martingalen.

Brit.

/ˈmɑːtɪŋɡeɪl/, U.S.

/ˈmɑrtnˌɡeɪl/

Forms: 1500s–1600s martingall, 1500s– martingale, 1600s–1800s martingal.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French martingale.

Etymology: < Middle French, French martingale (1542 in sense ‘hose that fasten at the back’ (see note), 1611 (Cotgrave) in sense 1, 1754 in sense 3a, 1836 in sense 2), probably < Occitan martegala , martengala (attested in modern use in senses 1, 2, and 3a), feminine of martegal , martengal inhabitant of Martigues (Occitan Martegue ), a town in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, in south-eastern France. Compare martingana n.French martingale is attested earliest in the phrase chausses a la martingale hose that fasten at the back (1491); compare Occitan braias à la martegala hose that fasten at the back, and Italian martingala (a1556; also 1598 in sense 1), Spanish martingala (1529) in the same sense. The application may arise from a belief that the inhabitants of Martigues, a remote town, were eccentric and naive; hence also the application to an apparently foolish system of gambling. Sense 2, however, is probably attributable to the former importance of Martigues as a port and ship-building centre. Sense 1 is variously explained: some take as a development from the application to hose (although N.E.D. (1905) holds that the opposite is the case); Französisches etymol. Wörterbuch takes this sense as developed from nautical uses, in spite of the chronology in English and French. A derivation of Middle French, French martingale from Spanish almártaga, almártiga kind of headstall put on horses over the bit to steady them when the rider dismounts (1500), probably after an Arabic word, is to be rejected on formal as well as semantic grounds.

1. Horse Riding. A strap or arrangement of straps fastened at one end to the noseband, bit, or reins of a horse and at the other to its girth, in order to prevent it from rearing or throwing its head back, or to strengthen the action of the bit. Cf. Irish martingale n. at Irish adj. and n. Compounds 3. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > straps

lorainc1290

lingel1460

breeching1515

breastplate1578

martingale1584

rudstay1688

running martingale1747

breastband1783

breast collar1789

rump band1844

check-strap1857

kicking-strap1861

point1875

strapping1882

1584 J. Astley Art of Riding 77 The trench and martingale are not alwaies to be vsed,..but for reformation of some fault or vice.

1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet sig. D4 Thou shalt be broken as Prosper broke his horses, with a muzroule, portmouth, and a martingall.

1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie ii. sig. D1 Lord what a hunting head shee carries, sure she has been ridden with a Martingale.

1661 J. Howell Twelve Several Treat. 237 Some people are to be rid with strong bitts and curbs, and martingalls.

1713 J. Smith Poems upon Several Occasions 243 Mettl'd Colts that toss and rear, Are rode in Martingale severe.

1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Colt Then put on a Martingal.

1770 E. Thompson Court of Cupid I. 114 In the bit And martingal, he has thy pretty mouth; Which..Will make thee soon the darling of the Stage.

1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. iv. 35 If you found a martingale for the mother, Vivian, it had been well if you had found a curb for the daughter.

1865 Routledge's Mag. for Boys Feb. 111 However you may fancy the appearance of a nose-piece.., never use a headstall or Gaveston martingale.

1879 E. Arnold Light of Asia iv. 105 On the steed he laid the numdah square,..Buckled the breech-bands and the martingale, And made fall both the stirrups.

1903 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 83/1 Where is the saddle, the martingale?

1938 H. Wynmalen Equitation x. 44 If a martingale be adjusted too long it is useless, because it can no longer fulfil its purpose of maintaining the horse's head at a proper level.

1986 Your Horse Sept. 7/4 Martingales, boots, bandages and schooling gadgets are not permitted.

2. Nautical.

a. A stay which holds down the jib boom of a square-rigged ship, running from the boom to the dolphin-striker; also more fully martingale guy, martingale-stay. Also, in a dinghy: a rope running from the boom to the foot of the mast, to prevent the boom rising when it swings outwards.fish-, flying martingale: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > running rigging > ropes securing bowsprit or jib-boom

martingale1794

back-rope1840

gaub-line1841

jib-guy1868

1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 233 Martingal-stay, to support the jib-boom.

1815 W. Burney Falconer's New Universal Dict. Marine (rev. ed.) Martingale, in a ship, a name given to the rope extending downwards from the jib-boom end to a kind of bumkin.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxv. 276 Three of us were out on the martingale guys and back-ropes..carrying out, hooking and unhooking the tackles.

1955 C. N. Longridge Anat. Nelson's Ships ii. xiv. 227 The inner martingale..reeves under the first, i.e. the topmost, sheave of the dolphin striker.

b. A short gaff spar fixed under the bowsprit for guying down the jib boom; = dolphin-striker n. at dolphin n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > spar > [noun] > spar projecting over bows > extension of > spar for guys of

martingale1794

dolphin-striker1834

whisker1844

1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 170 Martingal, an ash bar, fixed downwards from the fore-side of the bowsprit-cap, and by which the martingal-stay supports the jib-boom.

1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. 27 We ran into an iceberg..and carried away our jib-boom and martingale.

1899 F. T. Bullen Log of Sea-waif 17 Seated far out ahead of the ship by the martingale.

1927 G. Bradford Gloss. Sea Terms 109/2 Jamie Green, a sail set beneath the bowsprit and jib-boom of a tea clipper. The halyard hauled the sail to the end of the jib-boom and the tack to the lower end of the martingale boom.

a. Gambling. Any of various gambling systems in which a losing player repeatedly doubles or otherwise increases a stake such that any win would cover losses accrued from preceding bets.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > [noun] > gaming > system of

martingale1816

1816 tr. V. J. E. de Jouy Paris Chit-chat III. 52 I found him and his Mentor..calculating the infallible chances of a martingale.

1822 H. Luttrell Lett. to Julia II. 101 A Martingale is when a punter, on losing his stake, doubles, or otherwise increases it in a certain progression. generally on the same colour. Martingales have been invented in great variety.

1854 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes I. xxviii. 266 You have not played as yet? Do not do so; above all avoid a martingale, if you do.

1878 Daily News 9 Mar. She was to pay him £20 per annum at the end of 1875, £40 at the end of 1876, £80 in 1877, and so on, in a sort of martingale.

1894 J. N. Maskelyne ‘Sharps & Flats’ xiv. 325 Sometimes, of course, the martingale will answer its purpose splendidly for a while.

1917 Daily Chron. 7 Mar. The impossible martingale of doubles or quits.

1964 A. Wykes Gambling ix. 221 His adoption of the Martingale system.

1997 Sporting Life (Electronic ed.) 15 Feb. Systems called the Contra-Alembert and the Paroli of Three, the Sleeping Cheval and the Split Martingale..are all useless, of course.

b. Statistics. [after French martingale ( J. Ville Étude critique de la notion de collectif (1939) iv. 85)] A stochastic process consisting of a sequence of random variables such that the conditional expectation of each x_{n + 1} given x₁, x₂..x_n is x_n, for all n ≥ 1. Frequently attributive.

ΚΠ

1949 Calcul des Probabilités & ses Applications (CNRS, Paris) 23/1 Although other authors had derived many martingale properties, in various forms, Ville was the first to study them systematically, and to show their wide range of applicability.

1957 M. G. Kendall & W. R. Buckland Dict. Statist. Terms 174 A stochastic process {x_t} is called a martingale if E{| x_t |} is finite for all t, and E {x_tn+1 | x_t1,.., x_tn} = x_tn with probability unity for all n ≥ 1 and t₁ <..< t_n+1.

1982 G. R. Grimmett & D. R. Stirzaker Probability & Random Processes (1985) vii. 199 Many probabilists specialize in limit theorems, and much of applied probability is devoted to finding such results. One of the most useful skills..is that of martingale divination, because the convergence of martingales is guaranteed.

1997 Jrnl. Finance 52 828 Merton ‘1973’ shows that European-style options can be priced using a forward-adjusted martingale measure.

Compounds

martingale backrope n. Nautical rare a guy rope for a dolphin-striker; = gaub-line n. at gaub n.¹

ΚΠ

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxv. 132 Tackle [was] got upon the martingale backrope.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	martingale
释义	martingalen. Brit. /ˈmɑːtɪŋɡeɪl/, U.S. /ˈmɑrtnˌɡeɪl/ Forms: 1500s–1600s martingall, 1500s– martingale, 1600s–1800s martingal. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French martingale. Etymology: < Middle French, French martingale (1542 in sense ‘hose that fasten at the back’ (see note), 1611 (Cotgrave) in sense 1, 1754 in sense 3a, 1836 in sense 2), probably < Occitan martegala , martengala (attested in modern use in senses 1, 2, and 3a), feminine of martegal , martengal inhabitant of Martigues (Occitan Martegue ), a town in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône, in south-eastern France. Compare martingana n.French martingale is attested earliest in the phrase chausses a la martingale hose that fasten at the back (1491); compare Occitan braias à la martegala hose that fasten at the back, and Italian martingala (a1556; also 1598 in sense 1), Spanish martingala (1529) in the same sense. The application may arise from a belief that the inhabitants of Martigues, a remote town, were eccentric and naive; hence also the application to an apparently foolish system of gambling. Sense 2, however, is probably attributable to the former importance of Martigues as a port and ship-building centre. Sense 1 is variously explained: some take as a development from the application to hose (although N.E.D. (1905) holds that the opposite is the case); Französisches etymol. Wörterbuch takes this sense as developed from nautical uses, in spite of the chronology in English and French. A derivation of Middle French, French martingale from Spanish almártaga, almártiga kind of headstall put on horses over the bit to steady them when the rider dismounts (1500), probably after an Arabic word, is to be rejected on formal as well as semantic grounds. 1. Horse Riding. A strap or arrangement of straps fastened at one end to the noseband, bit, or reins of a horse and at the other to its girth, in order to prevent it from rearing or throwing its head back, or to strengthen the action of the bit. Cf. Irish martingale n. at Irish adj. and n. Compounds 3. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > straps lorainc1290 lingel1460 breeching1515 breastplate1578 martingale1584 rudstay1688 running martingale1747 breastband1783 breast collar1789 rump band1844 check-strap1857 kicking-strap1861 point1875 strapping1882 1584 J. Astley Art of Riding 77 The trench and martingale are not alwaies to be vsed,..but for reformation of some fault or vice. 1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet sig. D4 Thou shalt be broken as Prosper broke his horses, with a muzroule, portmouth, and a martingall. 1616 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Scornful Ladie ii. sig. D1 Lord what a hunting head shee carries, sure she has been ridden with a Martingale. 1661 J. Howell Twelve Several Treat. 237 Some people are to be rid with strong bitts and curbs, and martingalls. 1713 J. Smith Poems upon Several Occasions 243 Mettl'd Colts that toss and rear, Are rode in Martingale severe. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Colt Then put on a Martingal. 1770 E. Thompson Court of Cupid I. 114 In the bit And martingal, he has thy pretty mouth; Which..Will make thee soon the darling of the Stage. 1826 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey II. iii. iv. 35 If you found a martingale for the mother, Vivian, it had been well if you had found a curb for the daughter. 1865 Routledge's Mag. for Boys Feb. 111 However you may fancy the appearance of a nose-piece.., never use a headstall or Gaveston martingale. 1879 E. Arnold Light of Asia iv. 105 On the steed he laid the numdah square,..Buckled the breech-bands and the martingale, And made fall both the stirrups. 1903 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. July 83/1 Where is the saddle, the martingale? 1938 H. Wynmalen Equitation x. 44 If a martingale be adjusted too long it is useless, because it can no longer fulfil its purpose of maintaining the horse's head at a proper level. 1986 Your Horse Sept. 7/4 Martingales, boots, bandages and schooling gadgets are not permitted. 2. Nautical. a. A stay which holds down the jib boom of a square-rigged ship, running from the boom to the dolphin-striker; also more fully martingale guy, martingale-stay. Also, in a dinghy: a rope running from the boom to the foot of the mast, to prevent the boom rising when it swings outwards.fish-, flying martingale: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > running rigging > ropes securing bowsprit or jib-boom martingale1794 back-rope1840 gaub-line1841 jib-guy1868 1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 233 Martingal-stay, to support the jib-boom. 1815 W. Burney Falconer's New Universal Dict. Marine (rev. ed.) Martingale, in a ship, a name given to the rope extending downwards from the jib-boom end to a kind of bumkin. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxv. 276 Three of us were out on the martingale guys and back-ropes..carrying out, hooking and unhooking the tackles. 1955 C. N. Longridge Anat. Nelson's Ships ii. xiv. 227 The inner martingale..reeves under the first, i.e. the topmost, sheave of the dolphin striker. b. A short gaff spar fixed under the bowsprit for guying down the jib boom; = dolphin-striker n. at dolphin n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > spar > [noun] > spar projecting over bows > extension of > spar for guys of martingale1794 dolphin-striker1834 whisker1844 1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 170 Martingal, an ash bar, fixed downwards from the fore-side of the bowsprit-cap, and by which the martingal-stay supports the jib-boom. 1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. 27 We ran into an iceberg..and carried away our jib-boom and martingale. 1899 F. T. Bullen Log of Sea-waif 17 Seated far out ahead of the ship by the martingale. 1927 G. Bradford Gloss. Sea Terms 109/2 Jamie Green, a sail set beneath the bowsprit and jib-boom of a tea clipper. The halyard hauled the sail to the end of the jib-boom and the tack to the lower end of the martingale boom. 3. a. Gambling. Any of various gambling systems in which a losing player repeatedly doubles or otherwise increases a stake such that any win would cover losses accrued from preceding bets. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > [noun] > gaming > system of martingale1816 1816 tr. V. J. E. de Jouy Paris Chit-chat III. 52 I found him and his Mentor..calculating the infallible chances of a martingale. 1822 H. Luttrell Lett. to Julia II. 101 A Martingale is when a punter, on losing his stake, doubles, or otherwise increases it in a certain progression. generally on the same colour. Martingales have been invented in great variety. 1854 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes I. xxviii. 266 You have not played as yet? Do not do so; above all avoid a martingale, if you do. 1878 Daily News 9 Mar. She was to pay him £20 per annum at the end of 1875, £40 at the end of 1876, £80 in 1877, and so on, in a sort of martingale. 1894 J. N. Maskelyne ‘Sharps & Flats’ xiv. 325 Sometimes, of course, the martingale will answer its purpose splendidly for a while. 1917 Daily Chron. 7 Mar. The impossible martingale of doubles or quits. 1964 A. Wykes Gambling ix. 221 His adoption of the Martingale system. 1997 Sporting Life (Electronic ed.) 15 Feb. Systems called the Contra-Alembert and the Paroli of Three, the Sleeping Cheval and the Split Martingale..are all useless, of course. b. Statistics. [after French martingale ( J. Ville Étude critique de la notion de collectif (1939) iv. 85)] A stochastic process consisting of a sequence of random variables such that the conditional expectation of each x_{n + 1} given x₁, x₂..x_n is x_n, for all n ≥ 1. Frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1949 Calcul des Probabilités & ses Applications (CNRS, Paris) 23/1 Although other authors had derived many martingale properties, in various forms, Ville was the first to study them systematically, and to show their wide range of applicability. 1957 M. G. Kendall & W. R. Buckland Dict. Statist. Terms 174 A stochastic process {x_t} is called a martingale if E{\| x_t \|} is finite for all t, and E {x_tn+1 \| x_t1,.., x_tn} = x_tn with probability unity for all n ≥ 1 and t₁ <..< t_n+1. 1982 G. R. Grimmett & D. R. Stirzaker Probability & Random Processes (1985) vii. 199 Many probabilists specialize in limit theorems, and much of applied probability is devoted to finding such results. One of the most useful skills..is that of martingale divination, because the convergence of martingales is guaranteed. 1997 Jrnl. Finance 52 828 Merton ‘1973’ shows that European-style options can be priced using a forward-adjusted martingale measure. Compounds martingale backrope n. Nautical rare a guy rope for a dolphin-striker; = gaub-line n. at gaub n.¹ ΚΠ 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxv. 132 Tackle [was] got upon the martingale backrope. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022). martingalev. Brit. /ˈmɑːtɪŋɡeɪl/, U.S. /ˈmɑrtnˌɡeɪl/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: martingale n. Etymology: < martingale n. Compare French martingaler (1834 in sense 2; also 1864 in past participle martingaleé in sense 1). rare. †1. transitive. Horse Riding. To restrain (a horse) with a martingale (martingale n. 1). Obsolete. ΚΠ 1620 T. Walkington Rabboni 52 All glory vnto him, who curbs in and martingales Iobs proud Horse, so that hee can not fling and yerke out at his pleasure. 2. intransitive. Gambling. To gamble according to a martingale (martingale n. 3a). ΚΠ 1823 ‘J. Bee’ Slang Martingale, at play, to double stakes constantly, until luck taking one turn only, repays the adventurer all. 3. transitive. Nautical. To secure with a guy or martingale (martingale n. 2a). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > carry specific amount of sail [verb (transitive)] > secure sail or yard with lashings, etc. sling1626 martingale1882 gasket1892 1882 G. S. Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 211 If the wind is likely to freshen, martingale the..studding-sail boom. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1584v.1620
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martingalen.

Compounds

martingalev.