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marquisn.1 Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French marchis, marquis. Etymology: Originally < Anglo-Norman marchis, markys, markes and Middle French marchis marcher lord (c1100 in Old French; attested until the 16th cent.) < post-classical Latin marchisus marcher lord (c875; from 10th cent. in British sources as a continental title; also in forms marchisius , markisus , markisius , marquisus , marquisius ), frontier guard (882). Subsequently reinforced by the cognate Anglo-Norman marquys , Old French, Middle French, French marquis (c1225) < Italian marchese (13th cent.) < post-classical Latin marchensis marcher lord (late 8th or early 9th cent.) < marca , marcha frontier, frontier territory (see mark n.1) + -ensis -ese suffix (probably as noun denoting an inhabitant of a place). Compare Old Occitan, Occitan marqués , Portuguese marquês (13th cent.), Spanish marqués (a1325); Dutch markies (1702; < French). The words marchisus and marchensis , and the related post-classical Latin marchio marchion n. (compare also marchioness n.) originate in Frankish usage. Compare margrave n. N.E.D. (1905) notes s.v. ‘The prevailing spelling in literary use appears to be marquis . Some newspapers, however, use marquess , and several English nobles bearing the title always write it in this way.’ The official spelling used in the Roll of the House of Lords is marquess , which is the usual spelling for the title in the British and Irish peerage; marquis is reserved for the foreign title (in Scotland, however, marquis is sometimes preferred for pre-Union creations, apparently in memory of the ‘Auld Alliance’ with France). The spelling marquess is sometimes extended to non-French foreign titles. The pronunciation Brit. /ˈmɑːkwᵻs/, U.S. /ˈmɑrkwəs/ shows the normal development within English; the spelling marquess is invariably associated with this pronunciation, which is also normal in British usage for the British or Irish hereditary title, however spelt. The less fully naturalized pronunciation Brit. /mɑːˈkiː/, U.S. /mɑrˈki/ appears to originate as an attempt to represent French, but gained rapidly in currency throughout the twentieth cent. Outside the British Isles, it appears to be the normal pronunciation of the spelling marquis , in whatever sense; within the British Isles, it is also common as the pronunciation of this spelling in all senses other than the hereditary title. It is not easy to see how far sense 3 was regarded as an extended use of the masculine title, and how far it was taken as an anglicization of marquise marquise n. The spelling marquess was commonly preferred in this use, probably after titles in -ess suffix1 (see quot. 1529 at sense 3); often with the premodifier Lady to avoid confusion with the masculine title. Compare also marquisess n. I. As a title. c1330 (?c1300) (Auch.) 5171 Herhaud of Ardern, þe gode marchis. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 417 Albericus the markys [?a1475 anon. tr. markesse] put out þe Sarsyns. c1395 G. Chaucer 64 A markys whilom lord was of that lond. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) ii. 177 Þe marchis of Mounfraunt. 1447 O. Bokenham (Arun.) (1938) 1227 (MED) [T]wyx Naplys, that tyme, and Teracyne, In a wode of the Markeys of that cuntre, Two hermytys dwellyd. a1500 (Trin. Cambr.) 6342 For discended is fro so hy A place, Off kynges, Dukes, Markois full of grace. 1503 in (Rolls) I. 200 The marques of Brandenburg[he]. ?1530 J. Rastell sig. Bi The markes Brandonburgh. 1535 E. Harvel Let. 15 June in H. Ellis (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 75 The Marks of Guaste hath in Sicile 150 sailis. 1552 R. Ascham (1570) 15 b There be at this day fiue Marchesses of Bradenburge. 1552 R. Ascham (1570) 16 Marches Albert is now at this day xxxi. yeares old. 1600 W. Shakespeare i. i. 111 A Venecian..that came hether in companie of the Marquesse of Mountferrat. 1636 R. Basset tr. G. A. de Paoli 121 Neare the suburbane Orchards of the Marquesse Castelli. 1682 6 Apr. 1/2 The Marquis and Marchioness of Auguitar..have..embraced the Romish Religion. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler II. 370 Many a spot of land not worth above fifty dollars a year gives the title of marquis to the owners. 1777 R. Watson I. ix. 246 The marquis of Mondejar, captain-general of the province. 1867 E. A. Freeman I. iv. 274 The Dukes, Counts, and Marquesses..had thus grown into sovereigns. 1871 E. C. G. Murray II. 282 Our ex-contributor M. Horace Gerold (the Marquis of Clairefontaine). 1893 E. Saltus 165 Here the reporter can be as pornograph as the Marquess of Sade, if he knows how. 1990 28 Jan. 14/2 Jose Rogelio..found, in the archives of the Marquis of San Adrian, evidence of an interest in phrenology. 1998 27 Jan. 18/2 Shinichi Suzuki..was encouraged by the Marquis Tokugawa to continue his music studies in Berlin. society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > marquis or marchioness > [noun] > marquis society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > marquis or marchioness > [noun] > marquis > used in England 1399 III. 452/1 The Dukes..and the markys here present. 1445 V. 394 William de la Pole, than Marquoys and Erle of Suffolk. 1451 V. 226/1 The Name or Estate of Duke, Marquys or Erle. a1500 (1839) 4 The Kynge made Lorde Montagu, Marquyus Montagu. a1500 (1839) 10 Of late tyme hade he made hym Markes of Montagu. 1509 J. Fisher (de Worde) sig. Aiv Erles, markyses, dukes, and princes. a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in (1557) 38/2 The Lorde Marques Dorsette the Quenes sonne by her fyrste housebande. 1570 Bk. Precedence (Harl. 1440) in F. J. Furnivall (1869) 13 Item. a Dukes Eldest sonn is Borne a Marquesse, and shall goe as a Marquisse. 1597 W. Shakespeare i. iii. 253 Peace Master Marques [1623 Marquesse] you are malapert, Your fire-new stampe of honour is scarse currant. View more context for this quotation a1675 B. Whitelocke (1682) anno 1646 212/2 The King sent orders to the Marquess of Montross to disband his Forces. 1702 N. Rowe Ded. To the Right Honourable William Lord Marquiss of Hartington. 1726 J. Swift I. ii. vi. 114 A Title inferiour by one degree, as that of a Marquiss is to a Duke in England. 1808 J. Austen 2 Oct. (1995) 142 The Marquis has put off being cured for another year. 1845 H. H. Wilson I. iii. 147 Information of the death of Marquis Cornwallis arrived in England at the end of January, 1806. 1901 1 466 First in rank come the dukes,..then follow in order of precedence, marquises, first created by Richard II. 1951 V. Heywood 32 There are five ranks in the Peerage—barons, viscounts, earls, marquesses and dukes. 1987 S. Weintraub (1988) iv. 78 Lord Grosvenor had been made Marquess of Westminster. society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > marquis or marchioness > [noun] > marchioness 1504 (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/14) f. 52v My lady marquys Dorset. 1529 c. 13 §28 Any Chaplain of any Duchess, Marquess, Countess, Viscountess, or Baroness. 1530 (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/23) f. 171 I lady Cecill' marques Harrington and Bonvill late the wife of the right honorable Thomas marques Dorset. 1538 R. Warner Let. 21 Nov. in H. Ellis (1824) 1st Ser. II. 97 My lady Marques ys in the tower. 1539 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman (1902) II. 214 The marquise hath bene examyned, and..albeit she pretendeth Ignorance [etc.]. 1573 C. Hollyband 78 That Lady..is the dutchesse of N: the countise of N: the marquise of N. 1623 in (1884) 48 211 Given..by the kinge's owne hands to the Ladie Marquesse of Buckingham a cupp of gold and cover. 1626 J. Pory Let. 5 July in H. Ellis (1824) 1st Ser. III. 243 The Foure Englishe ladies sworne of her Bedchamber are the Duchesse of Buckingham, the Marques Hamiltoun and the Countesses of Carlile and Denbigh. 1669 S. Pepys 30 Apr. (1976) IX. 537 My Lady Marquess of Winchester, Bellasses, and other great ladies. 1691 A. Gavin (ed. 3) 223 Two Ladies of Quality, the one a Lady Marquess, and the other a Countess. II. Extended uses. 4. the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > pear > other types of 1728 R. Bradley at Pyrus The following is a List of the best Sorts [of pear]... Autumn Bergamot, Beurée de Roy, Cassolet, Le Marquis [etc.]. 1786 J. Abercrombie Arrangem. Plants p. xii, in Autumn Pears. Ripe for eating, &c. September, October, November. Autumn bergamot... Marquis. 1875 R. Hogg (ed. 4) 479 Marquise (Marquise d'Hiver; Marquis Pear; Marchioness). the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > wheat > types of the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > wheat > types of wheat grain or plant the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [adjective] > of or containing wheat > of particular type 1906 C. Saunders in No. 57. 29 Chelsea and Marquis are new cross-bred sorts produced at the Central Experimental Farm. 1924 J. A. Thomson xliii. 253 Marquis is a hard, red spring wheat with excellent milling and baking qualities; it is now the dominant spring wheat in Canada and the United States. 1936 V. L. Denton & A. R. Lord 85 Dr. Charles E. Saunders, the Dominion cerealist, had been experimenting for several years, trying to produce a new wheat which would ripen earlier than Red Fife. In 1903 his efforts were crowned with success. The new wheat was named ‘Marquis’. 1960 D. E. Bublitz 51 Marquis wheat was chosen as their crop that first year. 1992 J. M. Bumsted ii. 60 Marquis wheat took the West by storm. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > [noun] > hat > tricorn > types of 1896 May 2/1 Some [hats] are raised en ‘petit Marquis’ style.] 1896 Aug. 1 (caption) Marquis hat. Of fine black straw. The brim is bent up all the way round. 1901 6 June 3/2 The Marquis, or three-cornered hat, is perhaps more popular than ever. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2000; most recently modified version published online June 2022). Marquisn.2 Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Marquis. Etymology: < the name of Eduard Marquis, who developed the test ( Pharm. Zeitschr. f. Russland (1896) 35 549). Pharmacology. 1946 20 Dec. 9/5 [He] did have a positive Marquis test. He followed exactly the method used by Dr. Munch, and came to the conclusion that the alleged ‘morphine’ found by Dr. Munch was probably the chemical DOTG from the red rubber washer around the neck of the jar containing the sample. 1983 28 July 3/3 A filing-cabinet in the customs office contains phials of sulphuric acid known as ‘marquis ampoules’. If dust in a suitcase contains just the tiniest traces of heroin, it can be discovered by dropping it in the acid. 1992 47 347/1 The colour reaction chosen..is a modified combined Marquis/Mandelin reaction. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, December 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1c1330 n.21946 |
