| 释义 |
mauln.1 Origin: Perhaps of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Perhaps partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: Latin malleus ; French mail ; maul v.1 Etymology: Ultimately < classical Latin malleus hammer (see malleus n.), usually taken to be via Anglo-Norman and Old French mail (subject form malz , maus , oblique mail ; plural subject form mail , oblique maus , malz : although in later use largely simplified to singular mail , plural mals , maus ; French mail , plural mails ) hammer (c1100), mace, club (12th cent.), although alternatively explained as partly showing also the reflex of an unattested Old English borrowing < Latin (see discussion below). In branch II. < maul v.1 (in quot. 1481 at sense 4 translating Old French marteleis hammering). See also mell n.1, and compare mallet n.1, mail n.5, and mall n.1Earliest attested in surname use in the otherwise unattested compound maulmonger :1205 Curia Regis Rolls (1926) III. 346 Gilbertus Maulmanger. The form in this compound would seem to reflect an Anglo-Norman or Old French form with an -au- diphthong (whereas later forms listed at β above probably show independent development of a diphthong in early modern English). The earliest attestation of the word otherwise is in Sawles Warde, where the Bodleian manuscript has (plural) mealles , and the Royal manuscript melles . Apart from these occurrences, α. forms in the present entry and -e- forms at mell n.1 are both attested from the early 14th cent., and both have been variously explained. R. E. Zachrisson in Englische Studien (1918) 52 324 takes the forms s.v. mell n.1 as showing monophthongization of ai (from Old French ai ), probably with subsequent shortening (although this process of monophthongization and shortening is apparently unparalleled in Middle English in a monosyllable), and takes the forms below as likewise of Old French origin, with -ea- in quot. c1225 at sense 1a as an inverse spelling for -a- (and by this argument the Royal manuscript form melles could be taken as showing simply an alternative graph for -ea- ). For an alternative explanation of forms in -a- , -ea- , and -e- as showing at least partly the reflexes of an unattested Old English *mælle or *melle ( < Latin malleus ), see S. R. T. O. d'Ardenne Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (1961) 183–4. However, the isolated form mayl would then probably have to be taken as independently from (or after) Old French, as would the form maul in the surname Maulmanger . Given the phonological and orthographic difficulties, the division of early material between the present entry and mell n.1 must remain only tentative. In sense 1c after post-classical Latin malleus in medical texts (13th cent. or earlier). In sense 2a after post-classical Latin malleus, used in this way from the Vulgate (Jeremiah 50:23, translating Hebrew paṭṭīš hammer) onwards (compare hammer n.1 1b, mallet n.1 3). With Anglo-Norman and Old French mail compare Old Occitan malh (12th cent.; Occitan mai), Portuguese malho (1124 in form mallio), Spanish †majo (13th cent.), mallo (1680, < Portuguese), Italian maglio (a1320). I. A hammer, and derived senses. 1. society > occupation and work > equipment > driving or beating tools > [noun] > hammer > other hammers c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1938) 16 Hare unirude duntes wið mealles [c1225 Royal melles] istelet. a1400 (a1325) (Trin. Cambr.) 23240 Þo dyntes are ful fers to falle Harder þen dynt of iren malle. c1442 Erasmus (BL Add.) in C. Horstmann (1878) 202 These he suffred of þe turmentours..xviii was betyng on his body withe brennyng malles. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate (Arun.) (1911) 4543 (MED) The wommen first, with pikkeys and with mallys, with gret labour bete doun the wallys. a1464 J. Capgrave (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 29 With a malle an a nayle sche smet him in þe hed. 1485 in M. Oppenheim (1896) 39 Lede malles feble..xiiij. ?a1500 Hunting of Hare in H. Weber (1810) III. 283 Euery man had a mall, Syche as thei betyn clottys withall. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert f. xxxixv Take thy mall agayne and driue downe thy edderynges, and also thy stakes. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert f. x And yf the barley grounde wyll nat breke with harowes..it wolde be betten with malles. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas i. iv. 126 Th' iron Maule that chimes The entire Day in twice twelue equall times. 1676 J. Worlidge 81 Others, to beat them [sc. apples] on a Table with Mauls. 1680 J. Moxon I. xii. 203 The Joyners Mallet would supply the Office of this Tool; but Use has made the Mawl more handy for them. 1688 R. Holme iii. 312/2 The Executioner with the Violence of a Blow on the head of the Axe with his heavy Maul, forced it through the Mans Neck. 1764 Char. in 23/1 The instruments of agriculture they use..are a spade, a mall, and a rake or harrow. 1812 Chron. in 5 The stake, with the mall, was driven through the body. 1874 J. H. Collins (1875) x. 61 Hammers.—The chief kinds used in metal mines are mallets or ‘malls’. 1886 R. C. Leslie vii. 154 The shipwright's maul. 1918 E. C. Parsons 97 Jack slyly take out his mawl, and..he hit b'o' Elephant. 1933 M. Lowry ii. 64 We batter the rusty scales of the deck with a carpenter's maul. 1947 D. M. Davin 54 His father was leaning on the haft of the mall. 1982 J. A. Holm & A. W. Shilling 132/2 A hammer is the little one. Maul is the big one you could mash rock with. society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > club or stick > [noun] > armed club society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > blunt weapons other than sticks > [noun] > hammer c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 4229 (MED) Þe dunt nas noȝt wikke, & is male [v.r. mace] he dude ek bituene. c1380 (1879) 4653 A mayl of Ire he bar an honde. a1450 ( tr. Vegetius (Douce) f. 13 (MED) He fauȝt wiþ heuy wepouns, as malles of leed, heuy battes, heuy leueres, and heuy axes. c1475 Gregory's Chron. in J. Gairdner (1876) 214 Men take hem to mallys of ledde, bowys, swyrdys, gleyvys, and axys. a1500 (?c1450) 339 (MED) Whan Arthur saugh the Geaunte lifte vp his malle, he douted the stroke. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart I. ccccxvii. 730 They were of harnessed men..mo than xxx. thousande, and as many with malles. 1545 R. Ascham i. f. 29 A leaden maule, or suche lyke weapon, to beate downe his enemyes withall. 1590 E. Spenser i. vii. sig. G5v With mighty mall The monster mercilesse him made to fall. 1627 M. Drayton 39 With Battle-axes, Halberts, Bills, and Maules. 1682 J. Bunyan 48 I have a Maul, Fire-brands, Arrows and Death, all good hand-weapons. View more context for this quotation 1891 Oct. 444 Steel caps, mail brigandines..completed this equipment, while in some cases the murderous maule or five-foot mallet was hung across the bow-stave. 1970 F. Wilkinson vii. 109 A maul..consisted of a long handle with a mallet-like head, sometimes fitted with a central spike. 1992 July 54/3 Rings of stone..weighed down tepees made of buffalo hide;..flaked and pecked stone was the raw material for knives, war clubs, mauls, [etc.]. society > occupation and work > equipment > driving or beating tools > [noun] > beetle a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 127 (MED) Þou schalt smyte wiþ a mal [L. malleus] eiþer an hamer on þe greet eende. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 72 And if it be nede forto smyte wiþ a malle [?c1425 Paris maylet; L. malleo], be it done with esynez or facilite. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 72v (MED) Afterward plane al þe squirlez & sharpnez with a lenticuler & a malle, & be þe wonde of þe bone cured as yt was said of fracturez. †2. figurative. society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [noun] > oppressor ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1876) VI. 43 The Sawden and duke of Turkes, the grete malle of Cristen peple [L. Christianorum malleus]. a1500 (a1400) J. Wyclif (1880) 351 (MED) Þe stake is þe synne hardud in mannus hert; þe malle þat he driueþ it wiþ is newe rehersynge of synne. c1530 A. Barclay i. sig. Diii This is of comons the veray dedly mall. 1577 T. Vautrollier tr. M. Luther (new ed.) f. 155 God must needes take this maule in hand, the lawe I meane,..to bring to nothing this beast. 1624 H. Mason iv. 59 Luther was a great mawle, that battered their Babel. 1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in (rev. ed.) 951 That flower of Knighthood, and Maul of the Spanish pride, Francis Drake. 1707 G. Hickes i. ii. 33 Optatus,..the great Mall of the Donatists. 1772 xxxix. 86 A ridiculous character does no harm, and makes us laugh: but a vicious is a sword and a maul. society > authority > lack of subjection > rebelliousness > insurrection > [noun] > insurgent > partisan in specific insurrection 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart II. clxxxv. [clxxxi.] 563 The sayd Constable put downe the malles of Parys, and punyshed them for their rebellyons. the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > a person's collective property or substance > the whole of one's property or possessions 1872 M. S. De Vere 616 Maul and Wedges..often used to denote the whole of a man's possessions, his movables. II. Senses derived from maul v.1the world > movement > impact > striking > striking with specific degree of force > [noun] > striking heavily > a heavy blow 1481 W. Caxton tr. (1893) 210 The malles were so grete and strokes that ye shold not haue herd yf it had thondred. 1664 S. Butler ii. i. 38 Give that Reverend Head, a maul, Or two, or three, against a wall. 1665 J. Phillips v. 147 Mimas gives Mars a maul o'th' pate. a1821 J. Keats Sonnet to Cat in (1830) 14 The fists Of many a maid has [later edd. have] given thee many a maul. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > rugby football > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres 1860 Nov. 80 One had none of those horrid long mauls, in which you get all the wind knocked out of you for nothing. a1861 New Rugbeian in J. Macrory (1991) x. 94 When a maul in goal is on the ground, no player not already in the maul may take part in it. 1867 (new ed.) 18 Only those who are touching the ball with their hands may continue in the maul inside goal. 1874 38 A maul occurred in the centre of the ground, from which Edinburgh emerged victorious. 1892 17 Sept. 458/1 This year the maul [in goal] has finally been relegated to the past [by the Rugby Union]. 1957 IX. 486 B/1 When a player in possession of the ball crossed his opponents' line they could try by any means to prevent him from touching the ball down, and this produced what was known as a maul-in-goal. 1973 9 Feb. 11/2 We did not do well in the rucks and mauls against Wales. 1987 2 Oct. 19/10 Two tries were scored by the Trojans..but..Fleetwood fought their way back with a forwards try from a rolling maul. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). mauln.2Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: mallow n. Etymology: Variant of mallow n.With use of historically plural forms in singular sense compare maw n.2, mallow n. Eng. Dial. Dict. records the word in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire. Now English regional ( northern). the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Malvaceae (mallows and allies) > [noun] a1425 Voc. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker (1884) I. 644/34 (MED) Hec malua, Ae., malle. 1691 J. Ray N. Country Words in (ed. 2) 46 Mauls; Mallowes. 1788 W. Marshall Provincialisms E. Yorks. in II. 341 Mauls, malvæ; mallows. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore II. 725/2 Maule, Malva sylvestris. 1876 C. C. Robinson 81/1 Mauls, the herb marsh-mallows. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). maulv.1 Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: maul n.1 Etymology: < maul n.1 See also mell v.3, and compare Old French, Middle French mailler, maillier (12th cent.).For the south-western forms mowly , mully see -y suffix2. I. To strike with a maul, and related senses. 1. society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > stroke with weapon > strike with a weapon [verb (transitive)] c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1938) 12 (MED) Swarte þinges ha iseoð, as deoflen þet ham meallið [a1250 Titus mellið] & derueð. c1440 (?a1400) 4037 (MED) I sall even amange his mene malle hym to dede. 1530 J. Palsgrave 632/1 If he mall you on the heed I wyll nat gyve a peny for your lyfe. 1537 Judges v. 22 Then they malled the horsses legges, yt their myghtie coursers lefte praunsyng. 1596 E. Spenser v. xi. sig. X2v The sad steele..Lighting on his horses head, him quite did mall . View more context for this quotation 1612 G. Chapman v. sig. K3v Lys. Would not my Ghost start vp and flie vpon thee? Cyn. No, I'de mall it down againe with this [sc. a crowbar]. 1613 S. Purchas viii. xii. 805 Many Gentlewomen..while his [sc. the king's] bodie was burning were malled with clubbes, and buried foure and foure in a graue. 1648 T. Gage (1655) xiii. 72 They mawled with a club those which had the Garlands. 1675 J. Crowne iv. i. 53 My single Sword, both men and gods shall maul. society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > work with tools or equipment [verb (intransitive)] > driving or beating tools c1390 (?c1350) (1871) l. 508 Þere..Meeten miȝtful men mallen þorw scheldes. 1615 R. Brathwait 113 Her hands like Fullers wheels, one vp, one downe, Which still lie malling on my costrell crowne. society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > work with tools or equipment [verb (transitive)] > driving or beating tools tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. 17 (MED) The cloddis malled be with mannes hond. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. 516 This pece [of wood] amydde his trunke hit is to malle. c1440 (?a1400) 3038 (MED) Mynsteris and masondewes they malle to þe erthe. 1530 J. Palsgrave 632/2 Nowe that he hath done with plowynge of our grounde go mall the cloddes. 1609 J. Davies sig. D1 See how they mall it on, in ruthlesse rage. a1617 S. Hieron Penance for Sinne in (1620) II. 373 A certayne hammer, which the Lord vseth in this seruice of malling and breaking the heart. 1633 T. James 51 I ordered the Cooper to..looke to all our Caske: those that were full, to mawle in the bungs of them. society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > work with tools or equipment [verb (transitive)] > other tools or equipment 1664 Court Proc. in J. H. Pleasants (1937) LIV. 373 Hee was mauling A Cutt of Timber, and the ouerseer gaue him orders as soone as hee had mauled that Cut..he should bring some fier and watter. 1677 Causes Discontent in (1894) Oct. 168 60 armed men..were..commended to goe to work, fall trees and mawl and toat railes. 1686 in P. A. Bruce (1896) I. 318 (note) Johnson..doth..impower you..to fall, mall, and set up..400 panels of sufficient post and rails. 1789 T. Anburey II. 323 Fence rails, which are made out of trees, cut or sawed into lengths of about twelve feet, that are mauld or split into rails. 1840 6 509/2 That's uncle Josiah,..don't you see him yonder mauling rails? 1896 P. A. Bruce I. 317 Among the terms..in the contract..was one requiring the latter to maul six hundred fencing rails. 1948 E. N. Dick 313 Often people did not speak of splitting rails—they ‘mauled’ them. 1982 V. M. Slone 10 ‘I feel like I been mauling rails’—meaning I am real tired. the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > injure by striking > bruise the world > movement > impact > striking > beating or repeated striking > beat [verb (transitive)] > specifically a person a1627 T. Middleton et al. (1652) v. i. 56 Your women..will so maule him With broken crewses, and pitchers..He will nen'r dye alive. 1699 S. Garth v. 64 Each Combatant his Adversary mauls With batter'd Bed-pans. 1712 J. Swift 7 Aug. (1948) II. 554 My Lds business is to hasten the Peace before the Dutch are too much mauld. 1748 T. Smollett II. xlvi. 106 It was proposed by Bragwell, that we should..maul the watch. 1858 J. Doran 105 Thrashing the..bishop and terribly mauling his body of followers. 1886 1 Oct. 277 I had supposed that..‘I'll mawl yer jaws’ and similar aggressive threats, were invented in the New World. 1916 E. R. Burroughs v. 77 A man mauling with his bare hands one of the most relentless and fierce of the jungle carnivora. 1991 J. Richardson I. i. 16 The culprit was so badly mauled by a trooper that he was left for dead. 3. the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > damage or injure [verb (transitive)] 1694 R. South II. 41 Nor is Excess the onely Thing by which Sin mauls and breaks Men in their Health. 1709 R. Steele No. 1. ⁋5 This Passion has so extremely mauled him, that his Features are set and uninformed. 1759 100 Her larboard side is most terribly mauled: there are seventy shot-holes on that side. 1805 in Ld. Nelson (1846) VII. 190 (note) Saw some of the Fleet at times, very much mauled and greatest part partly dismasted. 1819 W. Cobbett (ed. 2) ii. vi. 260 America is not wholly exempt from that mortal enemy of turnips, the fly, which mawled some of mine. 1885 J. Runciman 112 The sea was mauling her pretty badly. 1983 P. O'Brian iv. 95 Abaft the mainchains, where the frigate had been cruelly mauled. 1746 22 Ees won't ha' ma Tetties a grabbled zo; ner ees won't be mullad and soulad. 1777–8 R. Wight (MS Bodl. Eng. lang. d.66) 277 [Exmoor] To Moul et Soul a Person about... To pull, hale, & tumble about & dirt a Persons Clothes, as at the Play of ‘More Sacks to the Mill’. 1827 J. Clare 156 So off they ran, when she came smiling out; Saying she hated to be mawled about. 1852 L. B. Mackinnon 67 It [sc. a sewing machine] has been so mauled about since the ladies heard of its wonderful performance, that it is quite deranged, and won't work. 1875 Sept. 618 She's de on'y girl a feller wants to maul, and she's de on'y one a feller can't. 1885 W. B. Forfar 17 You mustn't maul the fish about. 1922 J. Joyce ii. viii. [Lestrygonians] 155 Squarepushing up against a backdoor. Maul her a bit. Then the next thing on the menu. 1942 L. V. Berrey & M. Van den Bark §355/5 Fondle; caress; pet, maul a moll. 1991 E. Jones xxi. 200 Geoffrey..thrust his tongue into her unresponsive mouth. Meeting no resistance, he began to maul her breasts with both hands. the world > animals > by habits or actions > habits and actions > [verb (transitive)] > seize prey with claws the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > biting > bite [verb (transitive)] 1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton II. vii. iv. 185 My disgrace at being so clawed and mauled by its griffes. 1875 23 Oct. 528 The more naturally courageous an elephant is, the better chance there is of his remaining stanch after having been actually mauled by a tiger. 1916 28 Sept. 3 The Vaalpens reported that one of our oxen had been mauled... We saddled up and with three Vaalpens soon found where the lion had caught the ox. 1941 E. Mittelholzer vi. 35 If Ramgolall had suddenly been attacked by some fearful wild creature and mauled to death, the savannah would have smiled on in passive secrecy. 1993 14 Oct. 101/3 Björk and Bondry..decided to have the malevolent bear maul an eco-unfriendly woodsman—before swallowing Björk whole. 1878 T. Hardy Return of Native vi. iv, in Dec. 250 Maul down the victuals from corner-cupboard if canst reach, man. II. Figurative uses. the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > criticism > criticize [verb (transitive)] > severely 1592 T. Nashe sig. G4 By the eternal iests he would maule theee [sic] with. 1695 W. Congreve in C. Hopkins Prol. sig. A3 Far hence they vent their Wrath, Mauling in mild Lampoon th'intriguing Bath. 1711 No. 21. 240 The poor Whigs are every day so maul'd off by the Tories for their Fanaticism, that [etc.]. 1759 W. H. Dilworth 94 Finding themselves let pass free of all censure, and seeing the other sex so mauled. 1785 G. Crabbe 25 To vex and maul a ministerial race. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato I. 179 They are a class who are very likely to get mauled by Euthydemus and his friends. 1885 25 Feb. 3/3 Poor Sir David Brewster, a really harmless man, is mauled in quite a wicked fashion. 1966 4 Aug. 177/1 One of the most hearty efforts at ‘debunking’ him..was thoroughly mauled by Liddell Hart. 1986 M. Foot 32 The Tory newspapers or many of them..could always be relied upon to maul him afresh, whenever the Conservative Central Office gave the cue. the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > damage or injure [verb (transitive)] 1782 W. Cowper Conversation in 227 We that make no honey though we sting, Poets, are sometimes apt to mawl the thing. 1860 E. B. Browning (ed. 5) iii. 121 To see them laugh and laugh and maul [1856 moil] their texts. 1861 H. Bushnell ii. ii. 249 He is a man that mauls every truth of God. 1899 Jan. 541 We..regret..that it [sc. the First Prayer Book of Edward VI] was suffered to be mauled about in deference to the rather impertinent objections of foreigners. 1978 29 221 Helen Lindsay's Nurse..got around the familiar repetitive perils without mauling the text. 1993 Oct. 104/4 Just keep your fingers away from the unit's Super Bass function—its ability to maul the midrange is remarkable. 8. Rugby (cf. maul n.1 5). society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > rugby football > play rugby football [verb (transitive)] > actions to player 1856 vii The player holding the ball may be mauled; i.e. he may be held and the ball if possible wrested from him. 1862 in J. Macrory (1991) xi. 98 If the ball be touched..the other side may charge and maul. 1867 (new ed.) 18 When a player holding the ball is mauled by one or more of the opposite side outside goal. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > rugby football > play rugby football [verb (intransitive)] > scrummage 1979 G. Evans et al. x. 87 It is vitally important that when the forwards arrive at a breakdown they know whether they are going to ruck or maul the ball back. If some try to ruck and others to maul the result is confusion. 1988 Nov. 23/2 We worked extremely hard on ball retention skills, we mauled early on but the Aussies were good at getting hands on ball. 1991 (Nexis) 18 Nov. 37 The referee..had mistakenly whistled for a scrum when Wasps were clearly mauling the ball over the Quins' line. 1993 5 July 26/5 Fitzpatrick was mauled over and Preston found a yawning gap on the blind side of a five-metre scrum. society > leisure > sport > winning, losing, or scoring > win, lose, or score [verb (transitive)] > win > defeat 1928 29 Oct. 28/3 Penn mauled Penn State, 14–0. 1999 (Electronic ed.) 19 June South Africa mauled Italy 74-3 in last Saturday's first Test at Port Elizabeth. Compounds 1881 P. B. Du Chaillu I. 162 This maul-text preacher was reading in a loud voice verses of the Bible. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). maulv.2Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: moil v. Etymology: Probably originally a variant of moil v. (compare sense 2 at that entry), perhaps remodelled after maul v.1 English regional ( midlands). the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] 1821 J. Clare I. 16 When he a ploughboy in the fields did maul. 1821 J. Clare I. 138 Huge baskets mauling on. 1871 B. Brierley xv. 141 [She] Likes maulin' amung pigs and keaws. 1903 IV. 55/2 [S. Notts.] Th' oad hoss went maulin' an' daulin' along as if 'e war asleep. 1854 A. E. Baker II. 11 I'm welly mauled to death. 1891 C. Wordsworth (at cited word) I'm clean maul'd out. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1c1225n.2a1425 v.1c1225v.21821 |
