mutualismn.

Brit.

/ˈmjuːtʃʊəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈmjuːtʃᵿlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈmjuːtʃl̩ɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈmjuːtjʊəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈmjuːtjᵿlɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈmjutʃ(u)wəˌlɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; partly modelled on French lexical items. Etymons: mutual adj., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < mutual adj. + -ism suffix, partly after French mutualisme (1822 in sense 1 in F. C. M. Fourier Traité de l'Association Domestique-Agricole, in an educational context; 1873 in sense 2a in the passage translated in quot. 1874 at sense 2a), and partly after French mutuellisme (1828 denoting a mutual aid society of silk-weavers in Lyons; 1849 in Proudhon, denoting his political and economic theory). With sense 2a compare also Italian mutualismo (1895). Compare earlier mutualist n. N.E.D. (1908) gives only the pronunciation (miū·tiuăliz'm) /ˈmjuːtjuːəlɪz(ə)m/.

1. The action or practice of a group of people in cooperating towards a common goal and for the common good; an instance or example of this. Also: the theory or doctrine that society can only be organized successfully according to a cooperative model (used esp. with reference to P. J. Proudhon (1809–65), who advocated a system based on non-profit credit and voluntary association for the exchange of services). Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories

mutualism1842

pluralism1917

possibilism1925

primitivism1934

universalism1939

particularism1949

unilinealism1957

society > trade and finance > barter > [noun] > exchange of services

mutualism1842

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories > specific

Owenism1825

mutualism1842

Hellenism1868

universalism1902

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > specific political theories or doctrines > [noun] > other political theories or doctrines

white supremacy1824

gradualism1835

reformism1838

restrictionism1840

mutualism1842

new politics1844

perpetualism1849

economism1850

progressivism1855

possibilism1883

radicalism1899

maximalism1909

radical feminism1912

Eurasianism1922

communalism1923

los von Rom1923

voluntarism1924

exceptionalism1929

third way1935

cultural Marxism1938

quislingism1940

identitarianism1943

libertarianism1948

one-worldism1948

renewalism1965

ecologism1969

Third Worldism1970

ecofeminism1980

communitarian1984

1842 in G. Barmby Promethean Mar. 42/1 Co-operation..is nothing but mutualism, or a material association to obtain money through some particular means.

1842 in G. Barmby Promethean Jan. 19/2 Æschylus was the introducer of the dialogue into the drama, and consequently, of that mutualism of address, action, and passion, which is so necessary for dramatic effect.

1845 tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. iv. v. 247 Founded, in the first instance, with a view to mutual assistance between the working men, mutualism was divided into lodges of less than twenty persons each.

1849 C. Dana Proudhon (1896) 36 But how can they gain possession of this instrument [sc. capital]? By the organization of credit, on the principle of reciprocity or mutualism, if we may use a new word.

1863 J. Weiss Life T. Parker I. 106 A mutualism to secure culture and material welfare.

1873 J. Morley Rousseau II. xii. 190 Those schemes of Mutualism, and all the other shapes of collective action for a common social good.

1892 A. C. Morant tr. A. E. F. Schäffle Impossibility Social Democracy 17 Socialism, communism,..anarchism, mutualism [etc.].

1910 H. N. Casson Hist. Telephone v. 182 Mills were linked to mills and factories to factories, in a vast mutualism of industry such as no other age, perhaps, has ever known.

1929 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 34 783 By ‘mutualism’ Proudhon meant a practice of voluntary association for strictly specified and limited purposes.

1968 Internat. Encycl. Soc. Sci. XII. 606/1 Federalism, that is, mutualism transferred into the realm of politics, is the solution.

1992 New Perspectives Q. Spring 10/2 Japan's ancient societal principles apply to art and culture as well. The first principle is a horizontal one—‘mutualism’, or the ethics of interpersonal responsibility.

a. Biology. The relationship existing between two organisms of different species which contribute mutually to each other's well-being; an instance of this.By some writers applied spec. to a relationship that is essential for the survival or reproduction of one or both of the organisms involved; by others used to denote a relationship that is not essential to either. Cf. symbiosis n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism

commensalism1870

mutualism1874

mutuality1876

symbiosis1882

messmatism1886

individualism1897

individuation1897

parasymbiosis1897

metabiosis1899

helotism1900

symbiotism1902

specificity1924

1874 tr. P. J. van Beneden in Amer. Naturalist 8 525 There are also mutual services rendered among several species..and mutualism can even take its place by the side of commensalism.

1895 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22 195 In spite of this intimate mutualism, it is not at all likely that the fungal symbiont is wholly dependent upon the algal symbiont for its food supply.

1949 W. C. Allee et al. Princ. Animal Ecol. xxxv. 711/1 Varying degrees of mutualism exist, from a slight benefit to a remarkable interdependence of both species in the partnership.

1956 T. W. M. Cameron Parasites & Parasitism 231 Commensalism, in turn, grades into mutualism, which implies a certain benefit by the host from the presence of the invader, but the association is not an essential one.

1970 Nature 5 Sept. 1001/1 The commonest species, Remora remora, is an active cleaner, and the mutualistic relationship between fish and host is strong, but the mutualism is less strong in other species.

1978 A. J. Richards Pollination of Flowers by Insects 159 As the interdependence of a mutualism increases, its stability decreases.

1998 Science 3 Apr. 57/3 Pollinivory can become a mutualism..if the pollinivore can deliver unconsumed pollen to the female reproductive organs of its host plant more efficiently than alternative dispersal by wind.

b. In extended use.

ΚΠ

1963 C. J. McCall in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 420 The relationship is rather one of mutualism, in that it is latently eufunctional for both institutions.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	mutualism
释义	mutualismn. Brit. /ˈmjuːtʃʊəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈmjuːtʃᵿlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈmjuːtʃl̩ɪz(ə)m/, /ˈmjuːtjʊəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈmjuːtjᵿlɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈmjutʃ(u)wəˌlɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; partly modelled on French lexical items. Etymons: mutual adj., -ism suffix. Etymology: < mutual adj. + -ism suffix, partly after French mutualisme (1822 in sense 1 in F. C. M. Fourier Traité de l'Association Domestique-Agricole, in an educational context; 1873 in sense 2a in the passage translated in quot. 1874 at sense 2a), and partly after French mutuellisme (1828 denoting a mutual aid society of silk-weavers in Lyons; 1849 in Proudhon, denoting his political and economic theory). With sense 2a compare also Italian mutualismo (1895). Compare earlier mutualist n. N.E.D. (1908) gives only the pronunciation (miū·tiuăliz'm) /ˈmjuːtjuːəlɪz(ə)m/. 1. The action or practice of a group of people in cooperating towards a common goal and for the common good; an instance or example of this. Also: the theory or doctrine that society can only be organized successfully according to a cooperative model (used esp. with reference to P. J. Proudhon (1809–65), who advocated a system based on non-profit credit and voluntary association for the exchange of services). Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories mutualism1842 pluralism1917 possibilism1925 primitivism1934 universalism1939 particularism1949 unilinealism1957 society > trade and finance > barter > [noun] > exchange of services mutualism1842 society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > doctrines or theories > specific Owenism1825 mutualism1842 Hellenism1868 universalism1902 society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > specific political theories or doctrines > [noun] > other political theories or doctrines white supremacy1824 gradualism1835 reformism1838 restrictionism1840 mutualism1842 new politics1844 perpetualism1849 economism1850 progressivism1855 possibilism1883 radicalism1899 maximalism1909 radical feminism1912 Eurasianism1922 communalism1923 los von Rom1923 voluntarism1924 exceptionalism1929 third way1935 cultural Marxism1938 quislingism1940 identitarianism1943 libertarianism1948 one-worldism1948 renewalism1965 ecologism1969 Third Worldism1970 ecofeminism1980 communitarian1984 1842 in G. Barmby Promethean Mar. 42/1 Co-operation..is nothing but mutualism, or a material association to obtain money through some particular means. 1842 in G. Barmby Promethean Jan. 19/2 Æschylus was the introducer of the dialogue into the drama, and consequently, of that mutualism of address, action, and passion, which is so necessary for dramatic effect. 1845 tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. iv. v. 247 Founded, in the first instance, with a view to mutual assistance between the working men, mutualism was divided into lodges of less than twenty persons each. 1849 C. Dana Proudhon (1896) 36 But how can they gain possession of this instrument [sc. capital]? By the organization of credit, on the principle of reciprocity or mutualism, if we may use a new word. 1863 J. Weiss Life T. Parker I. 106 A mutualism to secure culture and material welfare. 1873 J. Morley Rousseau II. xii. 190 Those schemes of Mutualism, and all the other shapes of collective action for a common social good. 1892 A. C. Morant tr. A. E. F. Schäffle Impossibility Social Democracy 17 Socialism, communism,..anarchism, mutualism [etc.]. 1910 H. N. Casson Hist. Telephone v. 182 Mills were linked to mills and factories to factories, in a vast mutualism of industry such as no other age, perhaps, has ever known. 1929 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 34 783 By ‘mutualism’ Proudhon meant a practice of voluntary association for strictly specified and limited purposes. 1968 Internat. Encycl. Soc. Sci. XII. 606/1 Federalism, that is, mutualism transferred into the realm of politics, is the solution. 1992 New Perspectives Q. Spring 10/2 Japan's ancient societal principles apply to art and culture as well. The first principle is a horizontal one—‘mutualism’, or the ethics of interpersonal responsibility. 2. a. Biology. The relationship existing between two organisms of different species which contribute mutually to each other's well-being; an instance of this.By some writers applied spec. to a relationship that is essential for the survival or reproduction of one or both of the organisms involved; by others used to denote a relationship that is not essential to either. Cf. symbiosis n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism commensalism1870 mutualism1874 mutuality1876 symbiosis1882 messmatism1886 individualism1897 individuation1897 parasymbiosis1897 metabiosis1899 helotism1900 symbiotism1902 specificity1924 1874 tr. P. J. van Beneden in Amer. Naturalist 8 525 There are also mutual services rendered among several species..and mutualism can even take its place by the side of commensalism. 1895 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 22 195 In spite of this intimate mutualism, it is not at all likely that the fungal symbiont is wholly dependent upon the algal symbiont for its food supply. 1949 W. C. Allee et al. Princ. Animal Ecol. xxxv. 711/1 Varying degrees of mutualism exist, from a slight benefit to a remarkable interdependence of both species in the partnership. 1956 T. W. M. Cameron Parasites & Parasitism 231 Commensalism, in turn, grades into mutualism, which implies a certain benefit by the host from the presence of the invader, but the association is not an essential one. 1970 Nature 5 Sept. 1001/1 The commonest species, Remora remora, is an active cleaner, and the mutualistic relationship between fish and host is strong, but the mutualism is less strong in other species. 1978 A. J. Richards Pollination of Flowers by Insects 159 As the interdependence of a mutualism increases, its stability decreases. 1998 Science 3 Apr. 57/3 Pollinivory can become a mutualism..if the pollinivore can deliver unconsumed pollen to the female reproductive organs of its host plant more efficiently than alternative dispersal by wind. b. In extended use. ΚΠ 1963 C. J. McCall in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 420 The relationship is rather one of mutualism, in that it is latently eufunctional for both institutions. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1842
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