backbonen.

/ˈbakˈbəʊn/

Forms: Middle English bacbon, Middle English bakbon, bakebon, Middle English bakbone, Middle English–1600s backebone, 1500s– backbone. (In Middle English–1600s often two words; still sometimes hyphenated.)

Etymology: < back n.¹ 1 + bone n.¹

1. The vertebral column, the spine. to the backbone: thoroughly, completely.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > spine > [noun]

ridgeeOE

ridge boneOE

backbonea1300

chinec1300

rigbonec1400

spinac1400

spinec1400

spine-bonec1400

chine-bone?1533

vertebre1578

vertebre1623

vertebrasa1632

rachis1693

vertebres1696

vertebra1791

vertebral column1828

spinal column1866

the world > relative properties > wholeness > completeness > completely [phrase] > thoroughly > from beginning to end or through and through

to the boneOE

through and throughc1225

out and outc1300

from top to tail1303

out and inc1390

(from) head to heel (also heels)c1400

(from) head to foot (also feet)c1425

from top to (into, unto) toec1425

to the skin1526

to one's (also the) finger (also fingers') ends1530

from first to last1536

up and down1542

whole out1562

to the pith1587

to the back1594

from A to (also until) Z1612

from clew to earing1627

from top to bottom1666

back and edge1673

all hollow1762

(all) to pieces1788

from A to Za1821

to one's (also the) fingertips1825

to one's fingernails1851

from tip to toe1853

down to the ground1859

to the backbone1864

right the way1867

pur sang1893

from the ground up1895

in and out1895

from soda (card) to hock1902

a1300 W. de Biblesworth in Wright Voc. 146 Bacbon, l'etchine.

a1400 Leg. Rood 190 Þe cros behind his bakbon Þat he þolud deth uppon.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxvii He woll eate so moche that his sydes woll stande as hye as his backe bone.

1647 J. Hall Poems ii. 89 How many back-bones nourisht have Crawling Serpents in the grave?

1849 W. Irving Crayon Misc. 165 It struck a buffalo..broke its back-bone.

1864 Duke of Manchester Court & Society II. 107 Harry was English to the backbone.

2. transferred. A main support or axis, or chief substantial part; e.g. the backbone of a bicycle; the chief mountain-range (esp. U.S.) or water-shed of a country.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > main or central support

summer1324

spine1665

backbone1684

1684 T. Burnet Theory of Earth i. 142 The Appennines strike through Italy..the back-bone of that country.

1816 U. Brown in Maryland Hist. Mag. 10 280 On the West Side of the Aleghany Mountain, the Back-Bone of America.

1816 U. Brown in Maryland Hist. Mag. 11 359 Baker informed us, that Fairfaxes Stone..lay between what was called the Back-bone and the Alleghany Mountain.

1835 Southern Lit. Messenger 1 615 In the distance, the ‘back bone’ of the Alleghany.

1865 E. B. Tylor Res. Early Hist. Mankind vii. 162 The Cordilleras, or backbone of America.

1879 A. Galletly in Cassell's Techn. Educator IV. 390/2 The ‘back-bone’ of the chenille..is composed of several strong cotton threads.

1885 ‘C. E. Craddock’ Prophet Great Smoky Mountains xii. 234 ‘Over yander on the backbone,’ returned the guileless Jacob,..pointing toward the base of the mountain.

1920 J. M. Hunter Trail Drivers of Texas 150 When we arrived on the divide of the backbone,..we passed along.

3. figurative. The main or important element; mainstay.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > most important > support

pillara1555

sinew1579

mainstay1604

axisa1625

backbone1849

1849 R. Cobden Speeches 64 I speak to the clothiers..the backbone and muscle of the clothing district of England.

1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue vii. 261 We are now come to the backbone of our subject.

1884 J. Bent in Macmillan's Mag. Oct. 429/2 A secret society which was the backbone of Panhellenism.

4. Strength of character, stability of purpose, resoluteness, sturdiness, firmness.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [noun] > capacity for moral effort or endurance

thildc950

strengthOE

dureec1330

rankc1400

tolerance1412

adamant1445

toleration1531

validity1578

durance1579

bent1604

strongness1650

duress1651

strength1667

durableness1740

stamina1803

willpower1842

backbone1843

thewness1860

sand1867

upbearing1885

wiriness1892

gut1893

sisu1926

1843 C. Brontë Let. 13 Oct. in E. C. Gaskell Life C. Brontë (1857) I. xii. 299 A pretty-looking..young man, apparently constructed without a backbone... I don't allude to his corporal spine..but to his character.

1857 Republic in J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms Backbone is the material which is designed to make an upright man.

1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) 17 Backbone, moral stamina..a figurative expression recently much used in political writings.

1865 Sat. Rev. 18 Feb. 195 A great man he..could never have been..for his character was destitute of backbone.

1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 23 Feb. 5 [This] has completely taken the backbone out of the discount market.

Draft additions February 2005

Chemistry. A chain of atoms or groups which forms the main structural axis of a molecule, esp. a polymer.

ΚΠ

1915 A. P. Mathews Physiol. Chem. iv. 170 In these suggestions the backbone of the molecule consisted of four molecules of phosphoric acid to which the bases and carbohydrates were attached.

1932 Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry Trans. 51 141/2 If the structure of proteins is considered, their molecules are found to consist essentially of a main axis or backbone, which has a repeating unit formed of a three-atom chain.

1961 Ann. Reg. 1960 401 The polypeptide chain, the backbone of the protein molecule, was found to be coiled in a helix-like spiral spring with only a space inside.

1999 Ambix 46 94 A complete chemical description of the sugar backbone of desoxyribose nucleic acid was now possible.

Draft additions February 2005

Telecommunications and Computing. A primary or central link in a communications network; the infrastructure formed by a system of such links. In later use frequently: spec. a high-speed, high-capacity digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network.

ΘΚΠ

society > computing and information technology > network > [noun]

backbone1924

computer network1950

network1962

mesh1977

cloud1997

1924 Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 3 495 ‘Backbone’ circuits..supply a network of trunk lines for the entire Bell system.

1970 IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol. 19 57/1 The following backbone would have the communications capacity of transmitting a video bandwidth signal plus the equivalent bandwidth of 110 narrow-band FM channels in each direction.

1987 Desktop Publ. Today Nov. 35/4 Fastpath can also be used to bridge AppleTalk networks along a high speed Ethernet backbone.

1995 Internet World Aug. 14/2 On May 13 the U.S. Government officially dismantled the NSFnet—the Internet backbone running from New York to San Francisco—and turned Internet provision over to commercial vendors.

1999 Wired Dec. 347/1 To prevent such situations from clogging the backbone, each router subtracts 1 from this number, called the hop limit, every time it handles a packet.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	backbone
释义	backbonen. /ˈbakˈbəʊn/ Forms: Middle English bacbon, Middle English bakbon, bakebon, Middle English bakbone, Middle English–1600s backebone, 1500s– backbone. (In Middle English–1600s often two words; still sometimes hyphenated.) Etymology: < back n.¹ 1 + bone n.¹ 1. The vertebral column, the spine. to the backbone: thoroughly, completely. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > spine > [noun] ridgeeOE ridge boneOE backbonea1300 chinec1300 rigbonec1400 spinac1400 spinec1400 spine-bonec1400 chine-bone?1533 vertebre1578 vertebre1623 vertebrasa1632 rachis1693 vertebres1696 vertebra1791 vertebral column1828 spinal column1866 the world > relative properties > wholeness > completeness > completely [phrase] > thoroughly > from beginning to end or through and through to the boneOE through and throughc1225 out and outc1300 from top to tail1303 out and inc1390 (from) head to heel (also heels)c1400 (from) head to foot (also feet)c1425 from top to (into, unto) toec1425 to the skin1526 to one's (also the) finger (also fingers') ends1530 from first to last1536 up and down1542 whole out1562 to the pith1587 to the back1594 from A to (also until) Z1612 from clew to earing1627 from top to bottom1666 back and edge1673 all hollow1762 (all) to pieces1788 from A to Za1821 to one's (also the) fingertips1825 to one's fingernails1851 from tip to toe1853 down to the ground1859 to the backbone1864 right the way1867 pur sang1893 from the ground up1895 in and out1895 from soda (card) to hock1902 a1300 W. de Biblesworth in Wright Voc. 146 Bacbon, l'etchine. a1400 Leg. Rood 190 Þe cros behind his bakbon Þat he þolud deth uppon. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxvii He woll eate so moche that his sydes woll stande as hye as his backe bone. 1647 J. Hall Poems ii. 89 How many back-bones nourisht have Crawling Serpents in the grave? 1849 W. Irving Crayon Misc. 165 It struck a buffalo..broke its back-bone. 1864 Duke of Manchester Court & Society II. 107 Harry was English to the backbone. 2. transferred. A main support or axis, or chief substantial part; e.g. the backbone of a bicycle; the chief mountain-range (esp. U.S.) or water-shed of a country. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > support > [noun] > that which supports > main or central support summer1324 spine1665 backbone1684 1684 T. Burnet Theory of Earth i. 142 The Appennines strike through Italy..the back-bone of that country. 1816 U. Brown in Maryland Hist. Mag. 10 280 On the West Side of the Aleghany Mountain, the Back-Bone of America. 1816 U. Brown in Maryland Hist. Mag. 11 359 Baker informed us, that Fairfaxes Stone..lay between what was called the Back-bone and the Alleghany Mountain. 1835 Southern Lit. Messenger 1 615 In the distance, the ‘back bone’ of the Alleghany. 1865 E. B. Tylor Res. Early Hist. Mankind vii. 162 The Cordilleras, or backbone of America. 1879 A. Galletly in Cassell's Techn. Educator IV. 390/2 The ‘back-bone’ of the chenille..is composed of several strong cotton threads. 1885 ‘C. E. Craddock’ Prophet Great Smoky Mountains xii. 234 ‘Over yander on the backbone,’ returned the guileless Jacob,..pointing toward the base of the mountain. 1920 J. M. Hunter Trail Drivers of Texas 150 When we arrived on the divide of the backbone,..we passed along. 3. figurative. The main or important element; mainstay. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > most important > support pillara1555 sinew1579 mainstay1604 axisa1625 backbone1849 1849 R. Cobden Speeches 64 I speak to the clothiers..the backbone and muscle of the clothing district of England. 1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue vii. 261 We are now come to the backbone of our subject. 1884 J. Bent in Macmillan's Mag. Oct. 429/2 A secret society which was the backbone of Panhellenism. 4. Strength of character, stability of purpose, resoluteness, sturdiness, firmness. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [noun] > capacity for moral effort or endurance thildc950 strengthOE dureec1330 rankc1400 tolerance1412 adamant1445 toleration1531 validity1578 durance1579 bent1604 strongness1650 duress1651 strength1667 durableness1740 stamina1803 willpower1842 backbone1843 thewness1860 sand1867 upbearing1885 wiriness1892 gut1893 sisu1926 1843 C. Brontë Let. 13 Oct. in E. C. Gaskell Life C. Brontë (1857) I. xii. 299 A pretty-looking..young man, apparently constructed without a backbone... I don't allude to his corporal spine..but to his character. 1857 Republic in J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms Backbone is the material which is designed to make an upright man. 1859 J. R. Bartlett Dict. Americanisms (ed. 2) 17 Backbone, moral stamina..a figurative expression recently much used in political writings. 1865 Sat. Rev. 18 Feb. 195 A great man he..could never have been..for his character was destitute of backbone. 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 23 Feb. 5 [This] has completely taken the backbone out of the discount market. Draft additions February 2005 Chemistry. A chain of atoms or groups which forms the main structural axis of a molecule, esp. a polymer. ΚΠ 1915 A. P. Mathews Physiol. Chem. iv. 170 In these suggestions the backbone of the molecule consisted of four molecules of phosphoric acid to which the bases and carbohydrates were attached. 1932 Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry Trans. 51 141/2 If the structure of proteins is considered, their molecules are found to consist essentially of a main axis or backbone, which has a repeating unit formed of a three-atom chain. 1961 Ann. Reg. 1960 401 The polypeptide chain, the backbone of the protein molecule, was found to be coiled in a helix-like spiral spring with only a space inside. 1999 Ambix 46 94 A complete chemical description of the sugar backbone of desoxyribose nucleic acid was now possible. Draft additions February 2005 Telecommunications and Computing. A primary or central link in a communications network; the infrastructure formed by a system of such links. In later use frequently: spec. a high-speed, high-capacity digital connection which forms the axis of a local or wide area network. ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > network > [noun] backbone1924 computer network1950 network1962 mesh1977 cloud1997 1924 Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 3 495 ‘Backbone’ circuits..supply a network of trunk lines for the entire Bell system. 1970 IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technol. 19 57/1 The following backbone would have the communications capacity of transmitting a video bandwidth signal plus the equivalent bandwidth of 110 narrow-band FM channels in each direction. 1987 Desktop Publ. Today Nov. 35/4 Fastpath can also be used to bridge AppleTalk networks along a high speed Ethernet backbone. 1995 Internet World Aug. 14/2 On May 13 the U.S. Government officially dismantled the NSFnet—the Internet backbone running from New York to San Francisco—and turned Internet provision over to commercial vendors. 1999 Wired Dec. 347/1 To prevent such situations from clogging the backbone, each router subtracts 1 from this number, called the hop limit, every time it handles a packet. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1300
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