Mongoln.adj.

Brit.

/ˈmɒŋɡl/,

/ˈmɒŋɡɒl/, U.S.

/ˈmɑŋɡ(ə)l/,

/ˈmɑŋˌɡoʊl/,

/ˈmɑnˌɡoʊl/

Forms: 1600s–1800s Mongul, 1600s– Mongol, 1700s Mungal, 1700s Mungul, 1800s Mongal, 1800s Monghol, 1800s Mongole.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French mongal.

Etymology: < French mongal (1540 as adjective, 1721 as noun) < Mongolian mongγol , of uncertain origin. Compare Mogul n.¹ and adj.With form Mungal compare German †Mungal (1730 in passage translated in quot. 1736 at sense A. 1a; German Mongole). N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (mǫ·ŋgǫl) /ˈmɒŋɡɒl/, as do some other dictionaries of the late 19th and early 20th cent. Editions of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. give this as the only pronunciation until the mid 20th cent. and the first pronunciation until the 1988 edition (after which it is given as an alternative).

A. n.

a. A member of any of a number of closely related Asiatic peoples now chiefly inhabiting Mongolia; a Mongolian.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > Mongol > [noun]

Mogul1598

Mongol1613

Mogulian1672

yellow1775

Mongolian1823

yellowskin1847

Mongoloid1868

xanthoderm1924

the world > people > ethnicities > Mongol peoples of Central Asia > [noun] > person

Mogul1598

Mongol1613

Mongolian1757

Khalkha1873

Kipchak1879

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iv. ix. 336 The great Mongols.

1736 tr. P. J. von Strahlenberg Histori-geogr. Descr. N. & E. Europe & Asia 138 Those few Mungals of King Ill-chan's Army, who [etc.].

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxv. 358 Timour dispatched..a numerous army..to subdue the Pagan Calmucks and Mungals.

1836 J. F. Davis Chinese I. v. 185 The first Emperor of the Ming dynasty, which expelled the Mongols in 1366, had been servant to a monastery of bonzes, or priests of Budh.

1837 Pop. Encycl. V. 33/1 Having subjugated Russia, the Monguls entered Poland in 1240.

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 744/1 Lamaism has always had a great attraction in the eyes of the Mongols.

1913 Eng. Rev. Jan. 284 The Mongols are not state-builders.

1948 A. L. Kroeber Anthropol. (rev. ed.) x. 429 The Manchu, the Mongols, and the still earlier Tungus conquerors of China lost their own cultures there.

1992 New Yorker 11 May 41/1 There were Mongols hawking sheepskins..and Vietnamese mongering shirts and leather jackets.

b. The principal language of Mongolia; Khalkha.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [noun] > Mongolian

Mongolic1815

Mongolian1822

Mongol1832

1832 A. L. Davids Gram. Turkish Lang. Pref. p. xxxi Some of these fragments in Mongol, Tibetian, Sanscrit, and Ouigour..are still preserved in the cabinets of the curious.

1868 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 31 64 To other Oriental languages Japanese and Thibetan have been added, and an elementary course of Mongol, Annaniteese, and Cochin Chinese.

a1929 H. K. Mann Lives Popes (1931) XVII. i. ii. 39 They brought with them a letter written..in Mongol.

1954 M. A. Pei & F. Gaynor Dict. Linguistics 10 Some linguists consider Mongol and Manchu distinct sub-families of the Ural-Altaic family.

1980 R. Lee China Jrnl. v. 41 The student of ancient languages will be thrilled to read inscriptions in Chinese, Mongol, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Uighur, and Tangut, dating from the 14th century.

2. Also mongol. A person with Down's syndrome.Now generally regarded as offensive. See also B. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > mental deficiency > [noun] > type of > person

idiot born1558

cretin1775

cretinist1839

Mongol1896

moron1910

pointy-head1946

Mongoloid1949

1866 J. L. H. Down in Clin. Lect. & Rep. (London Hospital) III. 260 I have for some time had my attention directed to the possibility of making a classification of the feeble-minded, by arranging them around various ethnic standards... The great Mongolian family has numerous representatives, and it is to this division, I wish..to call special attention. A very large number of congenital idiots are typical Mongols.]

1896 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 Sept. 617/1 There is probably in the Mongol a more profound and general condition of intrauterine failure of development than in the cretin.

1913 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 40 338 Mentally, mongols are as a rule quiet, good tempered, and easily amused.

1932 F. C. Shrubsall & A. C. Williams Mental Deficiency Pract. xiii. 206 In mongols, laxity of the joints is very characteristic.

1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxxi. 17/1 A variety of cytogenetic aberrations have been found amongst the 2–5 per cent of mongols who are neither simple trisomics nor trisomic/normal mosaics.

1981 H. Jolly Bk. Child Care (new ed.) xlix. 532 Mongols are always floppy as babies.

B. adj.

1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of the Mongolian peoples, their country, or their languages; Mongolian.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective] > Central Asia

Bactrian1601

Mongolian1706

Mongol1763

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > Mongol > [adjective]

yellow?1562

Mongol1763

Mongolized1814

Mongolic1815

Mongolian1828

Mongoloid1855

the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [adjective] > Mongolian

Mongol1845

Tangutan1876

1698 tr. A. Brand Jrnl. Embassy from Muscovy 52 The Brattskoy, who being of the Race of the Mongul Tartars, are Tributaries to the Czars of Muscovy.

1747 New Gen. Coll. Voy. IV. ii. iv. 450 In the Country of Koko Nor, Manchew Names are often inserted instead of Mongul.

1763 L. Scrafton Refl. Govt. Indostan 20 The Tartars, or the Mungul Tartars..are commonly called Moguls.

1799 Monthly Rev. 30 489 The Nogais still bear..in their countenance the marks of their Mongul descent.

1822 tr. C. Malte-Brun Universal Geogr. I. xxiii. 571 The Mongol language, deficient in grammatical combinations, possesses, however, complete declensions; it abounds in vowels and harmonious sounds.

1845 Encycl. Metrop. XXV. 867/1 The Monghol and Manchu languages.

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 741/2 An expedition into Syria, by which the country was made tributary to the Great Mongol Empire.

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 749/2 The Mongol tongue is a member of the great stock which recent scholars designate as Finno-Tataric or Ural-Altaic.

1910 Daily Chron. 26 Feb. 1/5 Mongol princes with gaily-attired camels, bringing presents from the north.

1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-four 118 The round Mongol faces had given way to faces of a more European type.

1975 Times 13 June 3/1 Two Mongol saddle rags, with floral embroidery on an ivory ground.

1977 C. F. Voegelin & F. M. Voegelin Classif. & Index World's Langs. 235 They are not counted as dialects of a fourth Mongol language.

1993 Harper's Mag. June 50/2 In their traditional Mongol hats and cloaks..the horsemen appear mythic.

2. Also mongol. Affected with or relating to Down's syndrome.The word was used in this sense following the similar use of Mongolian (see Mongolian adj. 3), but is now considered to be misleading and offensive. Early concern about the suitability of the term may be seen in the following:

1881 Trans. Internat. Med. Congr. III. 630 Dr. Dally..objected to the terms ‘Mongol’ and ‘Kalmuck’ as applied to idiots, for although there might be some superficial resemblance, idiots of this type had not the large, open orbit and heavy jaw of the Mongolian races... Dr. Shuttleworth..explained that he had used the term ‘Mongol’, to designate a type of idiocy, not because he accepted the theory of ‘ethnic degeneration’, but because having been employed by Drs. Down, Mitchell, Ireland, and others, it conveniently distinguished the class referred to.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > mental deficiency > [adjective] > type of

idiot born1791

cretinous1793

cretinoid1862

Mongolian1866

Mongol1876

amaurotic1896

Mongoloid1899

moronic1910

infantilistic1930

1876 Jrnl. Mental Sci. 22 160 It was simply an impossibility that the ‘mongol’ idiot woman..could have any reasonable notions of philosophy or of atoms.

1896 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 Sept. 617/1 There are at present in the Royal Albert Asylum 19 Mongol idiots in a population of 560.

1932 F. C. Shrubsall & A. C. Williams Mental Deficiency Pract. xiii. 206 Mongol imbeciles tend in sitting naturally, to take up the crossed position of the Buddha in contemplation.

1965 New Scientist 2 Dec. 632/1 The chromosomal damage leading to Down's syndrome (as the ‘mongol’ condition is now described).

1974 G. F. Newman Price ii. 68 He made contributions to the maintenance of his ex-wife and her mongol son.

1983 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. iv. 15/2 Mongol mosaics may sometimes be normal mentally.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	mongol
释义	Mongoln.adj. Brit. /ˈmɒŋɡl/, /ˈmɒŋɡɒl/, U.S. /ˈmɑŋɡ(ə)l/, /ˈmɑŋˌɡoʊl/, /ˈmɑnˌɡoʊl/ Forms: 1600s–1800s Mongul, 1600s– Mongol, 1700s Mungal, 1700s Mungul, 1800s Mongal, 1800s Monghol, 1800s Mongole. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French mongal. Etymology: < French mongal (1540 as adjective, 1721 as noun) < Mongolian mongγol , of uncertain origin. Compare Mogul n.¹ and adj.With form Mungal compare German †Mungal (1730 in passage translated in quot. 1736 at sense A. 1a; German Mongole). N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (mǫ·ŋgǫl) /ˈmɒŋɡɒl/, as do some other dictionaries of the late 19th and early 20th cent. Editions of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. give this as the only pronunciation until the mid 20th cent. and the first pronunciation until the 1988 edition (after which it is given as an alternative). A. n. 1. a. A member of any of a number of closely related Asiatic peoples now chiefly inhabiting Mongolia; a Mongolian. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > Mongol > [noun] Mogul1598 Mongol1613 Mogulian1672 yellow1775 Mongolian1823 yellowskin1847 Mongoloid1868 xanthoderm1924 the world > people > ethnicities > Mongol peoples of Central Asia > [noun] > person Mogul1598 Mongol1613 Mongolian1757 Khalkha1873 Kipchak1879 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iv. ix. 336 The great Mongols. 1736 tr. P. J. von Strahlenberg Histori-geogr. Descr. N. & E. Europe & Asia 138 Those few Mungals of King Ill-chan's Army, who [etc.]. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxv. 358 Timour dispatched..a numerous army..to subdue the Pagan Calmucks and Mungals. 1836 J. F. Davis Chinese I. v. 185 The first Emperor of the Ming dynasty, which expelled the Mongols in 1366, had been servant to a monastery of bonzes, or priests of Budh. 1837 Pop. Encycl. V. 33/1 Having subjugated Russia, the Monguls entered Poland in 1240. 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 744/1 Lamaism has always had a great attraction in the eyes of the Mongols. 1913 Eng. Rev. Jan. 284 The Mongols are not state-builders. 1948 A. L. Kroeber Anthropol. (rev. ed.) x. 429 The Manchu, the Mongols, and the still earlier Tungus conquerors of China lost their own cultures there. 1992 New Yorker 11 May 41/1 There were Mongols hawking sheepskins..and Vietnamese mongering shirts and leather jackets. b. The principal language of Mongolia; Khalkha. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [noun] > Mongolian Mongolic1815 Mongolian1822 Mongol1832 1832 A. L. Davids Gram. Turkish Lang. Pref. p. xxxi Some of these fragments in Mongol, Tibetian, Sanscrit, and Ouigour..are still preserved in the cabinets of the curious. 1868 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 31 64 To other Oriental languages Japanese and Thibetan have been added, and an elementary course of Mongol, Annaniteese, and Cochin Chinese. a1929 H. K. Mann Lives Popes (1931) XVII. i. ii. 39 They brought with them a letter written..in Mongol. 1954 M. A. Pei & F. Gaynor Dict. Linguistics 10 Some linguists consider Mongol and Manchu distinct sub-families of the Ural-Altaic family. 1980 R. Lee China Jrnl. v. 41 The student of ancient languages will be thrilled to read inscriptions in Chinese, Mongol, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Uighur, and Tangut, dating from the 14th century. 2. Also mongol. A person with Down's syndrome.Now generally regarded as offensive. See also B. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > mental deficiency > [noun] > type of > person idiot born1558 cretin1775 cretinist1839 Mongol1896 moron1910 pointy-head1946 Mongoloid1949 1866 J. L. H. Down in Clin. Lect. & Rep. (London Hospital) III. 260 I have for some time had my attention directed to the possibility of making a classification of the feeble-minded, by arranging them around various ethnic standards... The great Mongolian family has numerous representatives, and it is to this division, I wish..to call special attention. A very large number of congenital idiots are typical Mongols.] 1896 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 Sept. 617/1 There is probably in the Mongol a more profound and general condition of intrauterine failure of development than in the cretin. 1913 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 40 338 Mentally, mongols are as a rule quiet, good tempered, and easily amused. 1932 F. C. Shrubsall & A. C. Williams Mental Deficiency Pract. xiii. 206 In mongols, laxity of the joints is very characteristic. 1970 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xxxi. 17/1 A variety of cytogenetic aberrations have been found amongst the 2–5 per cent of mongols who are neither simple trisomics nor trisomic/normal mosaics. 1981 H. Jolly Bk. Child Care (new ed.) xlix. 532 Mongols are always floppy as babies. B. adj. 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of the Mongolian peoples, their country, or their languages; Mongolian. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective] > Central Asia Bactrian1601 Mongolian1706 Mongol1763 the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > Mongol > [adjective] yellow?1562 Mongol1763 Mongolized1814 Mongolic1815 Mongolian1828 Mongoloid1855 the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [adjective] > Mongolian Mongol1845 Tangutan1876 1698 tr. A. Brand Jrnl. Embassy from Muscovy 52 The Brattskoy, who being of the Race of the Mongul Tartars, are Tributaries to the Czars of Muscovy. 1747 New Gen. Coll. Voy. IV. ii. iv. 450 In the Country of Koko Nor, Manchew Names are often inserted instead of Mongul. 1763 L. Scrafton Refl. Govt. Indostan 20 The Tartars, or the Mungul Tartars..are commonly called Moguls. 1799 Monthly Rev. 30 489 The Nogais still bear..in their countenance the marks of their Mongul descent. 1822 tr. C. Malte-Brun Universal Geogr. I. xxiii. 571 The Mongol language, deficient in grammatical combinations, possesses, however, complete declensions; it abounds in vowels and harmonious sounds. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. XXV. 867/1 The Monghol and Manchu languages. 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 741/2 An expedition into Syria, by which the country was made tributary to the Great Mongol Empire. 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 749/2 The Mongol tongue is a member of the great stock which recent scholars designate as Finno-Tataric or Ural-Altaic. 1910 Daily Chron. 26 Feb. 1/5 Mongol princes with gaily-attired camels, bringing presents from the north. 1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-four 118 The round Mongol faces had given way to faces of a more European type. 1975 Times 13 June 3/1 Two Mongol saddle rags, with floral embroidery on an ivory ground. 1977 C. F. Voegelin & F. M. Voegelin Classif. & Index World's Langs. 235 They are not counted as dialects of a fourth Mongol language. 1993 Harper's Mag. June 50/2 In their traditional Mongol hats and cloaks..the horsemen appear mythic. 2. Also mongol. Affected with or relating to Down's syndrome.The word was used in this sense following the similar use of Mongolian (see Mongolian adj. 3), but is now considered to be misleading and offensive. Early concern about the suitability of the term may be seen in the following: 1881 Trans. Internat. Med. Congr. III. 630 Dr. Dally..objected to the terms ‘Mongol’ and ‘Kalmuck’ as applied to idiots, for although there might be some superficial resemblance, idiots of this type had not the large, open orbit and heavy jaw of the Mongolian races... Dr. Shuttleworth..explained that he had used the term ‘Mongol’, to designate a type of idiocy, not because he accepted the theory of ‘ethnic degeneration’, but because having been employed by Drs. Down, Mitchell, Ireland, and others, it conveniently distinguished the class referred to. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > mental deficiency > [adjective] > type of idiot born1791 cretinous1793 cretinoid1862 Mongolian1866 Mongol1876 amaurotic1896 Mongoloid1899 moronic1910 infantilistic1930 1876 Jrnl. Mental Sci. 22 160 It was simply an impossibility that the ‘mongol’ idiot woman..could have any reasonable notions of philosophy or of atoms. 1896 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 12 Sept. 617/1 There are at present in the Royal Albert Asylum 19 Mongol idiots in a population of 560. 1932 F. C. Shrubsall & A. C. Williams Mental Deficiency Pract. xiii. 206 Mongol imbeciles tend in sitting naturally, to take up the crossed position of the Buddha in contemplation. 1965 New Scientist 2 Dec. 632/1 The chromosomal damage leading to Down's syndrome (as the ‘mongol’ condition is now described). 1974 G. F. Newman Price ii. 68 He made contributions to the maintenance of his ex-wife and her mongol son. 1983 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. iv. 15/2 Mongol mosaics may sometimes be normal mentally. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1613
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