Maxwell–Boltzmannn.

Brit.

/ˈmakswɛl ˈbɒltsmən/,

/ˈmaksw(ə)l ˈbɒltsmən/, U.S.

/ˈmækswəl ˈbɔltsmən/,

/ˈmækswəl ˈbɑltsmən/

Origin: From proper names. Etymons: proper name Maxwell, Boltzmann.

Etymology: < the names of J. C. Maxwell (see Maxwell n.²) and L. Boltzmann (see Boltzmann n.), both of whom worked on the kinetic theory of gases in the 1870s.

Physics.

1. attributive. Designating certain concepts in the kinetic theory of gases. (In some cases an alternative to Maxwell or Boltzmann alone.)

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the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [adjective] > designating concepts of kinetic theory of gases

Maxwell–Boltzmann1900

1900 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 622 The generalised Maxwell-Boltzmann principle of the equable distribution of the acquired store of kinetic energy of the molecule.

1901 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 2 241 Any rotational energy possessed by a dumbbell about its longitudinal axis could have no influence on smooth collisions, and accordingly could not be transferred or altered in amount; therefore such rotation ought not to be included in the partition of energy within the meaning of the Maxwell-Boltzmann law when properly stated.

1925 H. C. Booth tr. F. Auerbach Mod. Magnetics (U.K. ed.) x. 262 The Maxwell-Boltzman laws..determine the distribution of the molecules in positions which correspond to the various values of the potential energy.

1967 E. U. Condon & H. Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) iv. vi. 72/2 Lorentz..based his calculations on the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation of kinetic theory.

2. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution n. = Maxwell's distribution n. at Maxwell n.² 1c. Also called Boltzmann distribution.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > kinetic theory of heat or gases > specific law > distribution predicted by

Maxwell's distribution1899

Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution1927

1927 R. C. Tolman Princ. Statistical Mech. iv. 53 In a system containing a large number of molecules appreciable deviations from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution will have a very small probability of occurrence.

1951 D. Bohm Quantum Theory i. 16 For a perfect gas..we obtain the familiar Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of velocities.

1986 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. (1987) xxvi. 649 The result is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities, representing both Maxwell's contribution (he derived it originally) and Boltzmann's (he proved it rigorously).

3. Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics n. the form of statistics that applies to an ensemble of particles described by Maxwell's distribution.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > [noun] > statistics of energy distribution

statistics1882

quantum statistics1921

Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics1948

1948 S. Glasstone Textbk. Physical Chem. (ed. 2) iv. 273 From the point of view of modern quantum mechanics, it is not possible for similar particles to be distinguishable; the fundamental assumption of the Maxwell-Boltzmann (classical) statistics..is consequently unsound.

1968 M. S. Livingston Particle Physics iii. 58 In classical mechanics the distribution of thermal velocities and energies among the molecules of a gas, in thermal equilibrium due to the exchange of energy in random impacts, is described by Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics.

1989 Encycl. Brit. VII. 968/3 All systems observed to date appear to obey Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics provided that quantum-mechanical effects are not important.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	maxwell–boltzmann
释义	Maxwell–Boltzmannn. Brit. /ˈmakswɛl ˈbɒltsmən/, /ˈmaksw(ə)l ˈbɒltsmən/, U.S. /ˈmækswəl ˈbɔltsmən/, /ˈmækswəl ˈbɑltsmən/ Origin: From proper names. Etymons: proper name Maxwell, Boltzmann. Etymology: < the names of J. C. Maxwell (see Maxwell n.²) and L. Boltzmann (see Boltzmann n.), both of whom worked on the kinetic theory of gases in the 1870s. Physics. 1. attributive. Designating certain concepts in the kinetic theory of gases. (In some cases an alternative to Maxwell or Boltzmann alone.) ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [adjective] > designating concepts of kinetic theory of gases Maxwell–Boltzmann1900 1900 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 622 The generalised Maxwell-Boltzmann principle of the equable distribution of the acquired store of kinetic energy of the molecule. 1901 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 2 241 Any rotational energy possessed by a dumbbell about its longitudinal axis could have no influence on smooth collisions, and accordingly could not be transferred or altered in amount; therefore such rotation ought not to be included in the partition of energy within the meaning of the Maxwell-Boltzmann law when properly stated. 1925 H. C. Booth tr. F. Auerbach Mod. Magnetics (U.K. ed.) x. 262 The Maxwell-Boltzman laws..determine the distribution of the molecules in positions which correspond to the various values of the potential energy. 1967 E. U. Condon & H. Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) iv. vi. 72/2 Lorentz..based his calculations on the Maxwell-Boltzmann equation of kinetic theory. 2. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution n. = Maxwell's distribution n. at Maxwell n.² 1c. Also called Boltzmann distribution. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > kinetic theory of heat or gases > specific law > distribution predicted by Maxwell's distribution1899 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution1927 1927 R. C. Tolman Princ. Statistical Mech. iv. 53 In a system containing a large number of molecules appreciable deviations from the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution will have a very small probability of occurrence. 1951 D. Bohm Quantum Theory i. 16 For a perfect gas..we obtain the familiar Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of velocities. 1986 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. (1987) xxvi. 649 The result is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular velocities, representing both Maxwell's contribution (he derived it originally) and Boltzmann's (he proved it rigorously). 3. Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics n. the form of statistics that applies to an ensemble of particles described by Maxwell's distribution. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > quantum theory > quantum mechanics > [noun] > statistics of energy distribution statistics1882 quantum statistics1921 Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics1948 1948 S. Glasstone Textbk. Physical Chem. (ed. 2) iv. 273 From the point of view of modern quantum mechanics, it is not possible for similar particles to be distinguishable; the fundamental assumption of the Maxwell-Boltzmann (classical) statistics..is consequently unsound. 1968 M. S. Livingston Particle Physics iii. 58 In classical mechanics the distribution of thermal velocities and energies among the molecules of a gas, in thermal equilibrium due to the exchange of energy in random impacts, is described by Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. 1989 Encycl. Brit. VII. 968/3 All systems observed to date appear to obey Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics provided that quantum-mechanical effects are not important. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1900
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