modificationn.

Brit.

/ˌmɒdᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌmɑdəfəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: 1500s modyfycacyon, 1600s– modification; Scottish pre-1700 modefication, pre-1700 modeficatioun, pre-1700 modificacioun, pre-1700 modificatione, pre-1700 modificatioun, pre-1700 modificatioune, pre-1700 1700s– modification.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French modification; Latin modificātiōn-, modificātiō.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French modification (late 13th cent. in Anglo-Norman in sense ‘modification, condition, proviso’, 1376 in sense 6, 1385 in sense 8; also in Anglo-Norman as modificacion) and their etymon classical Latin modificātiōn-, modificātiō bringing to order, regulation, in post-classical Latin also adjustment, qualification (from 13th cent. in British sources) < modificāt- , past participial stem of modificāre (see modify v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Catalan modificació (1344), Old Occitan modification (1441 in legal sense), Spanish modificación (1490; 1454 as modificaçion).

†1. Scots Law. The action of assessing and prescribing a legal payment or penalty, or a price, valuation, etc.; esp. the determining and awarding of the amount of a parish minister's stipend. Cf. modify v. 3. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1492 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 248/1 And becauss þe modificatioune of þe betternes of þe said tercis [of land] suld be haid & maid be certane frendis.

1533 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1857) III. 467 We are contentit til paye the soume of tenne merkis of monie efter the modificacioun and consideratioun of freindis.

1569 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 665 That he sall satisfie, content and pay all personis skaythit or hurt in thair gudis be him..at the jugement, sicht, discretioun, and modificatioun of Johnne Erskin of Dun.

1578 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 30 The ordinar assignationis of the stependis of the ministre contenit in the yeirlie buke of the modificatioun.

1597 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1841) I. 155 And therfor referrit hir ponishment to the modificatioune and discretioune of the justice.

1605 in J. Stuart Sel. Rec. Kirk Aberdeen (1846) 47 A pecuniall penaltie to the puir, according to the modificatioun of the sessioun.

1633 in W. Macgill Old Ross-shire & Scotl. (1909) I. 34 For modification of stipends and plantation of kirks.

1696 in D. M. Lyon Hist. Lodge Edinb. (1873) 415 Aney meassone who shall be desyrous to enter themselves with this lodge, the samen shall be referred to the modificatione of aney one of the members..as to their entrey money.

1838 W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. at Locality The decree of the Teind Court, modifying a stipend to a minister from the teinds of the parish, is called a decree of modification.

1887 G. Outram Lyrics (new ed.) 213 The fixing of the stipend is termed its ‘modification’.

2. Philosophy.

a. The bringing or coming of a thing into a particular mode of existence; differentiation into a variety of forms or modes. Cf. modificate v.Now merged in sense 6.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > [noun] > mode or form of existence > determination into particular mode of being

modification1502

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > [noun] > attribute > mode of being > bringing into particular mode of being

modification1502

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iv. xviii. sig. y.i After the cyrcumstaunces & modyfycacyon of mortall synne.

1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. iii. vi. 191 If men contend about the terme specification..I can..substitute in the room thereof a terme equivalent thereto in point of efficace, namely, modification, which is used by our acute Dr. Sam. Ward.

1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. ii. 14 If these powers of Cogitation, and Volition, and Sensation, are neither inherent in Matter as such, nor acquirable to Matter by any motion and modification of it.

1701 N. Grew Cosmol. Sacra ii. ii. §26 The Use hereof [sc. of Sense], being only to minister to the Modification of Life in the Vital Principle, wherein the Essence of Sense doth consist.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. viii. 150 The word modification is properly the bringing a thing into a certain mode of existence, but it is very commonly employed for the mode of existence itself.

b. The form of existence belonging to a particular object, considered as a determination of a wider entity or substance; any of the particular or concrete forms into which a substance or entity is differentiated; a mode or variety of being (cf. mode n. 6). Also in extended use. Obsolete.As the philosophical concept lost currency this sense became obsolete or merged in sense 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > [noun] > mode or form of existence

formc1310

affection?1543

modification1644

notion1649

mode1668

modus1675

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > [noun] > attribute > mode of being

modification1644

mode1668

modus1675

1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. v. 400 We conceiue these modifications of the thing, like substances; and..we call them by substantiue names.

1665 J. Glanvill Sciri Tuum: Authors Defense 21 in Scepsis Scientifica There is no way then of defending the assertion of the souls being matter, or any modification of it.

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xiii. 75 Each different distance is a different Modification of Space.

1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued I. i. 17 Disposition, configuration and motion, are not substances but accidents in ancient dialect, or modifications according to modern philosophers.

1781 S. Johnson Pope in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets VII. 178 His Characters of Men, written with close attention to the operations of the mind and modifications of life.

1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. I. 204 New modifications of thought create new modes of expression.

a. The action of limiting, qualifying, or toning down a statement, etc.; restriction, reservation, qualification; an instance of this.Now merged in sense 6.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > toning down

modering1414

modulation1531

qualifying1565

modification1603

modifying1692

qualification1757

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [noun]

qualification1529

conditioning1530

modification1603

quality1622

conditionating1623

circumstantiatinga1652

1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. iii. iii. 493 So that it is naturallie a paine vnto me, to communicate my selfe by halues, and with modification.

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 317 He that beleeves not every Article of the Christian faith,..Damnabitur, (no modification, no mollification, no going lesse) He shal be damned.

1657 M. Hawke Killing is Murder & No Murder 49 Mariana..approves the killing of Princes by poison..yet always with this modification, that it is better to poison a Tyrant in his chair, or in his habit,..then to poison his drink.

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 221 in Justice Vindicated The Commissions and Bulls of the Popes Legate are..to be..published with such cautions and modifications as that Court shall judge expedient for the good of the Kingdom.

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xxi. 156 This proposition they have uniformly maintained, without any condition or modification whatsoever.

1881 Lockyer in Nature No. 616. 367 We find that the general statement requires a very considerable amount of modification.

†b. Probably: appeasing, mollifying, placation. Obsolete. rare.Cf. modify v. 2b and quot. a1631 at sense 3a.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > appeasing, pacifying, or propitiating

likingeOE

queemingeOE

mitigationa1382

pleasinga1382

propitiationa1425

appeasement1430

pacification1437

appeasingc1522

reconcilement1581

placation1589

reflection1607

modificationa1641

commodation1643

pacation1658

conciliation1775

making-up1816

mollification1886

a1641 J. Finett Philoxenis (1656) 48 The French Ambassador [having taken offence]..was entertained by one or two Lords of the Bed-Chamber..but with little effect, though Sir Thomas Edmons..were (together with the Master of the Ceremonies) sent to him immediately after to the same purpose of modification.

4. Grammar. Qualification or limitation of the sense of one word, phrase, etc., by another or (more generally) by the syntactic context; an instance of this (cf. attribution n. 5). Later also: the morphological process by which a part or parts of a form are altered.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > modification

modification1668

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iii. ii. 305 The Modifications of Pronouns..are of two kinds. 1 Possessive... 2 Reduplicative.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Modificative Nouns, and Verbs,..are susceptible of divers Circumstances or Modifications.

a1831 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 70/2 In all these instances, it is obvious, that the attribute expressed by the adjective undergoes some modification from the adverb.

1958 W. N. Francis Struct. Amer. Eng. vi. 298 Nouns appear very frequently as heads of structures of modification... The most common noun-modifier is the adjective.

1973 Archivum Linguisticum 4 6 CP usually sets its time reference in the opening utterances of a discourse and then continues with verb forms which have auxiliary modification within the newly established time scheme.

1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 355 Modification by adverbials.

5. The result of altering or modifying something; a modified form, a variety.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > [noun] > change within limits, variation, or modification > instance of

discrepance1568

vary1600

variation1611

modification1669

the world > relative properties > relationship > variety > [noun] > a variant or variation

variance1497

vary1600

variousness1628

varying1628

variegation1668

modification1669

diversificationa1676

variation1699

variant1849

1669 W. Holder Elem. Speech 6 The chief..of all signes is..Humane voice, and the several modifications thereof by the Organs of Speech, viz. the Letters of the Alphabet.

1704 I. Newton Opticks i. ii. 85 And therefore these Colours are to be derived from some other cause than the new modifications of Light by refractions and shadows.

1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing iii. 142 Together with blue, red, yellow, and their modifications and combinations.

1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 24 The acid of wood in its original state, or the acetate of lime, which is its next modification.

1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem.: Org. (1862) iv. §1. 265 Stearin may exist in three modifications, each of which has a different fusing point.

1867 H. Macmillan Bible Teachings (1870) vii. 130 All the parts of a plant, from the seed to the blossom, are mere modifications of a leaf.

1906 B. Redwood Treat. Petroleum (ed. 2) I. 287 The rotary system..is a modification of that invented by Fauvelle in 1845.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 97 353/1 Dr. Shang..is the ‘take-charge’ person for their heart-lung pump, which was a modification of the Kay Cross.

1994 New Scientist 7 May 51/3 A modification of the late Lancelot Hogben's Interglossa, it [sc. Glosa, the international language] is extremely easy to learn, rich and flexible.

6. The action or an act of making changes to something without altering its essential nature or character; partial alteration; (also) a change made.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > [noun] > change within limits, variation, or modification

variation1502

diversification1603

flexion1603

divisiona1616

amendment1653

variating1653

sophistication1664

modulation1674

vacillation1769

modification1775

variorum1776

modifyinga1853

tropicalization1893

mod1943

1775 E. Burke Speech Amer. Taxation 33 Sir, a partial repeal, or, as the bon ton of the court then was, a modification would have satisfied a timid, unsystematic, procrastinating ministry.

1835 R. Southey Doctor III. 305 It is a curious instance of the modification which words undergo in different countries.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species i. 8 Our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. i. 7 It required but a slight modification of our plans.

1921 S. H. Higgins Bleaching xiii. 111 The ‘copper value’ standardised by Schwalbe is the most definite measure available for the diagnosis of chemical modification in celluloses.

1948 V. L. Streeter Fluid Dynamics i. 6 Many conclusions concerning the motion of a solid through an ideal fluid are applicable with slight modification to the motion of an airship through the air.

1950 Hot Rod Mar. 10/2 The immense engine was beautifully finished..there had been little modification.

1987 M. S. Laverack & J. Dando Lect. Notes Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 3) xxlii. 123/2 Respiration may be a consequence of..behavioural and structural modification (plastron respiration in aquatic insects).

1991 Model Railways Mar. 119/1 The only significant modifications are the armoured axle boxes.

†7. Music. The fact or quality of having a temperament which differs from equal temperament (see temperament n. 10). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Modification, a term applied to that temperament of the sounds of instruments whose tones are fixed, which gives a greater degree of perfection to one key than another, and produces between them a characteristic difference, as in organs, harpsichords, and pianofortes.

†8. Law. A limitation or constraint on the owning of property. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > a limitation or condition of

restrictive covenant1794

modification1804

1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 12 An agreement to make some future disposition or modification of real property.

9. Phonetics. = umlaut n. a, mutation n. 5c. Also: an instance or the result of this.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > umlaut

modification1845

umlaut1852

mutation1875

metaphony1894

umlauting1938

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > umlaut > instance or result of

modification1845

mutate1875

1845 J. M. Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 136 This operation, for which we have no name, is known in Germany by that of Umlaut..: we must content ourselves with the very insufficient rendering ‘modification’.

1845 J. M. Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 136 These modifications remain, even though the vowel that caused them should have perished by lapse of time.

1845 J. M. Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 141 The long u, and its modification ý.

1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 22 Jan. 1/3 Why..cannot the ‘reader’ of the Revue look after the correct spelling of the German text? The signs of the modification are wanting in almost every case.

1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. iii. 68 It [sc. assimilation] may be reciprocal, when the modification is mutual.

10. Biology.

a. A non-heritable change produced in an organism in response to a particular environment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in relation to habitat > [noun] > conditions of

plasticity1858

modification1875

tolerance1898

autotrophy1900

heterotrophism1900

sympatry1904

heterotrophy1930

zootrophy1930

chemoautotrophism1943

chemolithotrophy1947

chemoorganotrophy1947

chemotrophy1947

chemoautotrophy1949

prototrophy1949

auxotrophy1953

photoautotrophy1961

photoheterotrophy1961

opportunism1967

chemoheterotrophy1972

chemolithoautotrophy1976

psychrotolerance1977

1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 145/2 Adaptation..is usually restricted..to imply such modifications as arise during the life of an individual, when an external change directly generates some change of function and structure.

1918 Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 6 221 If the organisms and their descendants when transplanted again into the original medium are again found to be red, then the change (loss of colour) is a modification.

1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. ii. 21 We can now..distinguish definitely between ‘mutations’, which are due to changes in the constitution of the animal—in the hereditary factors themselves—and ‘modifications’, which are due to changes in the environment.

1965 P. Bell & D. Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) 353 The modifications induced in the alpine plant, probably due principally to the increased amount of ultra-violet light it receives, are not inherited.

b. The development of non-heritable changes in an organism (as opposed to variation or mutation). Now rare.The word used with a broader sense remains common in scientific contexts: see quots. 1859, 1987 at sense 6, which refer to biological changes which may be heritable or non-heritable.

ΚΠ

1896 Nat. Sci. 9 288 In the life of a single individual it is obvious that no modification can affect variation, since this is necessarily antecedent.

1908 Encycl. Relig. & Ethics I. 66/2 Individuals are born different by variation; they become different during their lives by modification.

1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. viii. 214 (heading) Modification and distributions of crops (and weeds).

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	modification
释义	modificationn. Brit. /ˌmɒdᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌmɑdəfəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: 1500s modyfycacyon, 1600s– modification; Scottish pre-1700 modefication, pre-1700 modeficatioun, pre-1700 modificacioun, pre-1700 modificatione, pre-1700 modificatioun, pre-1700 modificatioune, pre-1700 1700s– modification. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French modification; Latin modificātiōn-, modificātiō. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French modification (late 13th cent. in Anglo-Norman in sense ‘modification, condition, proviso’, 1376 in sense 6, 1385 in sense 8; also in Anglo-Norman as modificacion) and their etymon classical Latin modificātiōn-, modificātiō bringing to order, regulation, in post-classical Latin also adjustment, qualification (from 13th cent. in British sources) < modificāt- , past participial stem of modificāre (see modify v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Catalan modificació (1344), Old Occitan modification (1441 in legal sense), Spanish modificación (1490; 1454 as modificaçion). †1. Scots Law. The action of assessing and prescribing a legal payment or penalty, or a price, valuation, etc.; esp. the determining and awarding of the amount of a parish minister's stipend. Cf. modify v. 3. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1492 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 248/1 And becauss þe modificatioune of þe betternes of þe said tercis [of land] suld be haid & maid be certane frendis. 1533 in J. Robertson Illustr. Topogr. & Antiq. Aberdeen & Banff (1857) III. 467 We are contentit til paye the soume of tenne merkis of monie efter the modificacioun and consideratioun of freindis. 1569 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 665 That he sall satisfie, content and pay all personis skaythit or hurt in thair gudis be him..at the jugement, sicht, discretioun, and modificatioun of Johnne Erskin of Dun. 1578 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 30 The ordinar assignationis of the stependis of the ministre contenit in the yeirlie buke of the modificatioun. 1597 in J. Stuart Misc. Spalding Club (1841) I. 155 And therfor referrit hir ponishment to the modificatioune and discretioune of the justice. 1605 in J. Stuart Sel. Rec. Kirk Aberdeen (1846) 47 A pecuniall penaltie to the puir, according to the modificatioun of the sessioun. 1633 in W. Macgill Old Ross-shire & Scotl. (1909) I. 34 For modification of stipends and plantation of kirks. 1696 in D. M. Lyon Hist. Lodge Edinb. (1873) 415 Aney meassone who shall be desyrous to enter themselves with this lodge, the samen shall be referred to the modificatione of aney one of the members..as to their entrey money. 1838 W. Bell Dict. Law Scotl. at Locality The decree of the Teind Court, modifying a stipend to a minister from the teinds of the parish, is called a decree of modification. 1887 G. Outram Lyrics (new ed.) 213 The fixing of the stipend is termed its ‘modification’. 2. Philosophy. a. The bringing or coming of a thing into a particular mode of existence; differentiation into a variety of forms or modes. Cf. modificate v.Now merged in sense 6. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > [noun] > mode or form of existence > determination into particular mode of being modification1502 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > [noun] > attribute > mode of being > bringing into particular mode of being modification1502 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iv. xviii. sig. y.i After the cyrcumstaunces & modyfycacyon of mortall synne. 1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. iii. vi. 191 If men contend about the terme specification..I can..substitute in the room thereof a terme equivalent thereto in point of efficace, namely, modification, which is used by our acute Dr. Sam. Ward. 1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. ii. 14 If these powers of Cogitation, and Volition, and Sensation, are neither inherent in Matter as such, nor acquirable to Matter by any motion and modification of it. 1701 N. Grew Cosmol. Sacra ii. ii. §26 The Use hereof [sc. of Sense], being only to minister to the Modification of Life in the Vital Principle, wherein the Essence of Sense doth consist. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. viii. 150 The word modification is properly the bringing a thing into a certain mode of existence, but it is very commonly employed for the mode of existence itself. b. The form of existence belonging to a particular object, considered as a determination of a wider entity or substance; any of the particular or concrete forms into which a substance or entity is differentiated; a mode or variety of being (cf. mode n. 6). Also in extended use. Obsolete.As the philosophical concept lost currency this sense became obsolete or merged in sense 5. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > extrinsicality or externality > [noun] > mode or form of existence formc1310 affection?1543 modification1644 notion1649 mode1668 modus1675 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > [noun] > attribute > mode of being modification1644 mode1668 modus1675 1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. v. 400 We conceiue these modifications of the thing, like substances; and..we call them by substantiue names. 1665 J. Glanvill Sciri Tuum: Authors Defense 21 in Scepsis Scientifica There is no way then of defending the assertion of the souls being matter, or any modification of it. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xiii. 75 Each different distance is a different Modification of Space. 1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued I. i. 17 Disposition, configuration and motion, are not substances but accidents in ancient dialect, or modifications according to modern philosophers. 1781 S. Johnson Pope in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets VII. 178 His Characters of Men, written with close attention to the operations of the mind and modifications of life. 1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. I. 204 New modifications of thought create new modes of expression. 3. a. The action of limiting, qualifying, or toning down a statement, etc.; restriction, reservation, qualification; an instance of this.Now merged in sense 6. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > toning down modering1414 modulation1531 qualifying1565 modification1603 modifying1692 qualification1757 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [noun] qualification1529 conditioning1530 modification1603 quality1622 conditionating1623 circumstantiatinga1652 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. iii. iii. 493 So that it is naturallie a paine vnto me, to communicate my selfe by halues, and with modification. a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 317 He that beleeves not every Article of the Christian faith,..Damnabitur, (no modification, no mollification, no going lesse) He shal be damned. 1657 M. Hawke Killing is Murder & No Murder 49 Mariana..approves the killing of Princes by poison..yet always with this modification, that it is better to poison a Tyrant in his chair, or in his habit,..then to poison his drink. 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 221 in Justice Vindicated The Commissions and Bulls of the Popes Legate are..to be..published with such cautions and modifications as that Court shall judge expedient for the good of the Kingdom. 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xxi. 156 This proposition they have uniformly maintained, without any condition or modification whatsoever. 1881 Lockyer in Nature No. 616. 367 We find that the general statement requires a very considerable amount of modification. †b. Probably: appeasing, mollifying, placation. Obsolete. rare.Cf. modify v. 2b and quot. a1631 at sense 3a. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > appeasing, pacifying, or propitiating likingeOE queemingeOE mitigationa1382 pleasinga1382 propitiationa1425 appeasement1430 pacification1437 appeasingc1522 reconcilement1581 placation1589 reflection1607 modificationa1641 commodation1643 pacation1658 conciliation1775 making-up1816 mollification1886 a1641 J. Finett Philoxenis (1656) 48 The French Ambassador [having taken offence]..was entertained by one or two Lords of the Bed-Chamber..but with little effect, though Sir Thomas Edmons..were (together with the Master of the Ceremonies) sent to him immediately after to the same purpose of modification. 4. Grammar. Qualification or limitation of the sense of one word, phrase, etc., by another or (more generally) by the syntactic context; an instance of this (cf. attribution n. 5). Later also: the morphological process by which a part or parts of a form are altered. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [noun] > modification modification1668 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iii. ii. 305 The Modifications of Pronouns..are of two kinds. 1 Possessive... 2 Reduplicative. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Modificative Nouns, and Verbs,..are susceptible of divers Circumstances or Modifications. a1831 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 70/2 In all these instances, it is obvious, that the attribute expressed by the adjective undergoes some modification from the adverb. 1958 W. N. Francis Struct. Amer. Eng. vi. 298 Nouns appear very frequently as heads of structures of modification... The most common noun-modifier is the adjective. 1973 Archivum Linguisticum 4 6 CP usually sets its time reference in the opening utterances of a discourse and then continues with verb forms which have auxiliary modification within the newly established time scheme. 1991 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 36 355 Modification by adverbials. 5. The result of altering or modifying something; a modified form, a variety. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > [noun] > change within limits, variation, or modification > instance of discrepance1568 vary1600 variation1611 modification1669 the world > relative properties > relationship > variety > [noun] > a variant or variation variance1497 vary1600 variousness1628 varying1628 variegation1668 modification1669 diversificationa1676 variation1699 variant1849 1669 W. Holder Elem. Speech 6 The chief..of all signes is..Humane voice, and the several modifications thereof by the Organs of Speech, viz. the Letters of the Alphabet. 1704 I. Newton Opticks i. ii. 85 And therefore these Colours are to be derived from some other cause than the new modifications of Light by refractions and shadows. 1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing iii. 142 Together with blue, red, yellow, and their modifications and combinations. 1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 24 The acid of wood in its original state, or the acetate of lime, which is its next modification. 1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem.: Org. (1862) iv. §1. 265 Stearin may exist in three modifications, each of which has a different fusing point. 1867 H. Macmillan Bible Teachings (1870) vii. 130 All the parts of a plant, from the seed to the blossom, are mere modifications of a leaf. 1906 B. Redwood Treat. Petroleum (ed. 2) I. 287 The rotary system..is a modification of that invented by Fauvelle in 1845. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 97 353/1 Dr. Shang..is the ‘take-charge’ person for their heart-lung pump, which was a modification of the Kay Cross. 1994 New Scientist 7 May 51/3 A modification of the late Lancelot Hogben's Interglossa, it [sc. Glosa, the international language] is extremely easy to learn, rich and flexible. 6. The action or an act of making changes to something without altering its essential nature or character; partial alteration; (also) a change made. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > [noun] > change within limits, variation, or modification variation1502 diversification1603 flexion1603 divisiona1616 amendment1653 variating1653 sophistication1664 modulation1674 vacillation1769 modification1775 variorum1776 modifyinga1853 tropicalization1893 mod1943 1775 E. Burke Speech Amer. Taxation 33 Sir, a partial repeal, or, as the bon ton of the court then was, a modification would have satisfied a timid, unsystematic, procrastinating ministry. 1835 R. Southey Doctor III. 305 It is a curious instance of the modification which words undergo in different countries. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species i. 8 Our oldest domesticated animals are still capable of rapid improvement or modification. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. i. 7 It required but a slight modification of our plans. 1921 S. H. Higgins Bleaching xiii. 111 The ‘copper value’ standardised by Schwalbe is the most definite measure available for the diagnosis of chemical modification in celluloses. 1948 V. L. Streeter Fluid Dynamics i. 6 Many conclusions concerning the motion of a solid through an ideal fluid are applicable with slight modification to the motion of an airship through the air. 1950 Hot Rod Mar. 10/2 The immense engine was beautifully finished..there had been little modification. 1987 M. S. Laverack & J. Dando Lect. Notes Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 3) xxlii. 123/2 Respiration may be a consequence of..behavioural and structural modification (plastron respiration in aquatic insects). 1991 Model Railways Mar. 119/1 The only significant modifications are the armoured axle boxes. †7. Music. The fact or quality of having a temperament which differs from equal temperament (see temperament n. 10). Obsolete. ΚΠ 1786 T. Busby Compl. Dict. Music Modification, a term applied to that temperament of the sounds of instruments whose tones are fixed, which gives a greater degree of perfection to one key than another, and produces between them a characteristic difference, as in organs, harpsichords, and pianofortes. †8. Law. A limitation or constraint on the owning of property. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > a limitation or condition of restrictive covenant1794 modification1804 1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 12 An agreement to make some future disposition or modification of real property. 9. Phonetics. = umlaut n. a, mutation n. 5c. Also: an instance or the result of this. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > umlaut modification1845 umlaut1852 mutation1875 metaphony1894 umlauting1938 the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > umlaut > instance or result of modification1845 mutate1875 1845 J. M. Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 136 This operation, for which we have no name, is known in Germany by that of Umlaut..: we must content ourselves with the very insufficient rendering ‘modification’. 1845 J. M. Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 136 These modifications remain, even though the vowel that caused them should have perished by lapse of time. 1845 J. M. Kemble in Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 141 The long u, and its modification ý. 1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 22 Jan. 1/3 Why..cannot the ‘reader’ of the Revue look after the correct spelling of the German text? The signs of the modification are wanting in almost every case. 1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. iii. 68 It [sc. assimilation] may be reciprocal, when the modification is mutual. 10. Biology. a. A non-heritable change produced in an organism in response to a particular environment. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in relation to habitat > [noun] > conditions of plasticity1858 modification1875 tolerance1898 autotrophy1900 heterotrophism1900 sympatry1904 heterotrophy1930 zootrophy1930 chemoautotrophism1943 chemolithotrophy1947 chemoorganotrophy1947 chemotrophy1947 chemoautotrophy1949 prototrophy1949 auxotrophy1953 photoautotrophy1961 photoheterotrophy1961 opportunism1967 chemoheterotrophy1972 chemolithoautotrophy1976 psychrotolerance1977 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 145/2 Adaptation..is usually restricted..to imply such modifications as arise during the life of an individual, when an external change directly generates some change of function and structure. 1918 Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 6 221 If the organisms and their descendants when transplanted again into the original medium are again found to be red, then the change (loss of colour) is a modification. 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. ii. 21 We can now..distinguish definitely between ‘mutations’, which are due to changes in the constitution of the animal—in the hereditary factors themselves—and ‘modifications’, which are due to changes in the environment. 1965 P. Bell & D. Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) 353 The modifications induced in the alpine plant, probably due principally to the increased amount of ultra-violet light it receives, are not inherited. b. The development of non-heritable changes in an organism (as opposed to variation or mutation). Now rare.The word used with a broader sense remains common in scientific contexts: see quots. 1859, 1987 at sense 6, which refer to biological changes which may be heritable or non-heritable. ΚΠ 1896 Nat. Sci. 9 288 In the life of a single individual it is obvious that no modification can affect variation, since this is necessarily antecedent. 1908 Encycl. Relig. & Ethics I. 66/2 Individuals are born different by variation; they become different during their lives by modification. 1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. viii. 214 (heading) Modification and distributions of crops (and weeds). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1492
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