membranen.

Brit.

/ˈmɛmbreɪn/, U.S.

/ˈmɛmˌbreɪn/

Forms: late Middle English– membrane, 1500s membraan, 1500s–1600s membran.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin membrāna.

Etymology: < classical Latin membrāna a membrane (in animal bodies), parchment < membrum member n. + -āna , feminine of -ānus -an suffix.Classical Latin membrāna probably represents use as noun of the feminine of an adjective in -ānus derived < membrum . Such an adjective is unrecorded in classical Latin (compare post-classical Latin membranus made of parchment: 1397 in a British source), but two hypotheses have been advanced concerning the likely circumstances of the development of such a form. One is as a development from the classical Latin sense of membrum ‘part of the body’, thus having the basic sense ‘covering a part of the body’; however, while membrāna is recorded early in classical Latin in Lucretius, it is not recorded with reference to human skin (i.e., the external covering of a part of the body) earlier than the Vulgate. The second, and perhaps more likely, hypothesis is that the noun membrāna is an early derivative < membrum in a sense ‘flesh’, which is unrecorded but which is plausible in light of the meanings of cognate words in a number of other languages (see merus n.). Early borrowings of the Latin word are Hellenistic Greek μεμβράνα , Byzantine Greek μέμβρανον parchment, Gothic maimbrana parchment. Many of the major European languages show borrowings in the late medieval or early modern period: compare Middle High German membrane (14th cent.; German Membran , Membrane ), Middle French, French membrane (15th cent. in isolated use in Chauliac: see quot. ?a1425 at sense 1a; otherwise 16th cent.), Italian membrana (14th cent. in sense ‘parchment’, 16th cent. in sense 1), Spanish membrana (c1490). Senses parallel to senses 1 and 2 occur in all of these languages except French, which lacks the sense ‘parchment’.

a. Anatomy and Zoology. A thin sheet of tissue or layer of cells, usually serving to cover or line an organ or part, or to separate or connect parts. Also as a mass noun: tissue of this nature.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily substance > membrane > [noun]

rimeOE

hameOE

skina1398

caul1398

shrine1398

tunicle1398

panniclea1400

pelliculea1400

slougha1400

membrane?a1425

pellicle?a1425

pellet?1440

enfolder1545

kell1545

involucre1578

skinlet1598

striffena1612

swathe1615

veil1639

tunic1661

swath-band1668

involucruma1676

wall1682

panniculus1702

theca1807

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 316 Inflacions..ar made of wynde gadred togider somtyme..under þe skyn, somtyme..in þe membranez þat bene about þe profoundnez [etc.].

1574 G. Baker tr. Composition Oleum Magistrale f. 16^v It is needful to know..the difference between the Tendones membranes & ligamentes.

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 1 All the partes of mans body are either Similar, or Simple..as are Ligamentes, Fibres, Membrans, Flesh, and Fatte.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 77 A Membrane ingirting the whole cauity of the lower belly.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Hymen, is a circular Folding of the inner Membrane of the Vagina.

1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 622 The Cellular Membrane, which surrounds the Kidney, was filled with a large Cluster of these Bodies.

1788 Med. Communications 2 210 The membrane of the nose, commonly known by the name of Schneiders membrane.

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 618 The Apical Area is usually most distinguished by nervures..the object of this is doubtless to strengthen the membrane.

1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. 34 The ‘dermal membrane’ of the Sponge.

1896 J. W. Kirkaldy & E. C. Pollard tr. J. E. V. Boas Text Bk. Zool. 336 Just below the portion of skin covered by the eyelids there is usually a thin and soft membrane, which is termed the conjunctiva bulbi.

1907 R. Ridgway Birds North & Middle Amer. (Bull. U.S. National Mus. No. 50) IV. 328 The two edges usually separated by a narrow strip or groove of smooth or nonscutellate membrane.

1946 B. Spock Common Sense Bk. Baby & Child Care 94 Mothers sometimes worry unnecessarily about the danger of touching the soft spot. Actually it is covered by a membrane almost as tough as canvas.

1991 New Scientist 4 May 40/1 The cells of the synovial membrane divide rapidly and membrane tissue grows into the joint cavity.

b. A (usually thin) layer of tissue forming part of a plant, seed, etc., esp. as a covering or lining. Also as a mass noun: †parenchymatous tissue (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > thin layer or membrane

membrane1601

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 483 The leafe..embracing the Cane, doth clad it round about with certaine thin membranes.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Membrane,..the pill or pilling between the bark and the tree.

1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis ii. 213 A short Fibrous Lobe... Lined within with a most smooth and thin Membrane.

1758 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S.-Amer. I. iv. viii. 189 Each seed [of the cacao tree]..inclosed in one of the compartments, formed by the transverse membranes of the pod.

1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. i. 2 It is a common opinion that membrane only is the basis of the tissue of plants.

1835 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. (1848) I. 9 Membrane, as true cellulose, may be regarded as being in the beginning, a gelatinous precipitate from the organic mucus of vegetation.

1891 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Membrane,..the thin testa of a seed.

1913 Bot. Gaz. 56 170 The seeds of the sugar beet probably have a selectively semipermeable membrane as part of the inner seed coat.

1974 A. J. Huxley Plant & Planet (1978) xv. 177 Some flying seeds have a single membrane or wing.

1993 Harrowsmith Aug. 43/2 Glands at the junction of the placenta and the pepper wall produce the capsaicin, which is concentrated in the membrane and adjacent flesh, not in the seeds.

c. Chiefly in plural. The membranes that develop from the ovum to enclose and support a developing vertebrate embryo or fetus; spec. the amnion and chorion in humans.

ΚΠ

1653 W. Harvey Anat. Exercitations 511/1 Hieronymus Fabricius recounteth four sorts of bodies which do consist without the Fœtus, namely the Umbilical Vessels, the Membranes, Humours, and fleshy substance.

1692 R. Bentley Confut. Atheism from Struct. & Origin Humane Bodies: Pt. II 8 The inclosed Foetus; which at the time of maturity broke through those Membranes.

1794 T. Denman Midwifery I. v. 241 By the placenta and membranes which are expanded from its edge, a complete involucrum of the fœtus and waters is made.

1832 A. S. Doane et al. tr. J. F. Meckel Man. Gen., Descr., & Pathol. Anat. III. vii. 499 The membranes of the ovum are much larger and heavier the farther the fetus is from the period of its formation.

1873 A. S. Taylor Princ. & Pract. Med. Jurispr. (ed. 2) II. lxxiv. 325 M. Sentex states..that the dead foetus retained in utero, with the membranes unruptured, undergoes one of three changes.

1963 G. B. Carter et al. Dict. Midwifery (ed. 2) 292/2 When it is necessary to rupture the membranes artificially a pair of forceps, sterilized, may be used.

1981 F. Manolson & A. Fraser in K. Thear & A. Fraser Compl. Bk. Raising Livestock & Poultry vii. 182/1 The cow still has a bloodstained collection of torn membranes dangling from her vulva.

1996 Prenatal Diagnosis 16 313 Premature rupture of the membranes..accounts for approximately 30 per cent of all preterm deliveries.

d. Medicine. (More fully false membrane) a thick layer of exudate found on a mucosal surface in certain diseases; a pseudomembrane. Also: a cast of a mucous membrane, esp. of the endometrium (rare).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > abnormal or morbid tissue

adherence1667

adhesion1698

bridle1739

membrane1765

pseudomembrane1824

heterology1854

neoplasm1863

synechia1873

heteroplasm1878

paraplasm1890

paraplasma1890

heteromorphosis1891

1765 F. Home Inq. Croup 16 The..surface of the Trachea was covered with a white soft thick preternatural coat or membrane.

1795 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children (ed. 3) I. 343 That tough membrane found in those whose bodies have been examined after death.

1834 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. III. 488/2 Membranes expelled in dysmenorrhœa.

1835 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. IV. 176/1 A more severe form of pharyngeal inflammation is that which is accompanied by the formation of a false membrane.

1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 603 Cases of gall-stone colic accompanied by membranes in the stools.

1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iv. 576 The exudate clots and adheres tightly to the underlying tissues, forming the so-called ‘false membrane’ (pseudomembrane), a thick-textured layer..with a characteristic and unforgettable smell.

e. Cell Biology. Originally: any microscopic layer or layered structure surrounding or supporting a cell. Later: spec. the structure that bounds a cell or cellular organelle, typically consisting of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.basement, cell, nuclear, pit, plasma membrane, etc.: see the first element.

ΚΠ

1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. i. 4 The cellules usually grow so firmly together, that their sides really form in their union but one membrane.

1842 W. Bowman in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 132 58 These [uriniferous] tubes consist of an external tunic of transparent homogeneous tissue (which I have termed the basement membrane) lined by epithelium.

1849 Rep. & Papers Bot. (Ray Soc.) 223 Mohl..considers that the cell-membrane always surrounds the nucleus.

1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) p. xxii The nuclear membrane is dissolved in mitosis and reconstituted round the new nuclei.

1923 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 9 258 By careful observation on Amoeba proteus in motion the following structures can clearly be differentiated..a very thin elastic surface layer or membrane.

1962 Sci. Surv. 3 169 Each mitochondrion is bounded by an outer limiting membrane, then there is a narrow space and then another membrane bounding an inner chamber.

1995 Amer. Health July 90/3 (caption) Endoplasmic reticulum: This system of folded membranes modifies proteins produced in the ribosomes and sends them to the Golgi apparatus.

2. In palaeographic contexts: each of the skins of parchment of which a roll is composed. Also: parchment.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment

parchmentc1330

membrane1519

society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment > piece of > forming part of roll

membrane1870

1519 W. Horman Vulgaria viii. f. 80^v That stouffe that we wrytte vpon: and is made of beestis skynnes: is somtyme called parchement, somtyme velem, somtyme abortyue, somtyme membraan.

1601 in J. Nichols Progresses Queen Elizabeth (1823) III. 552 Her rolls, bundells, membranes, and parcells that be reposed in her Majestie's Tower at London.

1651 A. Boate Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. cclxiv. 564 The bare transcription of the Obelisks and Asterisks out of the Membranes.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Membrane,..a skin of parchment.

1870 L. Toulmin Smith in Eng. Gilds Introd. 44 ‘Miscellaneous Rolls, Tower Records’; they consist of three bundles, containing in all 549 skins or membranes.

1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant II. 137 The third membrane of this Roll.

1964 J. R. L. Highfield Early Rolls Merton Coll., Oxf. 211 There is a slit at the foot of the roll to which another membrane must have been attached.

1994 R. McKitterick Bks., Scribes & Learning 234 A great many of the manuscripts discussed..were written on membrane prepared in the Continental manner.

2012 Notes & Queries Mar. 29/1 The manuscript in question..is written on membrane and measures around 195 mm by 130 mm.

3. gen. Any thin, often pliable, sheet or layer, esp. one forming a barrier or lining. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition or fact of being interjacent > [noun] > that which is interjacent > and separates two things > a partition

interclose1344

enterclosea1430

partition1545

distinction1578

membrane1631

septuma1638

diaphragm1660

midriff1660

cloison1693

separationc1720

dispartation1779

separator1881

1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iii. ii. 245 in Wks. II Vertue and honesty; hang 'hem; poore thinne membranes Of honour; who respects them?

a1717 W. Diaper tr. Oppian Halieuticks (1722) 24 These are the Masts, and Rigging of the Ship. A Membrane stretcht between supplies the Sail.

1862 Internat. Exhib.: Illustr. Catal. Industr. Dept. II. xvii. §3569 Liston's membrane plaster.

1877 Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 1876–7 12 8 I placed the membrane of the telephone near my mouth.

1891 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 60 140 A solution of cupric sulphate superposed on a solution of potassium ferrocyanide precipitates at the dividing surface an exceedingly fine membrane of cupric ferrocyanide.

1929 Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Pathol. 10 126 That membranes can be prepared to retain bacteria is..well known.

1958 J. S. Scott Dict. Civil Engin. 225 Membrane.., a thin film or skin, such as the skin of a soap bubble or a waterproof skin.

1975 Audubon May 22/1 A tank structure..over which a thin membrane of steel, a mere 35 millimeters..thick, has been drawn.

1986 Do it Yourself June 57/2 It is basically a standard 100mm concrete slab with a polythene sheet damp proof membrane laid over it.

Compounds

membrane bone n. bone, or a bone, that develops within a sheet of mesenchymal tissue without prior formation of a cartilaginous primordium.

ΚΠ

1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 128 The cartilage-bones have not all appeared, but the membrane-bones have attained to a degree of development almost equal to that which is found in an ordinary adult Lacertian.

1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 91 The principal membrane-bone of the mandible is the dentary.

1999 Britannica Online (Version 99.1) at Integument The dermis..gives rise to so-called membrane bones—the bony scales of fishes, the bony plates in certain reptiles and mammals, and the membrane bones of the vertebrate skull.

membrane filter n. a sheet or film of a polymer (originally collodion) that has pores of a uniform size, used esp. for ultrafiltration.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > filtering or percolating > [noun] > filter or percolator > for fine particles

microfilter1911

membrane filter1922

1922 H. Bassett in 4th Rep. Colloid Chem. (Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci.) 23 Ultrafiltration by means of colloidal membrane filters has been worked out as an analytical operation by Zsigmondy and co-workers.

1932 Science 28 Oct. 388/1 A membrane filter.., minus the membrane but retaining the perforated porcelain strainer, forms a receptacle.

1951 Jrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 43 975/1 It appears reasonably certain that membrane filters have approached a degree of refinement that suggests their extended application.

1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) v. 76 Membrane filters, composed of biologically-inert cellulose esters having a uniform porosity, are now readily available.

membrane filtration n. filtration by means of a membrane filter.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > filtering or percolating > [noun]

leachinga900

filtering1576

excolation1578

filtration1602

percolation1613

transcolation1634

filtrating1662

membrane filtration1931

polishing1938

1931 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 109 365 The filtrate is collected next day, and further prepared for examination by membrane-filtration, or centrifugation.

1990 T. G. Wreghitt & P. Morgan-Capner ELISA in Clin. Microbiol. Lab. xix. 274 A very simple technique using sheep hydatid fluid involves filtering the fluid through Whatman number 1 paper, followed by membrane filtration.

membrane keypad n. Electronics a keypad in which the keys are membrane switches rather than push-buttons.

ΚΠ

1983 Plant Engin. (Nexis) 23 Nov. 52 Some small PC's have permanently mounted membrane keypad programmers located in their panels.

1991 What's New in Design Sept. 37/1 For instruments where control space is minimal and profiles may be thin, Rafi is introducing two new series of membrane keypads.

membrane potential n. a voltage difference across a cell membrane or other semipermeable biological or synthetic membrane, resulting from an unequal distribution of diffusible ions on either side of the membrane.

ΚΠ

1912 F. G. Donnan & G. M. Green in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 90 451 The determination of the membrane potential difference was carried out as follows: [etc.].]

1914 F. G. Donnan & G. M. Green in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 90 451 The E.M.F. of the cell..is constituted by the three potential differences e₁, e₂, and E_m, the latter being the sought-for ‘membrane-potential’.

1922 Science 29 Dec. 736/2 The observed membrane potentials always agree with the membrane potentials calculated on the basis of Donnan's equation within one or two millivolts.

1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. i. 14 The membrane potential that just stops net diffusion of this ion across the membrane is called its equilibrium potential.

1994 Jrnl. Membrane Sci. 93 69 (title) Photoinduced membrane potential change of methacrylate polymers containing various spiropyrans.

membrane switch n. Electronics a touch-sensitive switch in which an electrical circuit is made between two contacts by depressing a flexible covering membrane of electrically resistive material.

ΚΠ

1980 Business Week (Nexis) 27 Oct. 172 The crux of the new product's economies is the membrane switch. Most keyboard makers drive their products with either tiny semiconductor chips or pairs of capacitors that relay electrical signals whenever a key is depressed. Oak eliminates such components in favor of a stiff plastic film.

1991 Electronic Musician Nov. 78/2 Normal playing actuates the membrane switches near the center of the keyboard most frequently, and so these need replacement sooner.

Derivatives

ˈmembrane-like adj.

ΚΠ

1670 Minute 10 Feb. in T. Birch Hist. Royal Soc. (1756) II. 421 These [wampum-shell] cases are..all fastened one close by another to a membrane-like skin.

1765 F. Home Inq. Croup 54 After a severe fit of coughing a membrane-like substance..had been thrown out.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 533 In the disease before us, we have neither inflammation nor membrane-like secretion.

1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) 257 Degenerative changes also occur in the vitreous which turns fluid with a breakdown of its colloid structure so that dusty opacities or large membrane-like ‘floaters’ are formed.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2001; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	membrane
释义	membranen. Brit. /ˈmɛmbreɪn/, U.S. /ˈmɛmˌbreɪn/ Forms: late Middle English– membrane, 1500s membraan, 1500s–1600s membran. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin membrāna. Etymology: < classical Latin membrāna a membrane (in animal bodies), parchment < membrum member n. + -āna , feminine of -ānus -an suffix.Classical Latin membrāna probably represents use as noun of the feminine of an adjective in -ānus derived < membrum . Such an adjective is unrecorded in classical Latin (compare post-classical Latin membranus made of parchment: 1397 in a British source), but two hypotheses have been advanced concerning the likely circumstances of the development of such a form. One is as a development from the classical Latin sense of membrum ‘part of the body’, thus having the basic sense ‘covering a part of the body’; however, while membrāna is recorded early in classical Latin in Lucretius, it is not recorded with reference to human skin (i.e., the external covering of a part of the body) earlier than the Vulgate. The second, and perhaps more likely, hypothesis is that the noun membrāna is an early derivative < membrum in a sense ‘flesh’, which is unrecorded but which is plausible in light of the meanings of cognate words in a number of other languages (see merus n.). Early borrowings of the Latin word are Hellenistic Greek μεμβράνα , Byzantine Greek μέμβρανον parchment, Gothic maimbrana parchment. Many of the major European languages show borrowings in the late medieval or early modern period: compare Middle High German membrane (14th cent.; German Membran , Membrane ), Middle French, French membrane (15th cent. in isolated use in Chauliac: see quot. ?a1425 at sense 1a; otherwise 16th cent.), Italian membrana (14th cent. in sense ‘parchment’, 16th cent. in sense 1), Spanish membrana (c1490). Senses parallel to senses 1 and 2 occur in all of these languages except French, which lacks the sense ‘parchment’. 1. a. Anatomy and Zoology. A thin sheet of tissue or layer of cells, usually serving to cover or line an organ or part, or to separate or connect parts. Also as a mass noun: tissue of this nature. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily substance > membrane > [noun] rimeOE hameOE skina1398 caul1398 shrine1398 tunicle1398 panniclea1400 pelliculea1400 slougha1400 membrane?a1425 pellicle?a1425 pellet?1440 enfolder1545 kell1545 involucre1578 skinlet1598 striffena1612 swathe1615 veil1639 tunic1661 swath-band1668 involucruma1676 wall1682 panniculus1702 theca1807 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 316 Inflacions..ar made of wynde gadred togider somtyme..under þe skyn, somtyme..in þe membranez þat bene about þe profoundnez [etc.]. 1574 G. Baker tr. Composition Oleum Magistrale f. 16^v It is needful to know..the difference between the Tendones membranes & ligamentes. 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 1 All the partes of mans body are either Similar, or Simple..as are Ligamentes, Fibres, Membrans, Flesh, and Fatte. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 77 A Membrane ingirting the whole cauity of the lower belly. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Hymen, is a circular Folding of the inner Membrane of the Vagina. 1744 Philos. Trans. 1740–41 (Royal Soc.) 41 622 The Cellular Membrane, which surrounds the Kidney, was filled with a large Cluster of these Bodies. 1788 Med. Communications 2 210 The membrane of the nose, commonly known by the name of Schneiders membrane. 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. III. 618 The Apical Area is usually most distinguished by nervures..the object of this is doubtless to strengthen the membrane. 1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. 34 The ‘dermal membrane’ of the Sponge. 1896 J. W. Kirkaldy & E. C. Pollard tr. J. E. V. Boas Text Bk. Zool. 336 Just below the portion of skin covered by the eyelids there is usually a thin and soft membrane, which is termed the conjunctiva bulbi. 1907 R. Ridgway Birds North & Middle Amer. (Bull. U.S. National Mus. No. 50) IV. 328 The two edges usually separated by a narrow strip or groove of smooth or nonscutellate membrane. 1946 B. Spock Common Sense Bk. Baby & Child Care 94 Mothers sometimes worry unnecessarily about the danger of touching the soft spot. Actually it is covered by a membrane almost as tough as canvas. 1991 New Scientist 4 May 40/1 The cells of the synovial membrane divide rapidly and membrane tissue grows into the joint cavity. b. A (usually thin) layer of tissue forming part of a plant, seed, etc., esp. as a covering or lining. Also as a mass noun: †parenchymatous tissue (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > thin layer or membrane membrane1601 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 483 The leafe..embracing the Cane, doth clad it round about with certaine thin membranes. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Membrane,..the pill or pilling between the bark and the tree. 1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis ii. 213 A short Fibrous Lobe... Lined within with a most smooth and thin Membrane. 1758 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S.-Amer. I. iv. viii. 189 Each seed [of the cacao tree]..inclosed in one of the compartments, formed by the transverse membranes of the pod. 1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. i. 2 It is a common opinion that membrane only is the basis of the tissue of plants. 1835 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. (1848) I. 9 Membrane, as true cellulose, may be regarded as being in the beginning, a gelatinous precipitate from the organic mucus of vegetation. 1891 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Membrane,..the thin testa of a seed. 1913 Bot. Gaz. 56 170 The seeds of the sugar beet probably have a selectively semipermeable membrane as part of the inner seed coat. 1974 A. J. Huxley Plant & Planet (1978) xv. 177 Some flying seeds have a single membrane or wing. 1993 Harrowsmith Aug. 43/2 Glands at the junction of the placenta and the pepper wall produce the capsaicin, which is concentrated in the membrane and adjacent flesh, not in the seeds. c. Chiefly in plural. The membranes that develop from the ovum to enclose and support a developing vertebrate embryo or fetus; spec. the amnion and chorion in humans. ΚΠ 1653 W. Harvey Anat. Exercitations 511/1 Hieronymus Fabricius recounteth four sorts of bodies which do consist without the Fœtus, namely the Umbilical Vessels, the Membranes, Humours, and fleshy substance. 1692 R. Bentley Confut. Atheism from Struct. & Origin Humane Bodies: Pt. II 8 The inclosed Foetus; which at the time of maturity broke through those Membranes. 1794 T. Denman Midwifery I. v. 241 By the placenta and membranes which are expanded from its edge, a complete involucrum of the fœtus and waters is made. 1832 A. S. Doane et al. tr. J. F. Meckel Man. Gen., Descr., & Pathol. Anat. III. vii. 499 The membranes of the ovum are much larger and heavier the farther the fetus is from the period of its formation. 1873 A. S. Taylor Princ. & Pract. Med. Jurispr. (ed. 2) II. lxxiv. 325 M. Sentex states..that the dead foetus retained in utero, with the membranes unruptured, undergoes one of three changes. 1963 G. B. Carter et al. Dict. Midwifery (ed. 2) 292/2 When it is necessary to rupture the membranes artificially a pair of forceps, sterilized, may be used. 1981 F. Manolson & A. Fraser in K. Thear & A. Fraser Compl. Bk. Raising Livestock & Poultry vii. 182/1 The cow still has a bloodstained collection of torn membranes dangling from her vulva. 1996 Prenatal Diagnosis 16 313 Premature rupture of the membranes..accounts for approximately 30 per cent of all preterm deliveries. d. Medicine. (More fully false membrane) a thick layer of exudate found on a mucosal surface in certain diseases; a pseudomembrane. Also: a cast of a mucous membrane, esp. of the endometrium (rare). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > abnormal or morbid tissue adherence1667 adhesion1698 bridle1739 membrane1765 pseudomembrane1824 heterology1854 neoplasm1863 synechia1873 heteroplasm1878 paraplasm1890 paraplasma1890 heteromorphosis1891 1765 F. Home Inq. Croup 16 The..surface of the Trachea was covered with a white soft thick preternatural coat or membrane. 1795 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children (ed. 3) I. 343 That tough membrane found in those whose bodies have been examined after death. 1834 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. III. 488/2 Membranes expelled in dysmenorrhœa. 1835 J. Forbes et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. IV. 176/1 A more severe form of pharyngeal inflammation is that which is accompanied by the formation of a false membrane. 1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 603 Cases of gall-stone colic accompanied by membranes in the stools. 1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iv. 576 The exudate clots and adheres tightly to the underlying tissues, forming the so-called ‘false membrane’ (pseudomembrane), a thick-textured layer..with a characteristic and unforgettable smell. e. Cell Biology. Originally: any microscopic layer or layered structure surrounding or supporting a cell. Later: spec. the structure that bounds a cell or cellular organelle, typically consisting of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.basement, cell, nuclear, pit, plasma membrane, etc.: see the first element. ΚΠ 1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. i. 4 The cellules usually grow so firmly together, that their sides really form in their union but one membrane. 1842 W. Bowman in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 132 58 These [uriniferous] tubes consist of an external tunic of transparent homogeneous tissue (which I have termed the basement membrane) lined by epithelium. 1849 Rep. & Papers Bot. (Ray Soc.) 223 Mohl..considers that the cell-membrane always surrounds the nucleus. 1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) p. xxii The nuclear membrane is dissolved in mitosis and reconstituted round the new nuclei. 1923 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 9 258 By careful observation on Amoeba proteus in motion the following structures can clearly be differentiated..a very thin elastic surface layer or membrane. 1962 Sci. Surv. 3 169 Each mitochondrion is bounded by an outer limiting membrane, then there is a narrow space and then another membrane bounding an inner chamber. 1995 Amer. Health July 90/3 (caption) Endoplasmic reticulum: This system of folded membranes modifies proteins produced in the ribosomes and sends them to the Golgi apparatus. 2. In palaeographic contexts: each of the skins of parchment of which a roll is composed. Also: parchment. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment parchmentc1330 membrane1519 society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > skin (vellum or parchment) > [noun] > parchment > piece of > forming part of roll membrane1870 1519 W. Horman Vulgaria viii. f. 80^v That stouffe that we wrytte vpon: and is made of beestis skynnes: is somtyme called parchement, somtyme velem, somtyme abortyue, somtyme membraan. 1601 in J. Nichols Progresses Queen Elizabeth (1823) III. 552 Her rolls, bundells, membranes, and parcells that be reposed in her Majestie's Tower at London. 1651 A. Boate Let. in R. Parr Life J. Usher (1686) Coll. cclxiv. 564 The bare transcription of the Obelisks and Asterisks out of the Membranes. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Membrane,..a skin of parchment. 1870 L. Toulmin Smith in Eng. Gilds Introd. 44 ‘Miscellaneous Rolls, Tower Records’; they consist of three bundles, containing in all 549 skins or membranes. 1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant II. 137 The third membrane of this Roll. 1964 J. R. L. Highfield Early Rolls Merton Coll., Oxf. 211 There is a slit at the foot of the roll to which another membrane must have been attached. 1994 R. McKitterick Bks., Scribes & Learning 234 A great many of the manuscripts discussed..were written on membrane prepared in the Continental manner. 2012 Notes & Queries Mar. 29/1 The manuscript in question..is written on membrane and measures around 195 mm by 130 mm. 3. gen. Any thin, often pliable, sheet or layer, esp. one forming a barrier or lining. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition or fact of being interjacent > [noun] > that which is interjacent > and separates two things > a partition interclose1344 enterclosea1430 partition1545 distinction1578 membrane1631 septuma1638 diaphragm1660 midriff1660 cloison1693 separationc1720 dispartation1779 separator1881 1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes iii. ii. 245 in Wks. II Vertue and honesty; hang 'hem; poore thinne membranes Of honour; who respects them? a1717 W. Diaper tr. Oppian Halieuticks (1722) 24 These are the Masts, and Rigging of the Ship. A Membrane stretcht between supplies the Sail. 1862 Internat. Exhib.: Illustr. Catal. Industr. Dept. II. xvii. §3569 Liston's membrane plaster. 1877 Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 1876–7 12 8 I placed the membrane of the telephone near my mouth. 1891 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 60 140 A solution of cupric sulphate superposed on a solution of potassium ferrocyanide precipitates at the dividing surface an exceedingly fine membrane of cupric ferrocyanide. 1929 Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Pathol. 10 126 That membranes can be prepared to retain bacteria is..well known. 1958 J. S. Scott Dict. Civil Engin. 225 Membrane.., a thin film or skin, such as the skin of a soap bubble or a waterproof skin. 1975 Audubon May 22/1 A tank structure..over which a thin membrane of steel, a mere 35 millimeters..thick, has been drawn. 1986 Do it Yourself June 57/2 It is basically a standard 100mm concrete slab with a polythene sheet damp proof membrane laid over it. Compounds membrane bone n. bone, or a bone, that develops within a sheet of mesenchymal tissue without prior formation of a cartilaginous primordium. ΚΠ 1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 128 The cartilage-bones have not all appeared, but the membrane-bones have attained to a degree of development almost equal to that which is found in an ordinary adult Lacertian. 1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 91 The principal membrane-bone of the mandible is the dentary. 1999 Britannica Online (Version 99.1) at Integument The dermis..gives rise to so-called membrane bones—the bony scales of fishes, the bony plates in certain reptiles and mammals, and the membrane bones of the vertebrate skull. membrane filter n. a sheet or film of a polymer (originally collodion) that has pores of a uniform size, used esp. for ultrafiltration. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > filtering or percolating > [noun] > filter or percolator > for fine particles microfilter1911 membrane filter1922 1922 H. Bassett in 4th Rep. Colloid Chem. (Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci.) 23 Ultrafiltration by means of colloidal membrane filters has been worked out as an analytical operation by Zsigmondy and co-workers. 1932 Science 28 Oct. 388/1 A membrane filter.., minus the membrane but retaining the perforated porcelain strainer, forms a receptacle. 1951 Jrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 43 975/1 It appears reasonably certain that membrane filters have approached a degree of refinement that suggests their extended application. 1988 Q. N. Myrvik & R. S. Weiser Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. (ed. 2) v. 76 Membrane filters, composed of biologically-inert cellulose esters having a uniform porosity, are now readily available. membrane filtration n. filtration by means of a membrane filter. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > freedom from impurities > removal of impurities > filtering or percolating > [noun] leachinga900 filtering1576 excolation1578 filtration1602 percolation1613 transcolation1634 filtrating1662 membrane filtration1931 polishing1938 1931 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 109 365 The filtrate is collected next day, and further prepared for examination by membrane-filtration, or centrifugation. 1990 T. G. Wreghitt & P. Morgan-Capner ELISA in Clin. Microbiol. Lab. xix. 274 A very simple technique using sheep hydatid fluid involves filtering the fluid through Whatman number 1 paper, followed by membrane filtration. membrane keypad n. Electronics a keypad in which the keys are membrane switches rather than push-buttons. ΚΠ 1983 Plant Engin. (Nexis) 23 Nov. 52 Some small PC's have permanently mounted membrane keypad programmers located in their panels. 1991 What's New in Design Sept. 37/1 For instruments where control space is minimal and profiles may be thin, Rafi is introducing two new series of membrane keypads. membrane potential n. a voltage difference across a cell membrane or other semipermeable biological or synthetic membrane, resulting from an unequal distribution of diffusible ions on either side of the membrane. ΚΠ 1912 F. G. Donnan & G. M. Green in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 90 451 The determination of the membrane potential difference was carried out as follows: [etc.].] 1914 F. G. Donnan & G. M. Green in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 90 451 The E.M.F. of the cell..is constituted by the three potential differences e₁, e₂, and E_m, the latter being the sought-for ‘membrane-potential’. 1922 Science 29 Dec. 736/2 The observed membrane potentials always agree with the membrane potentials calculated on the basis of Donnan's equation within one or two millivolts. 1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. i. 14 The membrane potential that just stops net diffusion of this ion across the membrane is called its equilibrium potential. 1994 Jrnl. Membrane Sci. 93 69 (title) Photoinduced membrane potential change of methacrylate polymers containing various spiropyrans. membrane switch n. Electronics a touch-sensitive switch in which an electrical circuit is made between two contacts by depressing a flexible covering membrane of electrically resistive material. ΚΠ 1980 Business Week (Nexis) 27 Oct. 172 The crux of the new product's economies is the membrane switch. Most keyboard makers drive their products with either tiny semiconductor chips or pairs of capacitors that relay electrical signals whenever a key is depressed. Oak eliminates such components in favor of a stiff plastic film. 1991 Electronic Musician Nov. 78/2 Normal playing actuates the membrane switches near the center of the keyboard most frequently, and so these need replacement sooner. Derivatives ˈmembrane-like adj. ΚΠ 1670 Minute 10 Feb. in T. Birch Hist. Royal Soc. (1756) II. 421 These [wampum-shell] cases are..all fastened one close by another to a membrane-like skin. 1765 F. Home Inq. Croup 54 After a severe fit of coughing a membrane-like substance..had been thrown out. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 533 In the disease before us, we have neither inflammation nor membrane-like secretion. 1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) 257 Degenerative changes also occur in the vitreous which turns fluid with a breakdown of its colloid structure so that dusty opacities or large membrane-like ‘floaters’ are formed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2001; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.?a1425
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