modellingmodelingn.
/ˈmɒdl̩ɪŋ/, /ˈmɒdlɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈmɑd(ə)lɪŋ/ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > [noun] > shaping > putting into form > by planning, guidance, etc.
modelling1650
formature1659
1650 Grand Case of Conscience 4 I have so much charity to think there was on all sides good and honest intentions active in the modelling of it [sc. this Covenant].
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes Pref. 4 In the modelling..of this Poem..the Antients and Italians are..follow'd, as of much more authority.
1676 G. Towerson Explic. Decalogue 431 He who invests another person..should have the modelling of his own grant.
1693 W. Congreve Old Batchelour iv. iii. 35 I undertook the modelling of one of their Fronts, the more modern Structure.
1722 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. II. 277 The Council's Letter..contains some other Things anent the Modelling of the Justices of the Peace.
1749 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) II. 513 She is a fine lively girl, but wants a good deal of modelling.
1776 J. Home Let. 14 Oct. in E. C. Mossner & I. S. Ross Corr. A. Smith (1977) clxxvi. 215 Any alterations, might require the new modeling of the whole... I believe it had best be published as it is.
2.
a. The action or art of making models, esp. by moulding clay, wax, or the like; spec. the making of preparatory models for sculptures or other works of art. Also concrete: something shaped or modelled.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > [noun] > shaping
moulding1327
shapinga1350
forming1401
plasmation?a1475
framing1551
figuration1561
characterization1570
efformation1578
modelizing1600
fictilage1610
shapening1647
modelling1706
licking1737
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > modelling > [noun]
modelling1706
1706 J. Savage tr. R. de Piles Art of Painting 456 He apply'd himself to the Study and Practice of Modelling in Wax.
1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting I. iv. 62 He [sc. Holbein] learned besides, graving, casting, modelling and architecture.
1853 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Oct. 407/1 Where are the native, instructed artists, to supply designs and modellings.
1856 Eng. Cycl., Biogr. II. 163 Chantrey..therefore turned his attention to modelling in clay.
1860 Our Eng. Home 167 These beautiful modellings and arboresque chasings.
1872 J. Yeats Techn. Hist. Commerce 351 Associated with and dependent upon casting is another new handicraft, called modelling.
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 90/2 A new school of taxidermists, with new methods, whose aim is to combine a knowledge of anatomy and modelling with taxidermic technique.
1907 E. Dillon Glass xxii. 359 A substance..which has been made use of by the French sculptor, M. Henri Cros, in the modelling of polychrome reliefs and friezes.
1960 Connoisseur's Handbk. Antique Coll. 236/1 There are various ways of producing relief decoration: by freehand modelling, free-incising or piercing [etc.].
1990 Artist's & Illustrator's Mag. May 29/1 Lessons included life drawing, draped life, drawing out-of-doors, memory exercises and clay modelling.
b. The construction of scale models, now esp. as a hobby.
ΚΠ
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1458/1 The largest attempt at geographical modeling was by Mr. Wyld.
1947 E. Beal (title) New developments in railway modelling.
1982 L. Geary Modelling Comm. Vehicles 11 Modelling has a lot to offer as a hobby.
c. The devising or use of abstract or mathematical models. Cf. model n. 8a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [noun] > idealized system or process > use of
modelling1950
1950 Jrnl. Symbolic Logic 15 118 Modelling is more difficult if L is a system involving types.
1965 C. H. Springer et al. Advanced Methods & Models i. 4 The best way to untangle the confusion which many people have about mathematical modeling as a method for solving important business problems is to untangle the whole idea of model building as a way of thinking about the world we live in.
1971 J. Howlett in B. de Ferranti Living with Computer ii. 13 The computer has..made it possible to apply this method—mathematical modelling followed by numerical solution of the resulting equations—to problems that would be quite intractable without its aid.
1974 Nature 2 Aug. 450/3 It also gives the reader some feel for the vast problems involved in any worthwhile quantitative modelling of climatic change.
1993 New Scientist 8 May 34/2 Computer modelling..gives designers the opportunity to test designs ‘in silicon’, before going near any hardware.
3. Art. The representation of solid form in sculpture; the fact of being artistically modelled or shaped so as to appear lifelike (also in extended use). Also: the representation or appearance of material relief and solidity in painting, photography, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > relief and texture > [noun] > appearance or representation of relief
projection1619
relievo1685
relief1699
modelling1865
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > sculpture or carving > [noun] > processes or techniques
hatchet work1697
bossage1704
rusticating1749
boasting1823
chiselling1835
marmotinto1844
pointing1845
modelling1865
petroglyphy1882
pointillé1893
ganosis1911
1865 A. Trollope Can you forgive Her? II. xxxi. 246 Her nose was perfect in its shape, and, by the delicacy of its modelling, had given a peculiar grace to her face.
1870 G. H. Lewes Jrnl. 10 Apr. in ‘G. Eliot’ Lett. (1956) V. 89 Marvellous Rembrandt... The modelling and flesh painting surpasses anything I remember of his.
1874 J. A. Symonds Sketches Italy & Greece (1898) I. viii. 134 An ideal Roman head, with the powerful square modelling.
1884 H. Wallis in Athenæum 8 Nov. 599/2 The drapery also has all his careful elaboration and accurate modelling.
1889 Academy 25 May 365/1 The modelling in the numerous portraits..is painstaking rather than really firm or expressive of the structure beneath.
1910 E. A. Gardner Six Greek Sculptors 34 The bold modelling of the figure, and the skill with which the twist of the body is rendered.
1961 G. Millerson Telev. Production iii. 36 If the camera-tube received excessive light from the scene, over-bright areas would be over-exposed in the reproduced picture. They would appear flaring and lack modelling (burnt-out).
1984 J. Partridge One Touch Photogr. 34 On a hazy day, enough sunlight will come through to give you some modelling without hard shadows.
4. The work of an artistic or fashion model. Frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > wearing clothing > modelling or displaying clothing > [noun]
mannequining1927
modelling1949
1949 Chicago Tribune 17 Feb. 10/3 I never thought of modeling as a career.
1959 ‘J. Christopher’ Scent of White Poppies iv. 55 I did do some modelling there.
1963 G. Marx Let. 11 Apr. (1967) 63 She is abandoning the modeling school and plans to embark upon..settlement work.
1988 Pract. Photography Sept. 28/3 Once you're established, modelling agencies will send new girls to you for test shots.
5. Social Psychology. Esp. in behaviour therapy: the action or process of eliciting a mode of behaviour by example. Cf. model v. 11.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > model, pattern, or example > action or conduct serving as
examplea1382
exemplara1393
samplea1400
exemplarya1425
moulda1547
modelling1959
1959 D. Landy Trop. Childhood i. 11 One could conclude that..the aggression is..impelled by the behavior modeling of older siblings, to want to advance to a less infantile behavior mode.
1963 A. Bandura & R. H. Walters Social Learning & Personality Devel. ii. 50 In negative exemplary modeling the parents select some person as demonstrating undesirable behavior.
1973 Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. 122 64 The modeling, a vicarious process..,involves a subject's observation of another person or persons engaged in a behavior that the subject may later perform.
1994 Bottom Line 1 Aug. 5/1 A father guides his children to these fundamentals—not by telling them what to think but by modeling and teaching them how to think.
Compounds
C1. General attributive (in sense 2a).
modelling clay n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > modelling > [noun] > materials
modelling clay1825
modelling wax1828
plasticine1897
plastique1903
glitterwax1944
1825 J. S. Memes Mem. Antonio Canova iv. 205 The first original statue by Canova, or rather his earliest production in which the human form was imitated in any material more durable than modelling clay.
1853 Househ. Words 3 Dec. 316/2 We..at last arrive at a long low shed, where there is a furnace, several tons of modelling clay, [etc.].
1993 Harrowsmith Dec. 91/1 You can make delightful pins by stencilling on mat board, modelling clay, salt dough, balsa wood or even small, flat pebbles.
modelling-stand n.
ΚΠ
1853 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Jan. 95 Next to the modelling stand, the principal object in the smaller studio was an old bureau.
1909 Chambers's Jrnl. Sept. 565/2 Lily had laid down his card on the ledge of my modelling-stand.
modelling wax n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > modelling > [noun] > materials
modelling clay1825
modelling wax1828
plasticine1897
plastique1903
glitterwax1944
1828 Examiner (London) 21 Dec. 826/1 The key of his cash chest..was applied..between the shoulders of the patient... A piece of modelling wax had been place there previously... Three days after, the cash-box was empty.
1891 R. Kipling Light that Failed xii. 234 A piece of red modelling-wax.
1990 Lifestyle Summer 28/2 Non-toxic waterpaints, fingerpaints, crayons and modelling wax are all available.
C2. † modelling gallery n. Obsolete rare (in porcelain manufacture) a gallery or room in which items are formed into shape before firing.
modelling-board n. rare a board used for moulding loam.
ΚΠ
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1458/1 Modeling-board, a board used in loam-molding to give shape to the mold.
ΚΠ
1742 Gentleman's Mag. Aug. 348 Pressing and modelling gallery.
modelling-loft n. rare = mould loft n. at mould n.3 Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > shipyard or boat-yard > [noun] > mould-loft
mould loft1711
mould room1791
moulding-loft1830
modelling-loft1841
1841 Newcastle Courant 16 Apr. ii. 2/2 Several Slips for Building Ships, Counting House, Modelling Loft, Black-smith's Shop, [etc.].
1882 Ogilvie's Imperial Dict. (new ed.) Modelling-loft.
modelling-plane n. rare a short plane used in planing rounded surfaces.
ΚΠ
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1458/1 Modeling-plane, a short plane used in planing rounding surfaces.
modelling-stick n. a tool used in the modelling of clay or wax.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > modelling > [noun] > tools
modelling-stick1807
modelling tool1834
armature1880
1807 A. M. Porter Hungarian Brothers I. iv. 96 She plied the modelling-sticks, or the chissel, with equal vileness.
1888 Harper's Mag. Mar. 643 Books on art..are worse than useless and should be left alone. The pencil, the brush, and the modelling-stick should take their place.
modelling tool n. (a) a tool used for modelling or working a material; (b) Computing a program which assists with the manipulation of data for the construction of a computer model.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > modelling > [noun] > tools
modelling-stick1807
modelling tool1834
armature1880
1834 Southern Literary Messenger Dec. 141/1 The chisel is his modelling tool.
1911 Jrnl. Royal Anthropol. Inst. 41 267 General Thurston..found some curious mushroom-shaped articles, of burnt clay, which he took to be modelling tools for plastering or smoothing the walls of houses.
1976 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 139 488 The econometrician should consider Box-Jenkins as a major modelling tool.
1982 Amer. Banker (Nexis) 20 Apr. 23 The numerous application programs and modelling tools that are presently available require little or no knowledge of programming.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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