murmurationn.

Brit.

/ˌməːməˈreɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌmərməˈreɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English murmeracion, Middle English murmuracione, Middle English murmuracioun, Middle English murmuracyoun, Middle English murmurracion, Middle English–1600s murmuracion, Middle English–1600s murmuracyon, Middle English– murmuration, 1600s mvrmeration; Scottish pre-1700 murmeracioune, pre-1700 murmiratioun, pre-1700 murmuracioun, pre-1700 murmuracioune, pre-1700 murmuracoun, pre-1700 murmuratioun, pre-1700 murmwration, pre-1700 murmwratioun, pre-1700 1700s– murmuration, 1900s– murmurashen. N.E.D. (1908) records also a form Middle English mormeracyone.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French murmuration; Latin murmurātiōn-, murmurātiō.

Etymology: < Middle French murmuration complaining, grumbling (end of the 12th cent. in Old French) and its etymon classical Latin murmurātiōn-, murmurātiō the continuous utterance of low cries, muttering, grumbling < murmurāt- , past participial stem of murmurāre murmur v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Italian mormorazione (a1342), Old Occitan murmuracio, murmuratio (14th cent.), Portuguese murmuração (1387), Spanish mormuración, murmuración (c1440).

a. The action of murmuring; the continuous utterance of low, barely audible sounds; complaining, grumbling; an instance of this. Now chiefly literary.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > discontent or dissatisfaction > state of complaining > [noun] > action of complaining

yomeringc1000

grutching?c1225

plainingc1300

complaintc1384

murmurc1385

murmurationc1390

groiningc1405

grudgingc1420

musinga1425

querimonyc1450

storming1461

mutteringc1475

grudge1477

grunching1487

murmuringc1530

muting1542

repining1550

orpingc1598

maundering1611

oggannition1625

jowering1628

remonstrating1647

regrudginga1677

complaining1702

pesting1705

yammering1705

growling1752

pine1804

gruntling1834

bitching1939

griping1945

pissing1947

bitch1975

kitchen-sinking1975

the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [noun] > murmuring or muttering

blabberingc1375

mammeringa1425

mumblingc1440

mumming1440

rumbling1440

mutteringc1475

buzzing1532

momblishness1532

hummel-bummel1537

murmuration1541

mumblement1595

babblinga1599

hummering1637

mutter1637

fumble1647

murmur1704

admurmuration1727

slurring1806

c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 449 After bakbitynge cometh grucchynge or murmuracioun and som tyme it spryngeth of inpacience agayns god.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 29 (MED) A well, to þe whilk Moyses ledd þam..when þai made murmuracion [Fr. murmuroit] agaynes him by cause of thrist.

c1450 (c1430) Brut (Galba) (1908) 402 (MED) Thei made high sorough and grete murmuracion amonge hem-self.

1536 T. Cranmer Let. 3 May in Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation (1679) I. iii. 200 If he find in your most Noble heart..that your Grace, without murmuration and overmuch heaviness, do accept all adversities [etc.].

1541 T. Paynell tr. Felicius Conspiracie of Catiline vii. f. 11 Cicero rose vp and ryght sharpely rebuked Q. Mutius:..with many and fauourable murmurations of the hole senate therunto.

1600 J. Colville Palinod 32 If the most inward..seruants of God in ages past..did..without murmuratioun or mutinerie obey idolatrous..princes.

1641 R. Baillie Parallel Compar. Liturgie with Masse-bk. v. 44 The reformed Church counts the secret murmuration of their Canon, and words of consecration, a very vile..practice.

a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1845) 205 The murmurations of the people in the wilderness.

1687 J. Lauder Hist. Notices (1848) 775 They most not stand near the witnesses when they depone, nor interrupt them by murmurations or susurrings.

1722 L. Herbert Several Excellent Methods hearing Mass 10 Learn from the silence, and meekness of Jesus in this occasion, to suffer without murmuration, or complaint.

1742 F. Blyth Serm. Every Sunday II. 280 God..makes Plenty descend to them in a Shower of Manna, and stops their Mouths to Murmuration by filling them to Satiety with heavenly Nourriture.

1801 J. Bentham Let. 19 July in Wks. (1842) XXI. 119/1 Murmurations about situations may now, I hope, subside.

1826 T. Aird Murtzoufle iii. iv. 65 That place, where sound of leaves Shall never come in lapse of fiery years, Nor murmuration of a little stream; Make oath to these dark words.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 5 Aug. 2/1 The plaints and murmurations of these Randlords for the grievances which they clamoured to have redressed.

1922 J. Inkster Mansie's Röd 94 Afore we laanded we could hear da murmurashen o' da wives apo' da broo o' da banks.

1940 L. MacNeice Plant & Phantom 19 Murmuration of corn in the wind.

2013 K. Rundell Rooftoppers vi. 167 ‘A what-eration?’ ‘A murmuration. When the sea and wind murmur in time with each other, like people laughing in private.’

†b. Scottish. Rumouring; the action of spreading a rumour or rumours. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > rumour > [noun] > tale-bearing

murmurationc1485

tattling1547

talebearing1571

by-babbling1614

twittinga1643

gossiping1712

gossipry1818

gossipred1828

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) vii. 47 Thair honoure, quhilk quhen thai had gert thame tyne, throu murmuracioun and envious langage of bakbyting.

1546 in R. K. Hannay Acts Lords of Council Public Affairs (1932) 551 And schew of the murmur of the odius slauchtir of..my lord cardinale..for eschewing of sic murmiratioun that he may be haldin and repute..ane barroun..as he hes bene in all tymes bygane.

a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) ix. viii. f. 305, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Murmuratio(u)n It was suspectit that Eugenye secretlie was in caus of the kingis murthare. Be murmuracion hereof be the pepill, the quene..fled.

a. A flock (of starlings); spec. (in later use) a large gathering of starlings creating intricate patterns in flight.One of many alleged group terms originating in late Middle English glossarial sources; found only in glossaries until revived and popularized in the mid-19th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > larger song birds > [noun] > family Sturnidae > genus Sturnus > sturnus vulgaris (starling) > flock of

murmurationa1450

a1450 Terms Assoc. in PMLA (1936) 51 603 (MED) A murmuracione of stares.

?1478 Lydgate's Horse, Goose & Sheep (Caxton) (1822) 30 A Murmeracion of stares.

1556 J. Berners Bk. Hauking, Huntyng & Fysshyng sig. H.iv^v A byldynge of rookes a murmuracyon of stares a route of wulues.

1614 T. S. Iewell for Gentrie sig. G4^v/1 A bilding of Rookes. A murmuration of Stares.

1802 Monthly Rev. June 138 A fall of woodcocks; a brood of hens; a building of rooks; a murmuration of starlings; an exaltation of larks; [etc.].

1859 N. Brit. Rev. May 179/1 His graphic description deals rather with the bird in ‘murmuration’, as any assemblage of starlings is called, than with his habits when seen in pairs.

1878 L. Clements Shooting & Fishing Trips 64 It is almost impossible to have a crack at wildfowl, on acount of a few men going thus along the reeds in the afternoons, to pop at starlings, whose murmurations are there immense.

1932 W. H. Auden in New Statesman 16 July 69/1 Patterns a murmuration of starlings Rising in joy over wolds unwittingly weave.

1946 M. Peake Titus Groan 306 The clearing ended where a derelict stone building..held back a grove of leafless elms, where a murmuration of starlings was gathered.

2014 M. J. Richardson & A. Chemero in L. Shapiro Routledge Handbk. Embodied Cognition iv. 39 Starling murmurations exhibit striking, globally unified behavior, in which large numbers of starlings move as a single, dark blob that changes shape as it moves across the sky.

b. The noise made by a flock of birds, esp. starlings.

ΚΠ

1897 Temple Bar Aug. 549 Flocks of starlings wheel hither and thither,..now sweeping over the fields, now alighting with loud murmuration in the reeds.

1922 19th Cent. & After Jan. 91 In the Savoy [churchyard]..the ‘murmuration’ of the hordes of starlings jostling one another in the plane trees never ceases to arouse the wonder of persons passing under them.

1932 Aberdeen Press & Jrnl. 30 July 6/4 I became aware of an unusual noise of birds. It was not loud and it was not unmusical. Only one word could describe it. It was a ‘murmuration’.

1991 J. Hersey Antonietta 171 Like the murmuration of a flock of warblers, the prattling and giggling of the women.

2007 Independent 9 June 24/2 A murmuration of starlings denotes in sound as well as meaning the immense, sibilant rustle of the vast starling assemblies—millions strong—that..sometimes come together for nightly roosts.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	murmuration
释义	murmurationn. Brit. /ˌməːməˈreɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌmərməˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English murmeracion, Middle English murmuracione, Middle English murmuracioun, Middle English murmuracyoun, Middle English murmurracion, Middle English–1600s murmuracion, Middle English–1600s murmuracyon, Middle English– murmuration, 1600s mvrmeration; Scottish pre-1700 murmeracioune, pre-1700 murmiratioun, pre-1700 murmuracioun, pre-1700 murmuracioune, pre-1700 murmuracoun, pre-1700 murmuratioun, pre-1700 murmwration, pre-1700 murmwratioun, pre-1700 1700s– murmuration, 1900s– murmurashen. N.E.D. (1908) records also a form Middle English mormeracyone. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French murmuration; Latin murmurātiōn-, murmurātiō. Etymology: < Middle French murmuration complaining, grumbling (end of the 12th cent. in Old French) and its etymon classical Latin murmurātiōn-, murmurātiō the continuous utterance of low cries, muttering, grumbling < murmurāt- , past participial stem of murmurāre murmur v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Italian mormorazione (a1342), Old Occitan murmuracio, murmuratio (14th cent.), Portuguese murmuração (1387), Spanish mormuración, murmuración (c1440). 1. a. The action of murmuring; the continuous utterance of low, barely audible sounds; complaining, grumbling; an instance of this. Now chiefly literary. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > discontent or dissatisfaction > state of complaining > [noun] > action of complaining yomeringc1000 grutching?c1225 plainingc1300 complaintc1384 murmurc1385 murmurationc1390 groiningc1405 grudgingc1420 musinga1425 querimonyc1450 storming1461 mutteringc1475 grudge1477 grunching1487 murmuringc1530 muting1542 repining1550 orpingc1598 maundering1611 oggannition1625 jowering1628 remonstrating1647 regrudginga1677 complaining1702 pesting1705 yammering1705 growling1752 pine1804 gruntling1834 bitching1939 griping1945 pissing1947 bitch1975 kitchen-sinking1975 the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > [noun] > murmuring or muttering blabberingc1375 mammeringa1425 mumblingc1440 mumming1440 rumbling1440 mutteringc1475 buzzing1532 momblishness1532 hummel-bummel1537 murmuration1541 mumblement1595 babblinga1599 hummering1637 mutter1637 fumble1647 murmur1704 admurmuration1727 slurring1806 c1390 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale 449 After bakbitynge cometh grucchynge or murmuracioun and som tyme it spryngeth of inpacience agayns god. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 29 (MED) A well, to þe whilk Moyses ledd þam..when þai made murmuracion [Fr. murmuroit] agaynes him by cause of thrist. c1450 (c1430) Brut (Galba) (1908) 402 (MED) Thei made high sorough and grete murmuracion amonge hem-self. 1536 T. Cranmer Let. 3 May in Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation (1679) I. iii. 200 If he find in your most Noble heart..that your Grace, without murmuration and overmuch heaviness, do accept all adversities [etc.]. 1541 T. Paynell tr. Felicius Conspiracie of Catiline vii. f. 11 Cicero rose vp and ryght sharpely rebuked Q. Mutius:..with many and fauourable murmurations of the hole senate therunto. 1600 J. Colville Palinod 32 If the most inward..seruants of God in ages past..did..without murmuratioun or mutinerie obey idolatrous..princes. 1641 R. Baillie Parallel Compar. Liturgie with Masse-bk. v. 44 The reformed Church counts the secret murmuration of their Canon, and words of consecration, a very vile..practice. a1653 H. Binning Serm. (1845) 205 The murmurations of the people in the wilderness. 1687 J. Lauder Hist. Notices (1848) 775 They most not stand near the witnesses when they depone, nor interrupt them by murmurations or susurrings. 1722 L. Herbert Several Excellent Methods hearing Mass 10 Learn from the silence, and meekness of Jesus in this occasion, to suffer without murmuration, or complaint. 1742 F. Blyth Serm. Every Sunday II. 280 God..makes Plenty descend to them in a Shower of Manna, and stops their Mouths to Murmuration by filling them to Satiety with heavenly Nourriture. 1801 J. Bentham Let. 19 July in Wks. (1842) XXI. 119/1 Murmurations about situations may now, I hope, subside. 1826 T. Aird Murtzoufle iii. iv. 65 That place, where sound of leaves Shall never come in lapse of fiery years, Nor murmuration of a little stream; Make oath to these dark words. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 5 Aug. 2/1 The plaints and murmurations of these Randlords for the grievances which they clamoured to have redressed. 1922 J. Inkster Mansie's Röd 94 Afore we laanded we could hear da murmurashen o' da wives apo' da broo o' da banks. 1940 L. MacNeice Plant & Phantom 19 Murmuration of corn in the wind. 2013 K. Rundell Rooftoppers vi. 167 ‘A what-eration?’ ‘A murmuration. When the sea and wind murmur in time with each other, like people laughing in private.’ †b. Scottish. Rumouring; the action of spreading a rumour or rumours. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > rumour > [noun] > tale-bearing murmurationc1485 tattling1547 talebearing1571 by-babbling1614 twittinga1643 gossiping1712 gossipry1818 gossipred1828 c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Knychthede (1993) vii. 47 Thair honoure, quhilk quhen thai had gert thame tyne, throu murmuracioun and envious langage of bakbyting. 1546 in R. K. Hannay Acts Lords of Council Public Affairs (1932) 551 And schew of the murmur of the odius slauchtir of..my lord cardinale..for eschewing of sic murmiratioun that he may be haldin and repute..ane barroun..as he hes bene in all tymes bygane. a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) ix. viii. f. 305, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Murmuratio(u)n It was suspectit that Eugenye secretlie was in caus of the kingis murthare. Be murmuracion hereof be the pepill, the quene..fled. 2. a. A flock (of starlings); spec. (in later use) a large gathering of starlings creating intricate patterns in flight.One of many alleged group terms originating in late Middle English glossarial sources; found only in glossaries until revived and popularized in the mid-19th cent. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Passeriformes (singing) > larger song birds > [noun] > family Sturnidae > genus Sturnus > sturnus vulgaris (starling) > flock of murmurationa1450 a1450 Terms Assoc. in PMLA (1936) 51 603 (MED) A murmuracione of stares. ?1478 Lydgate's Horse, Goose & Sheep (Caxton) (1822) 30 A Murmeracion of stares. 1556 J. Berners Bk. Hauking, Huntyng & Fysshyng sig. H.iv^v A byldynge of rookes a murmuracyon of stares a route of wulues. 1614 T. S. Iewell for Gentrie sig. G4^v/1 A bilding of Rookes. A murmuration of Stares. 1802 Monthly Rev. June 138 A fall of woodcocks; a brood of hens; a building of rooks; a murmuration of starlings; an exaltation of larks; [etc.]. 1859 N. Brit. Rev. May 179/1 His graphic description deals rather with the bird in ‘murmuration’, as any assemblage of starlings is called, than with his habits when seen in pairs. 1878 L. Clements Shooting & Fishing Trips 64 It is almost impossible to have a crack at wildfowl, on acount of a few men going thus along the reeds in the afternoons, to pop at starlings, whose murmurations are there immense. 1932 W. H. Auden in New Statesman 16 July 69/1 Patterns a murmuration of starlings Rising in joy over wolds unwittingly weave. 1946 M. Peake Titus Groan 306 The clearing ended where a derelict stone building..held back a grove of leafless elms, where a murmuration of starlings was gathered. 2014 M. J. Richardson & A. Chemero in L. Shapiro Routledge Handbk. Embodied Cognition iv. 39 Starling murmurations exhibit striking, globally unified behavior, in which large numbers of starlings move as a single, dark blob that changes shape as it moves across the sky. b. The noise made by a flock of birds, esp. starlings. ΚΠ 1897 Temple Bar Aug. 549 Flocks of starlings wheel hither and thither,..now sweeping over the fields, now alighting with loud murmuration in the reeds. 1922 19th Cent. & After Jan. 91 In the Savoy [churchyard]..the ‘murmuration’ of the hordes of starlings jostling one another in the plane trees never ceases to arouse the wonder of persons passing under them. 1932 Aberdeen Press & Jrnl. 30 July 6/4 I became aware of an unusual noise of birds. It was not loud and it was not unmusical. Only one word could describe it. It was a ‘murmuration’. 1991 J. Hersey Antonietta 171 Like the murmuration of a flock of warblers, the prattling and giggling of the women. 2007 Independent 9 June 24/2 A murmuration of starlings denotes in sound as well as meaning the immense, sibilant rustle of the vast starling assemblies—millions strong—that..sometimes come together for nightly roosts. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1390
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