. Juvenal in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal xi. 219 Arms, which to Man ne're-dying Fame afford. 2000 Re: Help in soc.culture.brazil (Usenet newsgroup) 20 Oct. And has your long-sought friend, and the ne'er dying remembrance of it, not ever chanced having a telephone number? the world > time > duration > eternity or infinite duration > [adjective] a1616 G. Chapman tr. Homer XVII. 274 And now begun, the Euens nere-ending day. a1704 T. Brown Satyr against Woman in (1707) I. i. 83 A Veng'ance of ne'er ending Harms. 2001 Re: Deer State Penn Doods! in rec.sport.football.college (Usenet newsgroup) 5 Sept. You know how people fly unique flags in order to let others know where they are in the ne'er-ending parking lot? 1647 R. Stapleton tr. Juvenal 226 The white sow..That for her thirty ne're-seen paps was fam'd. 1998 Sanctus says ‘Adios, UOmigos!’ in (Usenet newsgroup) 17 Aug. My ne'er-seen friends, the circle ends, I'll see you someday. 1612 J. Davies Muses Sacrifice in (Grosart) II. 83 Like a ne'er-suffized Graue. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. xii. 31 Want will periure The ne're touch'd Vestall. View more context for this quotation C2. the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > worthlessness > worthless person > [noun] society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > lack of magnanimity or noble-mindedness > [noun] > worthlessness > good-for-nothing person 1675 C. Cotton Burlesque upon Burlesque in (1725) 210 'Tis that Nere-be-good, thy Son, Has made me do what I have done. 1814 Intrigues of Day v. i, in I. 168 A couple of as arrant ne'er-be-goods as ever cheated a poor poet. the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > worthlessness > worthless person > [noun] society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > lack of magnanimity or noble-mindedness > [noun] > worthlessness > good-for-nothing person 1814 W. Scott II. vii. 124 D'ye hear what the..young gentleman says, ye drunken ne'er-do-good ? View more context for this quotation the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > worthlessness > worthless person > [noun] society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > lack of magnanimity or noble-mindedness > [noun] > worthlessness > good-for-nothing person a1450 (1885) 329 Þou nerthrist [read nerthrift] of Nazareth, now neuend is þi name. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1a1325 adv.n.2c1275 |
