Menshevikn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈmɛnʃᵻvɪk/, U.S.

/ˈmɛn(t)ʃəˌvɪk/

Inflections: Plural Mensheviki, Mensheviks, Menshewiki.

Forms: 1900s– Menševik, 1900s– Menshevik, 1900s– Menshewik. Also with lower-case initial.

Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymon: Russian men′ševik.

Etymology: < Russian men′ševik (1903), lit. ‘member of the minority’ < men′š- (stem of men′šij minor, also found in men′šinstvo minority, and cognate with classical Latin minor minor adj.) + -ev- connective element + -ik , suffix forming nouns. Compare French menchevik , menchevick (noun and adjective, 1903 as menschevik ). Compare Bolshevik n.The basis of the Russian coinage was a single vote that Lenin's opponents lost at the end of the second congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party in 1903, putting them in a temporary minority and resulting in the splitting of the party into two factions. Lenin's own faction were called Bolsheviks (lit. ‘members of the majority’) on the basis of this vote, and the term Menshevik arose in contradistinction to this. The plural forms in -ki are after the Russian plural men′ševiki.

Now chiefly historical.

A. n.

(a) A member of a moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party which in 1903 split from the Bolsheviks (led by Lenin); a Socialist who favoured cooperation with liberal politicians in the Russian Revolution of 1905. (b) A member of a Russian political party formed in 1917 on moderate Marxist principles and holding a majority of seats in the soviets between the Russian revolutions of February and October of that year. Also: a member of a similar political party formed outside Russia. Occasionally in extended use: a holder of minority views.Sometimes confused in English sources with minimalist n. The Menshevik Party was suppressed in Russia in 1922 and Bolshevik persecution of Mensheviks in the Soviet Union culminated in a show trial in 1931.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [noun] > Menshevism > Menshevik

Menshevik1906

minimalist1906

Menshevist1919

soft1930

1906 Times 18 Oct. 3 The Mensheviki..are hardly to be distinguished, in their methods at least, from the extreme section of the Constitutional Democrats.

1907 I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 401 Go to the Labour Parties... Not the Bolshewiki faction..but the Menshewiki.

1917 New Europe 6 Dec. 236 It was from this Conference that the cleavage between Bolševiks and Menševiks dates, the former being those who held a ‘majority’ at the Conference, the latter a ‘minority’.

1918 tr. V. Lenin Lessons Russ. Revol. 9 ‘Mensheviks’ are the moderate wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party.

1923 E. A. Ross Russ. Soviet Republic 322 The Mensheviks can get no paper, which is a government monopoly, for pamphlets or leaflets at election time.

1926 Contemp. Rev. Sept. 274 He was an outsider—a ‘menshevik’ (the ‘minority’ man).

1935 N. Mitchison We have been Warned i. 67 Idlers, parasites, mensheviks, defeatists.

1955 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 27 93 The governments of the Dashnaks in Armenia, the Mussavatists in Azerbaijan, and the Mensheviks in Georgia could not withstand the Russian Communists.

1973 Listener 1 Feb. 135/3 The Provisionals..by playing the Bolsheviks to the Officials' Mensheviks—though not in ideology of course—have indeed become the party of the majority.

1991 B. E. Close Judaism viii. 75 The Bund generally supported the non-Leninist wing, dubbed the Mensheviks.

1992 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 11 June 12/1 The Left Social Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks had long criticized War Communism.

B. adj. (attributive).

Designating or relating to the members, policies, etc., of the Mensheviks or (in extended use) of any minority group.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [adjective] > principles or policies

nihilistic1868

nihilist1872

Bolshevik1907

bolshie1918

Menshevik1918

Bolshevistic1920

Bolshevized1920

red1920

1918 E. P. Stebbing From Czar to Bolshevik iii. 25 The Social Democrats consisted chiefly of Bolsheviks with a smaller Menshevik group.

1919 J. Reed Ten Days that shook World iii. 47 Said the Menshevik Dien, ‘The Government ought to defend itself and defend us.’

1919 J. Reed Ten Days that shook World viii. 204 The familiar faces of the Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionary intellectuals.

1920 Glasgow Herald 14 Oct. 9 Martov (Zedarbaum), who headed the Menshevik opposition when Lenin broke up the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1903.

1923 E. A. Ross Russ. Soviet Republic 323 The imprisonment of the Menshevik members of the Moscow printers' union.

1931 (title) The Menshevik Trial. The text of the indictment of the counter-revolutionary Menshevik organisation.

1952 E. H. Carr Bolshevik Revol. II. xvi. 111 The Menshevik journal declared that the Bolsheviks..‘are attempting to abolish the eight-hour day and introduce piece-rates and Taylorism’.

1975 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 July 740/5 When accused..of holding menshevik positions, he replies..that revolutionary virginity is not worth preserving at the price of inaction.

1994 Cambr. Encycl. Russia & Former Soviet Union 485/2 By the end of July 1918 the Military Revolutionary Committees had succeeded in preventing the regular appearance..of all non-Bolshevik newspapers, although a certain amount of new Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionary political literature circulated in Russia for some time after that.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	menshevik
释义	Menshevikn.adj. Brit. /ˈmɛnʃᵻvɪk/, U.S. /ˈmɛn(t)ʃəˌvɪk/ Inflections: Plural Mensheviki, Mensheviks, Menshewiki. Forms: 1900s– Menševik, 1900s– Menshevik, 1900s– Menshewik. Also with lower-case initial. Origin: A borrowing from Russian. Etymon: Russian men′ševik. Etymology: < Russian men′ševik (1903), lit. ‘member of the minority’ < men′š- (stem of men′šij minor, also found in men′šinstvo minority, and cognate with classical Latin minor minor adj.) + -ev- connective element + -ik , suffix forming nouns. Compare French menchevik , menchevick (noun and adjective, 1903 as menschevik ). Compare Bolshevik n.The basis of the Russian coinage was a single vote that Lenin's opponents lost at the end of the second congress of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party in 1903, putting them in a temporary minority and resulting in the splitting of the party into two factions. Lenin's own faction were called Bolsheviks (lit. ‘members of the majority’) on the basis of this vote, and the term Menshevik arose in contradistinction to this. The plural forms in -ki are after the Russian plural men′ševiki. Now chiefly historical. A. n. (a) A member of a moderate faction of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party which in 1903 split from the Bolsheviks (led by Lenin); a Socialist who favoured cooperation with liberal politicians in the Russian Revolution of 1905. (b) A member of a Russian political party formed in 1917 on moderate Marxist principles and holding a majority of seats in the soviets between the Russian revolutions of February and October of that year. Also: a member of a similar political party formed outside Russia. Occasionally in extended use: a holder of minority views.Sometimes confused in English sources with minimalist n. The Menshevik Party was suppressed in Russia in 1922 and Bolshevik persecution of Mensheviks in the Soviet Union culminated in a show trial in 1931. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [noun] > Menshevism > Menshevik Menshevik1906 minimalist1906 Menshevist1919 soft1930 1906 Times 18 Oct. 3 The Mensheviki..are hardly to be distinguished, in their methods at least, from the extreme section of the Constitutional Democrats. 1907 I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 401 Go to the Labour Parties... Not the Bolshewiki faction..but the Menshewiki. 1917 New Europe 6 Dec. 236 It was from this Conference that the cleavage between Bolševiks and Menševiks dates, the former being those who held a ‘majority’ at the Conference, the latter a ‘minority’. 1918 tr. V. Lenin Lessons Russ. Revol. 9 ‘Mensheviks’ are the moderate wing of the Russian Social Democratic Party. 1923 E. A. Ross Russ. Soviet Republic 322 The Mensheviks can get no paper, which is a government monopoly, for pamphlets or leaflets at election time. 1926 Contemp. Rev. Sept. 274 He was an outsider—a ‘menshevik’ (the ‘minority’ man). 1935 N. Mitchison We have been Warned i. 67 Idlers, parasites, mensheviks, defeatists. 1955 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 27 93 The governments of the Dashnaks in Armenia, the Mussavatists in Azerbaijan, and the Mensheviks in Georgia could not withstand the Russian Communists. 1973 Listener 1 Feb. 135/3 The Provisionals..by playing the Bolsheviks to the Officials' Mensheviks—though not in ideology of course—have indeed become the party of the majority. 1991 B. E. Close Judaism viii. 75 The Bund generally supported the non-Leninist wing, dubbed the Mensheviks. 1992 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 11 June 12/1 The Left Social Revolutionaries and the Mensheviks had long criticized War Communism. B. adj. (attributive). Designating or relating to the members, policies, etc., of the Mensheviks or (in extended use) of any minority group. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [adjective] > principles or policies nihilistic1868 nihilist1872 Bolshevik1907 bolshie1918 Menshevik1918 Bolshevistic1920 Bolshevized1920 red1920 1918 E. P. Stebbing From Czar to Bolshevik iii. 25 The Social Democrats consisted chiefly of Bolsheviks with a smaller Menshevik group. 1919 J. Reed Ten Days that shook World iii. 47 Said the Menshevik Dien, ‘The Government ought to defend itself and defend us.’ 1919 J. Reed Ten Days that shook World viii. 204 The familiar faces of the Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionary intellectuals. 1920 Glasgow Herald 14 Oct. 9 Martov (Zedarbaum), who headed the Menshevik opposition when Lenin broke up the Russian Social Democratic Party in 1903. 1923 E. A. Ross Russ. Soviet Republic 323 The imprisonment of the Menshevik members of the Moscow printers' union. 1931 (title) The Menshevik Trial. The text of the indictment of the counter-revolutionary Menshevik organisation. 1952 E. H. Carr Bolshevik Revol. II. xvi. 111 The Menshevik journal declared that the Bolsheviks..‘are attempting to abolish the eight-hour day and introduce piece-rates and Taylorism’. 1975 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 July 740/5 When accused..of holding menshevik positions, he replies..that revolutionary virginity is not worth preserving at the price of inaction. 1994 Cambr. Encycl. Russia & Former Soviet Union 485/2 By the end of July 1918 the Military Revolutionary Committees had succeeded in preventing the regular appearance..of all non-Bolshevik newspapers, although a certain amount of new Menshevik and Socialist Revolutionary political literature circulated in Russia for some time after that. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1906
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