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单词 mutuality
释义

mutualityn.

Brit. /ˌmjuːtʃʊˈalᵻti/, /ˌmjuːtjʊˈalᵻti/, U.S. /ˌmjutʃəˈwælədi/
Forms: 1500s mutualitie, 1600s– mutuality, 1700s mutuallity.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mutual adj., -ity suffix.
Etymology: < mutual adj. + -ity suffix. Compare Middle French, French mutualité (1599). N.E.D. (1908) gives only the pronunciation (miū:tiuˌæ·lĭti) /ˌmjuːtjuːˈælɪtɪ/.
1.
a. The quality or state of being mutual; the sharing of or in an emotion, desire, aim, etc.; fellow feeling, community; interdependence; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > mutuality or reciprocity
affinitya1398
reciprocation1546
mutualitya1586
mutualness1620
intermutualness1628
reciprocality1653
reciprocalness1657
reciprocity1753
reciprocy1803
commutuality1812
interdependence1822
interdependency1838
symbiosis1921
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1593) iii. sig. Ff3 Ther is no sweeter tast of frendship, then the coupling of soules in this mutualitie either of condoling or comforting.
a1635 R. Sibbes Heavenly Conf. (1656) 77 We have not comfort, because we do not make him ours by a spirit of mutuality.
a1729 E. Taylor Metrical Hist. Christianity (1962) 88 Then Light as from their mutuallity And strong assault, from all did shine Mixt in one flame.
1782 T. Paine Let. to Abbe Raynal (1791) 43 A mutuality of wants have formed the individuals of each country into a kind of national society.
1820 J. H. Whiffen Captive of Stamboul i. x, in Julia Alpinula 107 I, in that light mood begot By mutuality of lot, In that wide solitude of ours, Much questioned the Imperial powers.
1855 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 316/2 Would not this general communion, this mutuality in amusement, tend greatly to endear class to class?
1876 J. B. L. Warren Soldier of Fortune iv. iii. 340 We breathe together, move together..in such a blended mutuality, As shames the frigid name of spouse and groom.
1933 Mod. Psychologist Nov. 246/1 The other form of emotional unity is through identification. Everything that raises significant mutuality among men creates such community feeling.
1955 Times 13 June 13/5 The mutuality of interest which has been created by the arrangement should prove to be a sound basis for future cooperation.
1974 ‘J. le Carré’ Tinker, Tailor viii. 61 The oppressive atmosphere brought out a mutuality in our temperaments.
1988 G. Bolton Drama as Educ. (BNC) 100 His role only exists in terms of the other roles in the game... There has to be a mutuality.
b. Law. The quality or principle of reciprocity inherent in a contract, agreement, or other arrangement; a condition of things under which two parties are mutually bound to certain terms or duties.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal obligation > [noun] > mutual
mutuality1650
1650 Plea for Non-Subscribers App. 41 Where the Covenant is only for ratification and assurance of a debt or due, owing without, and before the Covenant (as is the case in stipulatings betwixt Prince and People) mutuality is not necessary.
1790 A. J. Dallas Rep. Cases Pennsylvania 1 50 Whether the doctrine of mutuality of remedies be a fixed rule in the Court of Chancery, I am not altogether certain, but it is reasonable that the parties should stand on an equal footing.
1847 C. G. Addison Treat. Law Contracts (1883) i. i. 14 The mutuality of the obligation is the very essence of all contracts founded upon mutual promises.
1858 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. II. 54 There is..a distinction between a promise..and a contract; for..the latter involves the idea of mutuality, which the former does not.
1884 Law Times Rep. 24 May 380/1 I will not say whether there was sufficient mutuality between the parties to make what was done between them binding or not.
1959 Earl Jowitt & C. Walsh Dict. Eng. Law II. 1204/2 In every agreement the parties must..intend the same thing..: this is called mutuality of assent.
1972 Times 27 Jan. 14/5 The agreement had that degree of mutuality to bring it within the set-off provisions of section 31.
1988 B. Casey Temporary Employment (BNC) 80 Courts have reached this conclusion by arguing first, that there is no mutuality of obligation between agency and worker to provide and accept work.
c. The body of principles underlying the operation of mutual companies; organization according to such principles. See mutual adj. 6.
ΚΠ
1852 Southern Q. Rev. Oct. 502 There is, then, a character of greater equality and mutuality in societies constituted on the terminating principle.
1877 S. E. Platt (title) Building Societies not as they are but as they should be. An argument for investors and borrowers based on equity and mutuality.
1902 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 11 135 Special attention is given to the applications of the principle of mutuality to life and casuality contingencies.
1997 What Investm. Mar. 34/1 Despite some high profile conversions of building societies to become plcs, some organisations..are still committed to mutuality.
d. A system under which conditions of work are determined by agreement between the workforce and their employer. Also mutuality system.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > working > labour relations > [noun] > type of
Whitleyism1919
mutuality1968
1968 Sunday Tel. 20 Oct. 19/2 The employers team pressed the unions to surrender the ‘mutuality’ system.
1970 Guardian 4 Dec. 15Mutuality’..means that the rates for each job have to be ‘mutually agreed’ on the shop floor where they are to be carried out and by the people who will perform the tasks.
1972 Times 7 Nov. 19/3 The management has also conceded a large measure of ‘mutuality’, the arrangement under which shop floor representatives retain bargaining rights on many shop floor working conditions.
2. In plural. Reciprocal acts of goodwill; intimacies; things that are held in common or shared by two or more parties.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > intimacy
privitya1250
nearnessc1485
familiarness1539
inwardness1578
greatnessa1586
privatenessa1586
entireness1599
habitude1612
gossiprya1614
strictnessc1614
mutualitiesa1616
particulara1616
intimity1617
privancy1622
privacy1638
intimacy1641
intimateness1642
familiarity1664
throng1768
closeness1851
close harmony1876
innerliness1888
insociation1893
dearness-
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) ii. i. 261 They met so neere with their lips, that their breathes embrac'd together. When these mutualities [1623 mutabilities] so marshall the way, hand at hand, comes the maine exercise.
1628 J. Earle Micro-cosmogr. xli. sig. G11 Hee loues not deeper mutualities, because he would not take sides.
1867 H. Bushnell Moral Uses Dark Things 207 Gathered at their firesides in domestic mutualities and pleasures.
1949 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 14 181/1 These require far more searching perceptions than are ordinarily brought to bear on..the potentialities of groups for deepening personal mutualities.
1983 J. Jones Dostoevsky (BNC) 291 ‘He, too, saw through me; I mean he clearly perceived that I saw through him’... Stepan and ‘I’, his young friend, are locked in such mutualities throughout.
3. Biology. Mutualistic behaviour. Cf. mutualism n. 2. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism
commensalism1870
mutualism1874
mutuality1876
symbiosis1882
messmatism1886
individualism1897
individuation1897
parasymbiosis1897
metabiosis1899
helotism1900
symbiotism1902
specificity1924
1876 P. J. Van Beneden Animal Parasites & Messmates Introd. 18 The services of many of these [animals] are rewarded either in protection or in kind, and mutuality can well be exercised at the same time as hospitality.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.a1586
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