monismn.

Brit.

/ˈmɒnɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈmɑˌnɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈmoʊˌnɪz(ə)m/

Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Monismus.

Etymology: < German Monismus (1825 in the passage translated in quot. 1832 at sense 1a; apparently earliest used by the philosopher C. Wolff, 1679–1754) < ancient Greek μόνος single (see mono- comb. form) + German -ismus -ism suffix. Compare French monisme (1875).

1. Any theory, or system of thought or belief, that assumes a single ultimate principle, being, force, etc., rather than more than one. Cf. dualism n. 3, pluralism n. 2, 3.

a. A theory that denies the duality of matter and mind. Cf. neutral monism n. at neutral n. and adj. Compounds.Materialism and idealism (or spiritualism) can both be regarded as varieties of this type of monism; the name, however, is often applied specifically to a third variety, i.e. the doctrine that physical and psychical phenomena are both manifestations of an ultimate reality which cannot be identified with either matter or mind.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism

Unitarianism1830

monism1832

unitism1839

henism1881

singularism1897

neutral monism1914

1832 A. Johnson tr. W. G. Tennemann Man. Hist. Philos. 34 Dogmatism..with reference to the number of fundamental principles,..becomes Dualism or Monism [Ger. Monismus]; and to this last description belong both Materialism and Spiritualism.

1876 E. R. Lankester tr. E. Haeckel Hist. Creation I. ii. 35 The Monism here maintained by us is often considered identical with Materialism.

1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 564/1 Until dualism had been thought out, as in the Peripatetic school, it was impossible that monism (or at any rate materialistic monism) should be definitely and consciously maintained.

1898 J. R. Illingworth Divine Immanence iii. 71 Monism..started from the physical side, from analysis of the cerebral conditions of thought.

1944 J. E. Boodin in P. A. Schilpp Philos. B. Russell xv. 495 It seems to me that Russell's neutral monism is an illusion. Our sensory awareness—‘sensation’ as Russell calls it—is real. But it is not identical with a mathematical equation.

1984 E. Pawel Nightmare of Reason v. 69 Haeckel, who mounted Darwin's theories into the framework of a mechanistic monism that left no room even for Spinoza's monistic deity.

1992 New Scientist 3 Oct. 41/1 Materialistic monism—the belief that no crucial differences exist between physical and mental events.

b. The belief that only one being (or only one kind of being) exists, esp. the doctrine that all living things are elements of a universal being.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > non-Christian religions > Hinduism > systems of philosophy > [noun] > monism

monism1856

1856 Biblical Repertory 28 357 The triplicity in unity in Monism is the Infinite, the Finite, and their relations.

1862 F. Hall tr. N. N. Gore Rational Refut. Hindu Philos. Syst. 160 To the Vedántins the establishment of monism, or non-duality, is most essential. They wish to make out the soul to be Brahma, and the world to be false; whence it would follow, that Brahma solely is true, and that nought but him exists.

1892 G. M. McCrie Miss Naden's World-scheme 28 The existence of ‘other selves’, being secondarily inferred, in no way touches the prime fact of solipsismal monism.

1934 J. Baillie And Life Everlasting v. 117 In opposition to such monism, arose the dualistic Sankhya system. According to this teaching human souls are not all united in one impersonal atman, but exist separately, each in its own right.

1957 Encycl. Brit. XII. 251/1 The Sāmkhya is a reaction against the idealistic monism of the Upanishads. It believes in a real matter and an infinite plurality of individual souls which are not emanations of a single world-soul.

1967 R. Hall in P. Edwards Encycl. Philos. V. 363/1 ‘Monism’ is a name for a group of views in metaphysics that stress the oneness or unity of reality in some sense.

c. The doctrine that there is only one supreme being (or set of beings), as opposed to the belief in a good and an evil principle as conflicting powers. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > doctrine > doctrine concerning God or a god > [noun] > monism

monism1872

1872 G. S. Morris tr. F. Ueberweg Hist. Philos. I. 334 Against the dualism of the Manichæans..Augustine defends the monism [Ger. Monismus] of the good principle.

1914 Philos. Rev. 23 353 The world..has defect, and is therefore a dualism of good and evil, not a mystic monism.

1978 Amer. Hist. Rev. 83 968/2 Many ancient cultures moved from a kind of naive monism, in which the gods are good and evil by turns, to a more and more pronounced dualism, in which God has become so perfectly good that he evokes..a devil as an equal counterpart.

2. gen. A theory or doctrine which states that there is a single origin or destination for all the elements or beings within a system, or that there is a single force by which such elements are governed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [noun] > of origin or development of life

epigenesis1653

intelligent design1816

vitalism1822

ovarism1857

panspermy1857

creationism1860

monadism1860

nomogeny1868

thaumatogeny1868

biogenesis1870

panspermism1870

biogeny1871

polygenesis1871

panspermatism1874

monism1880

ovism1892

neo-vitalism1895

creation science1970

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism > related doctrines

monism1880

1880 F. P. Pascoe Zool. Classif. (ed. 2) 283 Monism, the descent of all organic beings from one primitive stock.

1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. x. 366 The contrast between the Monism thus reached and our own psychological point of view can be exhibited schematically.

1903 B. Russell Princ. Math. i. iv. 43 The subject is important, since the issues between monism and monadism, between idealism and empiricism..all depend, in whole or in part, upon the theory we adopt in regard to the present question.

1903 B. Russell Princ. Math. i. iv. 44 Numerical identity and diversity are the source of unity and plurality; and thus the admission of many terms destroys monism.

1949 P. A. Schilpp Albert Einstein xxiii. 591 The question is still open whether it is possible thereby to arrive at a real monism; for the conversion of Joule into mkg does not prove that the two forms of energy are in essence the same.

1964 J. Gould & W. L. Kolb Dict. Social Sci. 440/1 Monism is the notion..that in any society there must be one supreme power or authority and this must be lodged in the state.

1970 G. A. Theodorson & A. G. Theodorson Mod. Dict. Sociol. 93 Cultural monism, a doctrine that advocates the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture of a society to attain cultural uniformity.

1995 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 59 200 He succumbs to the common logical fallacy of reductionism. Examples of this ‘for want of a nail’ monism abound in written histories.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	monism
释义	monismn. Brit. /ˈmɒnɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈmɑˌnɪz(ə)m/, /ˈmoʊˌnɪz(ə)m/ Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Monismus. Etymology: < German Monismus (1825 in the passage translated in quot. 1832 at sense 1a; apparently earliest used by the philosopher C. Wolff, 1679–1754) < ancient Greek μόνος single (see mono- comb. form) + German -ismus -ism suffix. Compare French monisme (1875). 1. Any theory, or system of thought or belief, that assumes a single ultimate principle, being, force, etc., rather than more than one. Cf. dualism n. 3, pluralism n. 2, 3. a. A theory that denies the duality of matter and mind. Cf. neutral monism n. at neutral n. and adj. Compounds.Materialism and idealism (or spiritualism) can both be regarded as varieties of this type of monism; the name, however, is often applied specifically to a third variety, i.e. the doctrine that physical and psychical phenomena are both manifestations of an ultimate reality which cannot be identified with either matter or mind. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism Unitarianism1830 monism1832 unitism1839 henism1881 singularism1897 neutral monism1914 1832 A. Johnson tr. W. G. Tennemann Man. Hist. Philos. 34 Dogmatism..with reference to the number of fundamental principles,..becomes Dualism or Monism [Ger. Monismus]; and to this last description belong both Materialism and Spiritualism. 1876 E. R. Lankester tr. E. Haeckel Hist. Creation I. ii. 35 The Monism here maintained by us is often considered identical with Materialism. 1887 Encycl. Brit. XXII. 564/1 Until dualism had been thought out, as in the Peripatetic school, it was impossible that monism (or at any rate materialistic monism) should be definitely and consciously maintained. 1898 J. R. Illingworth Divine Immanence iii. 71 Monism..started from the physical side, from analysis of the cerebral conditions of thought. 1944 J. E. Boodin in P. A. Schilpp Philos. B. Russell xv. 495 It seems to me that Russell's neutral monism is an illusion. Our sensory awareness—‘sensation’ as Russell calls it—is real. But it is not identical with a mathematical equation. 1984 E. Pawel Nightmare of Reason v. 69 Haeckel, who mounted Darwin's theories into the framework of a mechanistic monism that left no room even for Spinoza's monistic deity. 1992 New Scientist 3 Oct. 41/1 Materialistic monism—the belief that no crucial differences exist between physical and mental events. b. The belief that only one being (or only one kind of being) exists, esp. the doctrine that all living things are elements of a universal being. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > non-Christian religions > Hinduism > systems of philosophy > [noun] > monism monism1856 1856 Biblical Repertory 28 357 The triplicity in unity in Monism is the Infinite, the Finite, and their relations. 1862 F. Hall tr. N. N. Gore Rational Refut. Hindu Philos. Syst. 160 To the Vedántins the establishment of monism, or non-duality, is most essential. They wish to make out the soul to be Brahma, and the world to be false; whence it would follow, that Brahma solely is true, and that nought but him exists. 1892 G. M. McCrie Miss Naden's World-scheme 28 The existence of ‘other selves’, being secondarily inferred, in no way touches the prime fact of solipsismal monism. 1934 J. Baillie And Life Everlasting v. 117 In opposition to such monism, arose the dualistic Sankhya system. According to this teaching human souls are not all united in one impersonal atman, but exist separately, each in its own right. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XII. 251/1 The Sāmkhya is a reaction against the idealistic monism of the Upanishads. It believes in a real matter and an infinite plurality of individual souls which are not emanations of a single world-soul. 1967 R. Hall in P. Edwards Encycl. Philos. V. 363/1 ‘Monism’ is a name for a group of views in metaphysics that stress the oneness or unity of reality in some sense. c. The doctrine that there is only one supreme being (or set of beings), as opposed to the belief in a good and an evil principle as conflicting powers. rare. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > doctrine > doctrine concerning God or a god > [noun] > monism monism1872 1872 G. S. Morris tr. F. Ueberweg Hist. Philos. I. 334 Against the dualism of the Manichæans..Augustine defends the monism [Ger. Monismus] of the good principle. 1914 Philos. Rev. 23 353 The world..has defect, and is therefore a dualism of good and evil, not a mystic monism. 1978 Amer. Hist. Rev. 83 968/2 Many ancient cultures moved from a kind of naive monism, in which the gods are good and evil by turns, to a more and more pronounced dualism, in which God has become so perfectly good that he evokes..a devil as an equal counterpart. 2. gen. A theory or doctrine which states that there is a single origin or destination for all the elements or beings within a system, or that there is a single force by which such elements are governed. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [noun] > of origin or development of life epigenesis1653 intelligent design1816 vitalism1822 ovarism1857 panspermy1857 creationism1860 monadism1860 nomogeny1868 thaumatogeny1868 biogenesis1870 panspermism1870 biogeny1871 polygenesis1871 panspermatism1874 monism1880 ovism1892 neo-vitalism1895 creation science1970 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism > related doctrines monism1880 1880 F. P. Pascoe Zool. Classif. (ed. 2) 283 Monism, the descent of all organic beings from one primitive stock. 1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. x. 366 The contrast between the Monism thus reached and our own psychological point of view can be exhibited schematically. 1903 B. Russell Princ. Math. i. iv. 43 The subject is important, since the issues between monism and monadism, between idealism and empiricism..all depend, in whole or in part, upon the theory we adopt in regard to the present question. 1903 B. Russell Princ. Math. i. iv. 44 Numerical identity and diversity are the source of unity and plurality; and thus the admission of many terms destroys monism. 1949 P. A. Schilpp Albert Einstein xxiii. 591 The question is still open whether it is possible thereby to arrive at a real monism; for the conversion of Joule into mkg does not prove that the two forms of energy are in essence the same. 1964 J. Gould & W. L. Kolb Dict. Social Sci. 440/1 Monism is the notion..that in any society there must be one supreme power or authority and this must be lodged in the state. 1970 G. A. Theodorson & A. G. Theodorson Mod. Dict. Sociol. 93 Cultural monism, a doctrine that advocates the assimilation of ethnic minorities into the dominant culture of a society to attain cultural uniformity. 1995 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 59 200 He succumbs to the common logical fallacy of reductionism. Examples of this ‘for want of a nail’ monism abound in written histories. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1832
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