Manchun.adj.

Brit.

/manˈtʃuː/, U.S.

/mænˈtʃu/

Inflections: Plural Manchus, unchanged.

Forms: 1600s Mouantchéou, 1700s Manchew, 1700s Mantcheou, 1700s Mantcheoux (plural), 1800s Manchoo, 1800s Manchow, 1800s Mantchiu, 1800s Mantchoo, 1800s Mantchou, 1800s Mantchu, 1800s– Manchu, 1900s– Manju.

Origin: A borrowing from Manchu; perhaps originally modelled on a French lexical item. Etymon: Manchu Manju.

Etymology: < Manchu Manju (1613), perhaps (in view of the early spellings and the plural in -x) originally via French †Mantcheou (1724 or earlier; also †Manchou (1804), mandchou (1832), †mantchou (1795), †mantchoux (1800)). Compare Chinese Mǎnzhōu (also Mǎnzú the Manchu nationality).Manchu Manju is said to have been the name adopted by Abahai, leader of the Altaic-speaking Ruzhen tribes of Manchuria, who conquered China and ruled as the Qing dynasty from 1644–1912. The form Mouantchéou corresponds to French Mouant-chéou (1696 in the passage translated in quot. 1697 at sense A. 1) in which the first -ou- is probably due to an error.

A. n.

1. A member of a Tungusic people inhabiting Manchuria, which formed the ruling power in China from 1644 until the Revolution in 1912 and now constitutes one of the official nationalities of the People's Republic of China.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Chinese peoples > [noun]

Manchu1697

Lolo1736

Miaotse1810

Tanka1839

Hakka1854

Tungan1875

Miao1882

Yao1883

Yüeh1901

Mien1902

1654 M. Martino De Bello Tartarico Historia 121 Hoc enim Viso clamabat Hoo Manzu, quod bonas sonat barbaros: ita nimirum à Tartaris Sinæ vocantur, vt ferè semper solent subactæ gentes subigentibus esse ludibrio. Cumulabat verò hoc scomma his verbis, Mauzuxa Manzu, hoc est, barbari barbaros necant [1654 tr. M. Martino Bellum Tartaricum 170 He used to cry out in their Language, Hoo Manzu (as much as to say) O good Barbarians..; and he crowned this scoff with these words Mauzuxa Manzu, as much as to say, let the barbarous kill the barbarous].]

1697 tr. L. D. Le Comte Mem. Journey China i. i. 17 One of the Petty Kings of the Eastern Tartary..whose Subjects called Mouantchéou..entered the Province of Leauton with a numerous Army.

1736 R. Brookes tr. J.-B. Du Halde et al. Gen. Hist. China IV. 86 The places belonging to the Mantcheoux have Mantcheou Names.

1759 Mod. Part Universal Hist. IV. 278 Here the present empire of the eastern Tatars, or Manchews..had its beginning.

1821 G. Staunton tr. Tulišen Narr. Chinese Embassy x. 152 The Mantchoos and the Mongals bear a great resemblance to each other.

1883 S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom (new ed.) I. i. 44 The Manchus are an agricultural or a hunting people.

1940 E. Pound Cantos LII–LXXI lviii. 77 Tai Tsong..Forbad manchus marry their sisters.

1991 J. Chang Wild Swans (1993) viii. 213 By tradition, the Manchus did not practice foot-binding, so my grandmother had taken off the binding cloths and her feet gradually grew a little.

2. The language of the Manchus, a member of the Tungus group of the Altaic family.At the end of the 20th cent., the Manchu language was reported to be nearly extinct.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [noun] > Tungus > Manchu-Tungus

Manchu1822

Manchu-Tungus1956

1822 G. Staunton Misc. Notes China 95 Table of Contents of a Chinese and Mantchoo-Tartar Dictionary.

1845 Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 171 We..find in the Manchu itself a postpositive participle.

1888 H. E. M. James Long White Mountain 132 Yet, so wonderful are the ways of men, the Court and the people alike are now abandoning Manchu for the cumbrous and barbarous Chinese.

1920 Contemp. Rev. Apr. 526 Ferdinand Verbiest..to please Kang-hi had learnt Manchu.

1954 M. A. Pei & F. Gaynor Dict. Linguistics 10 Altaic..consists of three main branches: Turkic, Mongol and Manchu or Tungus... Some linguists consider Mongol and Manchu distinct sub-families of the Ural-Altaic family.

1992 W. James Earth is Lord's (BNC) 76 Rostov spoke briefly in Manchu and bowed ironically.

B. adj.

Of or relating to the Manchus, their country (Manchuria), or their language.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Far East > [adjective] > China > parts of China

Manchurian1706

Manchu1736

Cantonese1857

Min1902

Szechuanese1918

Khotanese1948

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > the Chinese > [adjective] > parts of

Formosan1650

Manchu1736

Yunnanese1849

Macanese1852

Yarkandi1854

Lisu1896

Szechuanese1918

Hunanese1937

Taiwanese1942

Yi1960

the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [adjective] > Tungusian

Tungusian1706

Manchu1844

Tungusic1854

1736 R. Brookes tr. J.-B. Du Halde et al. Gen. Hist. China IV. 90 A great Number of Mantcheou Mandarins.

1770 W. Guthrie New Geogr. Gram. 472 The Chinese went to war with the Manchew Tartars.

1844 C. Fox Jrnl. 22 Aug. (1972) 153 They gave him a hymn to translate into the Manchow language.

1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 96/1 Tobacco..grown in the province [sc. Manchuria] being greatly prized throughout the Chinese empire under the name of ‘Manchu leaf’.

1898 19th Cent. Jan. 163 The Manchu dynasty is the cement that holds the heterogeneous components of the Chinese Empire together.

1948 N. Whymant China Man. i. 16 The Manchu leader..mounted the throne and in 1644 the Ch'ing or Manchu dynasty began.

1972 Mainichi Daily News (Japan) 6 Nov. 17/6 The authors have no acquaintance with Korean or Manchu grammar.

1995 Independent on Sunday 3 Dec. 13/1 He retired in 1980 and has since spent his time researching Manchu names, Manchu language and calligraphy, and folk literature.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	manchu
释义	Manchun.adj. Brit. /manˈtʃuː/, U.S. /mænˈtʃu/ Inflections: Plural Manchus, unchanged. Forms: 1600s Mouantchéou, 1700s Manchew, 1700s Mantcheou, 1700s Mantcheoux (plural), 1800s Manchoo, 1800s Manchow, 1800s Mantchiu, 1800s Mantchoo, 1800s Mantchou, 1800s Mantchu, 1800s– Manchu, 1900s– Manju. Origin: A borrowing from Manchu; perhaps originally modelled on a French lexical item. Etymon: Manchu Manju. Etymology: < Manchu Manju (1613), perhaps (in view of the early spellings and the plural in -x) originally via French †Mantcheou (1724 or earlier; also †Manchou (1804), mandchou (1832), †mantchou (1795), †mantchoux (1800)). Compare Chinese Mǎnzhōu (also Mǎnzú the Manchu nationality).Manchu Manju is said to have been the name adopted by Abahai, leader of the Altaic-speaking Ruzhen tribes of Manchuria, who conquered China and ruled as the Qing dynasty from 1644–1912. The form Mouantchéou corresponds to French Mouant-chéou (1696 in the passage translated in quot. 1697 at sense A. 1) in which the first -ou- is probably due to an error. A. n. 1. A member of a Tungusic people inhabiting Manchuria, which formed the ruling power in China from 1644 until the Revolution in 1912 and now constitutes one of the official nationalities of the People's Republic of China. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Chinese peoples > [noun] Manchu1697 Lolo1736 Miaotse1810 Tanka1839 Hakka1854 Tungan1875 Miao1882 Yao1883 Yüeh1901 Mien1902 1654 M. Martino De Bello Tartarico Historia 121 Hoc enim Viso clamabat Hoo Manzu, quod bonas sonat barbaros: ita nimirum à Tartaris Sinæ vocantur, vt ferè semper solent subactæ gentes subigentibus esse ludibrio. Cumulabat verò hoc scomma his verbis, Mauzuxa Manzu, hoc est, barbari barbaros necant [1654 tr. M. Martino Bellum Tartaricum 170 He used to cry out in their Language, Hoo Manzu (as much as to say) O good Barbarians..; and he crowned this scoff with these words Mauzuxa Manzu, as much as to say, let the barbarous kill the barbarous].] 1697 tr. L. D. Le Comte Mem. Journey China i. i. 17 One of the Petty Kings of the Eastern Tartary..whose Subjects called Mouantchéou..entered the Province of Leauton with a numerous Army. 1736 R. Brookes tr. J.-B. Du Halde et al. Gen. Hist. China IV. 86 The places belonging to the Mantcheoux have Mantcheou Names. 1759 Mod. Part Universal Hist. IV. 278 Here the present empire of the eastern Tatars, or Manchews..had its beginning. 1821 G. Staunton tr. Tulišen Narr. Chinese Embassy x. 152 The Mantchoos and the Mongals bear a great resemblance to each other. 1883 S. W. Williams Middle Kingdom (new ed.) I. i. 44 The Manchus are an agricultural or a hunting people. 1940 E. Pound Cantos LII–LXXI lviii. 77 Tai Tsong..Forbad manchus marry their sisters. 1991 J. Chang Wild Swans (1993) viii. 213 By tradition, the Manchus did not practice foot-binding, so my grandmother had taken off the binding cloths and her feet gradually grew a little. 2. The language of the Manchus, a member of the Tungus group of the Altaic family.At the end of the 20th cent., the Manchu language was reported to be nearly extinct. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [noun] > Tungus > Manchu-Tungus Manchu1822 Manchu-Tungus1956 1822 G. Staunton Misc. Notes China 95 Table of Contents of a Chinese and Mantchoo-Tartar Dictionary. 1845 Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 171 We..find in the Manchu itself a postpositive participle. 1888 H. E. M. James Long White Mountain 132 Yet, so wonderful are the ways of men, the Court and the people alike are now abandoning Manchu for the cumbrous and barbarous Chinese. 1920 Contemp. Rev. Apr. 526 Ferdinand Verbiest..to please Kang-hi had learnt Manchu. 1954 M. A. Pei & F. Gaynor Dict. Linguistics 10 Altaic..consists of three main branches: Turkic, Mongol and Manchu or Tungus... Some linguists consider Mongol and Manchu distinct sub-families of the Ural-Altaic family. 1992 W. James Earth is Lord's (BNC) 76 Rostov spoke briefly in Manchu and bowed ironically. B. adj. Of or relating to the Manchus, their country (Manchuria), or their language. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Far East > [adjective] > China > parts of China Manchurian1706 Manchu1736 Cantonese1857 Min1902 Szechuanese1918 Khotanese1948 the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > the Chinese > [adjective] > parts of Formosan1650 Manchu1736 Yunnanese1849 Macanese1852 Yarkandi1854 Lisu1896 Szechuanese1918 Hunanese1937 Taiwanese1942 Yi1960 the mind > language > languages of the world > Altaic > [adjective] > Tungusian Tungusian1706 Manchu1844 Tungusic1854 1736 R. Brookes tr. J.-B. Du Halde et al. Gen. Hist. China IV. 90 A great Number of Mantcheou Mandarins. 1770 W. Guthrie New Geogr. Gram. 472 The Chinese went to war with the Manchew Tartars. 1844 C. Fox Jrnl. 22 Aug. (1972) 153 They gave him a hymn to translate into the Manchow language. 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 96/1 Tobacco..grown in the province [sc. Manchuria] being greatly prized throughout the Chinese empire under the name of ‘Manchu leaf’. 1898 19th Cent. Jan. 163 The Manchu dynasty is the cement that holds the heterogeneous components of the Chinese Empire together. 1948 N. Whymant China Man. i. 16 The Manchu leader..mounted the throne and in 1644 the Ch'ing or Manchu dynasty began. 1972 Mainichi Daily News (Japan) 6 Nov. 17/6 The authors have no acquaintance with Korean or Manchu grammar. 1995 Independent on Sunday 3 Dec. 13/1 He retired in 1980 and has since spent his time researching Manchu names, Manchu language and calligraphy, and folk literature. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1697
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