mutualistn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈmjuːtʃʊəlɪst/,

/ˈmjuːtʃᵿlɪst/,

/ˈmjuːtʃl̩ɪst/,

/ˈmjuːtjʊəlɪst/,

/ˈmjuːtjᵿlɪst/, U.S.

/ˈmjutʃ(əw)ələst/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; partly modelled on French lexical items. Etymons: mutual adj., -ist suffix.

Etymology: < mutual adj. + -ist suffix, partly after French mutualiste shareholder in a mutual society (1824), organism which lives in a condition of mutualism with another (1873 in the passage translated in quot. 1874 at sense A. 2), and partly after French mutuelliste member of the mutual aid society of silk-weavers founded in Lyons (1828), adherent of Proudhon's theory of mutualism (1862 or earlier), also as adjective (1835 in ouvriers mutuellistes ). With use as adjective compare earlier mutualistic adj. N.E.D. (1908) gives only the pronunciation (miū·tiuălist) /ˈmjuːtjuːəlɪst/.

A. n.

1. An advocate of the theory or practice of mutualism; a member of a society organized according to this model.Sometimes applied spec. to members of an association of silk-weavers formed in Lyons, France, in 1823 (now historical).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories > advocate of > specific

mutualist1826

Owenite1826

Owenist1849

ecotopian1975

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories > advocate of

universalist1850

mutualist1892

pluralist1916

possibilist1925

society > trade and finance > barter > [noun] > exchange of services > advocate of

mutualist1892

1826 New-Harmony (Indiana) Gaz. 14 June 301/3 (heading) The Mutualist, No. 1. Or, Practical Remarks on the Social System of Mutual Cooperation.

1845 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. iv. v. 254 Several Lyonese republicans..had been the first to interfere between the manufacturers and the mutualists.

1845 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. 254 The executive council of the mutualists..ordered the workmen to resume their suspended labours, and was obeyed.

1875 Overland Monthly 14 238 The mutualists, who are rather of the old St. Simon school of philosophers. The central idea of their system is a mutual bank of credit.

1892 A. C. Morant tr. A. E. F. Schäffle Impossibility Social Democracy 11 Some so-called mutualists depend for everything on a brotherly reciprocity.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 916/1 The Socialist movement revived only after 1864, when some French working men, all ‘mutualists’, meeting in London..with English followers of Robert Owen, founded the International Working Men's Association.

1928 Polit. Sci. Q. 43 639 One may not call himself a mutualist unless he agrees—(1) that property in land should be limited to occupancy and use; (2) that interest should be absorbed by ‘mutual banking’ [etc.].

1983 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 55 419 Mutualists generally accepted wage labor in the home, however reluctantly.

2. Biology. An organism which lives in a condition of mutualism with another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > one or each of two

commensal1872

mutualist1874

symbiont1887

symbiote1897

parasymbiont1911

partner1924

parabiont1935

coactee1939

coactor1939

epibiont1949

1874 tr. P. J. van Beneden in Amer. Naturalist 8 529 We should not regard them as wholly parasites or commensals. We believe we should be more just in calling them mutualists.

1876 P. J. Van Beneden Animal Parasites & Messmates 84 Every colony of campanulariæ or sertulariæ lodges a crowd of messmates and mutualists.

1894 Amer. Naturalist 28 713 I mean by the term mutualist, an animal which gives a quid pro quo or specific beneficial service to the host which affords it sustenance and domicile.

1947 Ecology 28 210/1 Intracellular yeasts are considered primarily as mutualists.

1988 M. Steentoft Flowering Plants W. Afr. i. 14 Barteria and Pachysima are mutualists, Barteria providing nest sites, nectar and prey in return for defence.

1992 Sci. Amer. Jan. 128/1 Sometimes parasites get worse; sometimes they become mutualists; sometimes their virulence attenuates to an intermediate level.

B. adj.

Of, relating to, characterized by, or advocating the theory or practice of mutualism; consisting of mutualists.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [adjective] > doctrines or theories

mutualist1890

particularistic1937

1890 Polit. Sci. Q. 5 634 There are no less than seven general economic journals... There is also a large number of special reviews,..five or six co-operative or mutualist journals, [etc.].

1909 F. Lawton 3rd French Republic xiv. 320 From 1852 onwards, the Mutualist movement extended rapidly.

1929 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 34 783 Let exchange take place directly within each ‘mutualist’ association.

1948 M. Nomad in F. Gross European Ideol. viii. 329 Proudhon's ‘mutualist anarchism’, with its panacea of a ‘People's Bank’.

1979 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 51 580 The political and economic programs which acquired a following in the nineteenth century Lyonnais were mainly cooperative, mutualist, and small in scale.

1992 New Perspectives Q. Spring 3/1 The mutualist ethic of Japan..extends the summons of harmony and responsibility not only to other men, but to all living things.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	mutualist
释义	mutualistn.adj. Brit. /ˈmjuːtʃʊəlɪst/, /ˈmjuːtʃᵿlɪst/, /ˈmjuːtʃl̩ɪst/, /ˈmjuːtjʊəlɪst/, /ˈmjuːtjᵿlɪst/, U.S. /ˈmjutʃ(əw)ələst/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; partly modelled on French lexical items. Etymons: mutual adj., -ist suffix. Etymology: < mutual adj. + -ist suffix, partly after French mutualiste shareholder in a mutual society (1824), organism which lives in a condition of mutualism with another (1873 in the passage translated in quot. 1874 at sense A. 2), and partly after French mutuelliste member of the mutual aid society of silk-weavers founded in Lyons (1828), adherent of Proudhon's theory of mutualism (1862 or earlier), also as adjective (1835 in ouvriers mutuellistes ). With use as adjective compare earlier mutualistic adj. N.E.D. (1908) gives only the pronunciation (miū·tiuălist) /ˈmjuːtjuːəlɪst/. A. n. 1. An advocate of the theory or practice of mutualism; a member of a society organized according to this model.Sometimes applied spec. to members of an association of silk-weavers formed in Lyons, France, in 1823 (now historical). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories > advocate of > specific mutualist1826 Owenite1826 Owenist1849 ecotopian1975 society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories > advocate of universalist1850 mutualist1892 pluralist1916 possibilist1925 society > trade and finance > barter > [noun] > exchange of services > advocate of mutualist1892 1826 New-Harmony (Indiana) Gaz. 14 June 301/3 (heading) The Mutualist, No. 1. Or, Practical Remarks on the Social System of Mutual Cooperation. 1845 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. iv. v. 254 Several Lyonese republicans..had been the first to interfere between the manufacturers and the mutualists. 1845 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. 254 The executive council of the mutualists..ordered the workmen to resume their suspended labours, and was obeyed. 1875 Overland Monthly 14 238 The mutualists, who are rather of the old St. Simon school of philosophers. The central idea of their system is a mutual bank of credit. 1892 A. C. Morant tr. A. E. F. Schäffle Impossibility Social Democracy 11 Some so-called mutualists depend for everything on a brotherly reciprocity. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 916/1 The Socialist movement revived only after 1864, when some French working men, all ‘mutualists’, meeting in London..with English followers of Robert Owen, founded the International Working Men's Association. 1928 Polit. Sci. Q. 43 639 One may not call himself a mutualist unless he agrees—(1) that property in land should be limited to occupancy and use; (2) that interest should be absorbed by ‘mutual banking’ [etc.]. 1983 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 55 419 Mutualists generally accepted wage labor in the home, however reluctantly. 2. Biology. An organism which lives in a condition of mutualism with another. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > one or each of two commensal1872 mutualist1874 symbiont1887 symbiote1897 parasymbiont1911 partner1924 parabiont1935 coactee1939 coactor1939 epibiont1949 1874 tr. P. J. van Beneden in Amer. Naturalist 8 529 We should not regard them as wholly parasites or commensals. We believe we should be more just in calling them mutualists. 1876 P. J. Van Beneden Animal Parasites & Messmates 84 Every colony of campanulariæ or sertulariæ lodges a crowd of messmates and mutualists. 1894 Amer. Naturalist 28 713 I mean by the term mutualist, an animal which gives a quid pro quo or specific beneficial service to the host which affords it sustenance and domicile. 1947 Ecology 28 210/1 Intracellular yeasts are considered primarily as mutualists. 1988 M. Steentoft Flowering Plants W. Afr. i. 14 Barteria and Pachysima are mutualists, Barteria providing nest sites, nectar and prey in return for defence. 1992 Sci. Amer. Jan. 128/1 Sometimes parasites get worse; sometimes they become mutualists; sometimes their virulence attenuates to an intermediate level. B. adj. Of, relating to, characterized by, or advocating the theory or practice of mutualism; consisting of mutualists. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [adjective] > doctrines or theories mutualist1890 particularistic1937 1890 Polit. Sci. Q. 5 634 There are no less than seven general economic journals... There is also a large number of special reviews,..five or six co-operative or mutualist journals, [etc.]. 1909 F. Lawton 3rd French Republic xiv. 320 From 1852 onwards, the Mutualist movement extended rapidly. 1929 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 34 783 Let exchange take place directly within each ‘mutualist’ association. 1948 M. Nomad in F. Gross European Ideol. viii. 329 Proudhon's ‘mutualist anarchism’, with its panacea of a ‘People's Bank’. 1979 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 51 580 The political and economic programs which acquired a following in the nineteenth century Lyonnais were mainly cooperative, mutualist, and small in scale. 1992 New Perspectives Q. Spring 3/1 The mutualist ethic of Japan..extends the summons of harmony and responsibility not only to other men, but to all living things. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1826
随便看	wesleyan methodist wesleyanism wesleyanized wesleybob wesleyism wesleyite wessel wessex wessi west west african locust bean west bank west banker west brit west british west britishism west briton west britonism west central west cloth west coast what came over etc what came over her what came over him what came over me