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单词 millet
释义

milletn.1

Brit. /ˈmɪlɪt/, U.S. /ˈmɪlᵻt/
Forms: late Middle English 1600s milet, 1500s millette, 1500s mylet, 1500s–1600s myllet, 1500s–1600s myllett, 1500s– millet, 1700s mellet, 1700s millett.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French millet.
Etymology: < Middle French millet (c1256 in Old French) < mil (see mill n.3) + -et -et suffix1.With black millet , Turkish millet , Indian millet , African millet , Caffre millet (see sense 2) compare Middle French, French millet noir (1562), millet de Turquie (1562), millet indien (1571), millet d'Afrique (1776, earlier grand millet d'Afrique (1766)), millet de Cafrerie (1824).
I. Botanical senses.
1.
a. The grain of the plant millet (see sense 1b); millet seed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > millet
millet?a1425
mill-seed1548
millet seed1567
couscous1596
dew-grass1597
Turkey hirse1597
Turkey mill1597
Turkey millet1597
milly1600
espauta1682
durra1803
Negro-corn1858
dari1892
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > millet
millet?a1425
milly1600
espauta1682
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > crop or crops > [noun] > grain crop > specific grain crops
berimancorn1359
millet?a1425
rye1608
turnip-oatsc1800
turnip-wheat1808
rabi1827
sod corn1835
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 134 Þai ete milet and rysz.
1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 57 Millet in brede norisheth lesse then other cornes do.
1634 H. Peacham Gentlemans Exercise (new ed.) ii. vii. 125 A handfull of Millet Oates, and Panicle.
1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 165/2 He has subsisted chiefly for these ten years past on raw onions and millet.
1865 A. Cary Ballads & Lyrics 227 Turn in the little seed, brown and dry, Turn out the golden millet.
1958 R. K. Narayan Guide vi. 86 All day he lounged under a tree shade, eating a ball of boiled millet.
1998 Esquire May 117/1 Fattened on millet for weeks, then drowned in Armagnac, the thumb-sized bird is plucked and roasted whole.
b. The cereal grass Panicum miliaceum, widely grown in warm countries, which has small spikelets arranged in a loose panicle.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > millet > millet plant
mileeOE
miliuma1382
millet1577
hirse1578
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 31v Millet, called in Latine Millium,..hauing as it were a thousand graynes in a [sic] Eare.
1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures xxviii. 109 Great plains full of wheat, rice, beans, pease, millet, panick [etc.].
1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry I. 448 Millet, either green, or after its grain is threshed out, is very good fodder for cattle.
1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany xi. 177 Besides the usual crops, I observed extensive fields of millet.
1963 Times 12 Mar. 12/6 One looks out over fields of millet and barley, waving date palms and sturdy ilb trees.
1990 New Scientist 7 July 43/2 More intensive agriculture in the region will also lower the fertility of the soil and reduce yields of millet and sorghum.
2014 C. Muir Broken Promise Agric. Progr. ii. 38 On these [blocks] grew millet, maize, dates and citrus fruits, all watered with over a mile of irrigation channels.
2. Chiefly with distinguishing word: any of various other grasses, chiefly drought-resistant, small-seeded cereal grasses grown esp. in warm countries; esp. (in full African millet, black millet, Indian millet, Turkey millet, or Turkish millet) Sorghum bicolor, and (in full foxtail millet, German millet, Hungarian millet, or Italian millet) Setaria italica.bulrush, finger, pearl, wood millet: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > millet > Indian millet > Indian millet plant or panicle
millc1450
millet1548
Saracen's corn1585
sorghum1597
Guinea corn1697
whisk1757
broom-straw1785
kaffir corn1785
jowari1800
jowar1801
chicken corna1817
broom corn1819
mabela1824
cholum1858
Texas millet1858
dura1882
pearl millet1887
kaoliang1904
proso1907
milo1920
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. E.v Milium indicum is nowe muche sowen in Italy... It were better to cal it..turkish millet.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 32 Indian Millet..being well drest with Cheesyl and Milke, it maketh indifferent good meate.
1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 73 Milium nigrum. Blacke Millet.
1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 77 Tvrkie Millet is a stranger in England.
1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. xl. 251 You must steepe your seedes in the oile of Sesamum, otherwise called Turkie millet.
1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum 1136 Melica sive Sorghum. Indian Millet.
1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum 1137 Turkie or Indian Millet, and of some [called] Italian Millet.
1764 J. Grainger Sugar-cane iv. 156 Let Indian millet rear its corny reed.
1765 Museum Rusticum v. 74 The African millet, sorghum, milium nigrum.
1832 E. Lankester Veg. Substances Food 115 German Millet, Sitaria germanica... This variety was..imported from India, and acclimatized in Germany.
1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 225/1 Caffre millet (Holcus Cafer) is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.
1845 A. Wood Class-bk. Bot. ii. 431 P. nigrum... Black-seeded Millet.
1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Negro-corn, a West Indian name for the Turkish millet or dhurra.
1861 R. Swinhoe Narr. N. China Campaign 1860 372 The chief produce of the country is the Kaouleang, or Barbadoes Millet (Sorghum).
1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 461/2 Penicillaria spicata, or Pennisetum typhoideum, is very extensively cultivated in Africa... It often receives the names Egyptian Millet and Guinea Corn.
1864 E. A. Parkes Man. Pract. Hygiene i. v. 149 The Hindu diet consists of some of the millets (cholum, raggee) [etc.].
1874 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. (rev. ed.) Suppl. 1318/1 Texas Millet, Sorghum cernuum.
1878 Manufacturer & Builder Nov. 264 Some kinds are no better than straw; for instance, the Indian millet or Sorghum Vulgare, of which our broom-corn is a variety.
1889 J. H. Maiden Useful Native Plants Austral. 97 Panicum decompositum,..‘Australian millet’, ‘Umbrella grass’... One of the most valuable of the Darling Downs (Queensland) grasses.
1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Italian millet... Its variety Germanica is known as German or Hungarian millet.
1896 Australasian 14 Mar. 488/5 One of the very best of the grasses found in the hot regions of Central Australia is the Australian millet, Panicum decompositum.
1906 N.E.D. at Millet1 Turkey millet.
1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. xvi. 470 Setaria italica, ‘Foxtail Millet’, ‘Italian Millet’, ‘Boer Manna’ or ‘Hungarian Grass’; widely distributed in tropical countries.
1954 C. E. Hubbard Grasses (1959) Index 414 Fox-tail Millet.
1955 E. Pound Classic Anthol. i. 32 Black millet heeds not the panicled Ear in the forming.
1965 Austral. Encycl. VII. 208/1 Dwarf and giant setarias (Setaria italica), known elsewhere under such names as foxtail millet or Hungarian millet, useful for seed, grazing, or hay.
1966 Bull. Entomol. Res. 57 119 A Phycitine Pyralid associated with Sorghum cultivars (Kaffir corn, dura or Indian millet) in Uganda, Tanzania and Sudan.
1978 Dict. S. Afr. Eng. 143/2 Manna, various millets usu. in compounds, boerSetaria italica, also called Italian millet.
1991 Bird Watching June 22 (caption) A Sudan Golden Sparrow eating African millet within sight of the North Sea.
1992 A. Bell tr. M. Toussaint-Samat Hist. Food vi. 153 Another species of wild grass, Setaria or manna, also known as ‘German millet’ in English, but as riz allemand, ‘German rice’, in French, was harvested in a similar way.
1992 F. McLynn Hearts of Darkness i. iii. 75 He..commented on the plentiful food: simsim, sweet potatoes, beans, finger millet, sorghum, maize and plantains.
1998 Agric. Res. 46 (Electronic ed.) 22 Foxtail millet joins other crops like proso millet and sunflowers in crop rotations that are slowly replacing the older routine of wheat one year, then fallow the next.
II. Other uses.
3.
a. In plural. A skin disease of horses occurring on the rear fetlocks (not identified). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of horses > [noun] > disorders of legs > skin disorders
mallender1440
millets?1523
sallender?1523
rat's tails1566
arrest1639
rat-tails1696
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxxv Myllettes is an yll sorance: and apereth in the fete lockes behynde.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 431 The Millets is a griefe that appeareth in the Fetlockes behinde.
b. Medicine. Oral candidiasis (thrush). Obsolete.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of mouth > [noun] > other disorders of mouth
millet1842
alveolitis1872
soor1897
1842 W. A. Guy Hooper's Physician's Vade Mecum 352 Stomatitis, with alteration of the Secretion—Muguet—Millet.
4. A kind of snake mentioned in antiquity: = cenchrine n. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > reptiles > order Squamata (lizards and snakes) > suborder Ophidia (snakes) > [noun] > member of (snake) > with protuberances on skin
cenchrine1608
millet1608
1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 211 (heading) Of the myllett or cenchrine.
1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 253 Myllet, or Cenchrine... They are..venimous in the second degree... They are spotted like millet seed, about two cubits in length, attenuated towards the taile, the colour is darke like the Millet, and is then most ireful when this herb is highest.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
millet bread n.
ΚΠ
1662 G. Torriano 2nd Alphabet Proverbial Phrases 130/1 Lasciar il pan di grano per il pan di miglio.., to leave wheat-bread for millet-bread.
1867 S. Robinson Facts for Farmers II. §44. viii. 707 In Europe it [sc. millet] is often ground, and where people are accustomed to its use, they are fond of millet bread.
1908 Westm. Gaz. 8 Aug. 2/2 Generally it is millet bread, for we are poor men, and wheat, as you know, is the food of kings.
2013 D. Colbert New Bible Cure for Weight Loss (rev. ed.) ii. 28 If my patients request bread, I recommend that they have small amounts of millet bread in the morning or at lunch.
millet field n.
ΚΠ
1817 H. Ellis Jrnl. Proc. Embassy to China iv. 197 Millet-fields, willow-groves, junks, half-clothed inhabitants with little eyes, and long tails, women with prettily dressed hair.
1873 ‘Ouida’ Pascarèl I. 107 We went through the millet-fields at sunrise.
1973 Field & Stream July 59/1 Anyone would have had trouble finding an alibi sitting in a freshly harvested millet field with doves swarming around like bees at a hive.
2007 K. Arnoldi All Things are Labor 33 The crickets sing about not stopping, not stopping, don't stop, but I do, pulled back into my millet field.
millet flour n.
ΚΠ
1851 Internat. Mag. Lit., Art & Sci. 1 Mar. 514 This learned individual compounds..little puffs composed of cream and millet-flour, which he calls millassons. I stuff them all day long.
1901 E. Arnold Voy. Ithobal 58 For three men sharp-set one doth make a meal—With millet-flour and oil of olive trees.
1992 Man 27 81 He shares the water mixed with millet flour, and the millet-cakes, with the new-king.
2013 F. Jules et al. Good without Gluten (2014) 16 Savoury pastry... 140g (5 oz) rice flour, 30g (1 oz/¼ cup) millet flour, [etc.].
millet grain n.
ΚΠ
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Sorgum, a sort of Millet-grain.
1747 tr. J. Astruc Academical Lect. Fevers 334 Many pustules..of the bigness of millet-grains.
1809 Philos. Trans. Abridged 1672–83 (Royal Soc.) II. 383 I take a little quantity of water of a round figure, as large as a millet-grain.
1876 A. H. Church Food 80 Millet grain is used for human food chiefly in hot countries.
1994 J. Wainwright Red-headed Pupil i. xxi. 28 One millet grain of notice blown to you Across the floor should be sufficient.
2014 L. Douny Living in Landscape of Scarcity x. 168 Each millet grain is contained in a sheath, and the sheaths are tightly packed on a stem.
millet meal n.
ΚΠ
1765 Museum Rusticum 5 76 The millers..return a good third of a bushel of millet-meal for every bushel sent to them.
1868 S. W. Johnson How Crops Grow 382 Manufactured Products and Refuse... Maize meal..Millet meal..Buckwheat grits.
1904 J. W. Wilson & H. G. Skinner Millet for fattening Swine (S. Dakota Agric. Coll. Exper. Station Bull. No. 83) 14 Millet meal produced a softer quality of fat than did either barley or wheat meal.
2013 M. Weidenbörner Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs 293/1 Meal (millet meal) may contain the following mycotoxins: Fusarium Toxins.
millet pudding n.
ΚΠ
1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery ix. 107 A Millet Pudding. You must get half a Pound of Millet-seed [etc.].
1762 W. Gelleroy London Cook 175 A Mellet Pudding.
1881 Littell's Living Age 5 Feb. 343 I looked into the furnace and saw the metal all in a lump like a millet pudding.
1976 M. A. Bumgarner Bk. Whole Grains 224 Millet Pudding. ​4 cups milk.
2016 G. K. Chandi & G. A. Annor in C. Wrigley et al. Encycl. Food Grains (ed. 2) I. 207/1 Millet pudding is prepared by boiling proso millet grains with water or milk until they become soft..mixed with sugar or jaggery and garnished with nuts and raisins.
millet straw n.
ΚΠ
1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama Notes 271 Her little cabin, made up of very dry millet-straw and small wood.
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 379 They considered millet-straw as the best for cattle.
1986 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 45 506 All millet straw was turned over to the landlord, possibly for use as bedding and fuel.
2002 tr. Guo Tingshuan et al. Animal Production based on Crop Residues: Chinese Experience ii. 26 Millet straw and soybean straw..are fairly palatable for herbivores, and are mostly used as feed sources for horses, donkeys, mules and rabbits.
C2.
millet ale n. = millet-beer n.
ΚΠ
1834 T. Pringle Afr. Sketches i. 19 The honey-mead, the millet-ale, Flow round.
1996 New Republic (Electronic ed.) 29 July 26 There are massive ancient bronzes, the dinnerware of the ancestors... Some pieces once held stews and others held millet ale, from which the clans feasted.
millet-beer n. an alcoholic drink made from fermented millet seed.
ΚΠ
1860 R. F. Burton Lake Regions Central Afr. I. ii. 35 The favourite inebrients are tembu or cocoa toddy, and myinyo, its distillation, pombe or millet-beer.
1996 Afr. Amer. Rev. 30 520 Kangabar..stared straight ahead..puffing breath scented with porridgy millet-beer at Shabaka.
millet-rash n. Medicine Obsolete rare milia (see milium n.1 2).
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > fever > [noun] > miliary fever
miliary fever1726
millet-rash1822
millet-seed rash1892
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > eruptive diseases > [noun] > miliary fever
miliary fever1726
miliaria1771
millet-rash1822
millet-seed rash1892
1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 567 Exormia Milium. Millet-Rash.
millet wine n. (a) (esp. in China) a wine made from fermented millet seed; (b) traditional (especially African) sorghum beer (rare).
ΚΠ
1852 W. R. Gingell tr. H. Pi-Hsiang Ceremonial Usages Chinese 96 The Chang jin prepared the Keu chang, black millet wine, and invoked the descent of the gods.]
1885 W. E. Griffis Corea without & Within xx. 233 The guests were treated to the following: Boiled pork with rice-wine, macaroni soup, chicken with millet-wine, boiled eggs, pastry, flour, sesame and honey pudding.
1892 Fortn. Rev. 51 192 We made ourselves insufferably thirsty, so that a good drink of Kaffir beer, or, as the Portuguese call it, ‘millet wine’, was highly acceptable.
1924 J. Tharaud & J. Tharaud Long Walk Samba Diouf i. vi. 52 ‘I believe that in the country of the Niominkas you drink indifferently palm wine and millet wine?’ ‘Palm wine is inexhaustible with us,’ replied Samba proudly, ‘and millet wine is not dried up.’
1994 Anthropol. Today 10 3/1 (caption) A wooden container and cup for millet wine offered to ancestors.
2013 D. Sterk tr. Wu Ming-Yi Man with Compound Eyes (2014) vi. 61 The only thing for the tourists to buy was millet wine or plum wine in tall coloured bottles and cardboard containers.
2015 G. Maynard Yolla 7 The elder village men solemnly raised wine cups containing millet wine, chanted, and, using their carved ikupasuy ceremonial prayer sticks, offered drops of wine to the spirit of the bear and to the gods.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2002; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

milletn.2

Brit. /ˈmɪlɛt/, U.S. /ˈmɪlɛt/
Origin: A borrowing from Turkish. Etymon: Turkish millet.
Etymology: < Turkish millet nation, group of co-religionists < Arabic millat-, milla religion, religious community.For further information on the etymological relationship between the Arabic and Turkish words see Encycl. Islam (new ed., 1993) s.vv. milla and millet.
Now historical.
In the Ottoman Empire: a division of the population according to religious or ethnic affiliation; a religious community or ethnic group having some degree of internal autonomy, esp. a non-Muslim one.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > sect > Ottoman Empire > [noun]
millet1900
1668 P. Rycaut Present State Ottoman Empire (new ed.) ii. ix. 117 The Turkish Doctors fancy that the seventy two Nations which they call (Yetmish ekee Melet)..was a Type and a Figure of the divisions which in after ages should succeed in the three most General Religions of the World.
1861 G. Finlay Hist. Greek Revol. I. i. 9 The Greek language was the language of the Church and the law which ruled the whole assemblage of nations called by the Othoman administration, Roum meleti, or Roman nation.]
1900 ‘Odysseus’ Turkey in Europe vii. 296 The Turk divides the population of the Ottoman Empire into Millets, or religious communities.
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 395/1 All Moslems..are included in the millet..of Islam. The Rûm, or Roman (i.e., Greek) millet comprises all those who acknowledge the authority of the Œcumenical Patriarch,..the Bulgar millet comprises the Bulgarians who accept the rule of the exarchate; the other millets are the Katolik (Catholics), Ermeni (Gregorian Armenians), Musevi (Jews) and Prodesdan (Protestants).
1942 Turkey (Geogr. Handbk. Ser. B.R. 507, Admiralty, Naval Intelligence Div.) I. viii. 290 Each millet had complete autonomy, under the authority and leadership of an ecclesiastical functionary who had also certain temporal powers.
1974 G. Lewis Mod. Turkey (ed. 4) 35 In modern Turkish millet means ‘nation’, but the word has not quite lost its older sense. If you tell a Turk that your millet is İngiliz, he will assume not only that you have a British passport but also that you are a member of the Church of England.
1980 Word 1979 30 10 This legal status can even become extra territorial in that all adherents, no matter where they live, have the right to be ruled by the laws of the ethnic entity to which they belong. This principle was the basis of the millet system.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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