Low Germann.adj.

Brit.

/ˌləʊ ˈdʒəːmən/, U.S.

/ˌloʊ ˈdʒərmən/

Forms: see low adj. and German n.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; probably partly modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: low adj., German n., German adj.

Etymology: As noun < low adj. + German n. As adjective < low adj. + German adj. Probably at least in part after German niederdeutsch (adjective) of or relating to the German-speaking regions of the lower Rhine valley and northern Germany (1521, also as noun), of or relating to forms of the German language spoken in these regions, sometimes including Dutch (1579, also as noun; subsequently designating a philologically defined part of the West Germanic group of languages ( J. Grimm Deutsche Grammatik I. (1819) xviii.), and also as noun in the corresponding sense); compare Dutch nederduits (1551 as nederduytsch ), Middle Low German nēderdǖdesch . Compare Nether German and Nether Dutch at nether adj. 4a, Low Dutch n. and adj., and Plattdeutsch n. Compare also High German n. and High German adj.Compare †Low Germany , as name of the broadly corresponding geographical area, formerly sometimes including the present-day Netherlands (also †Nether Germany ; German †Niederdeutschland ), probably ultimately after classical Latin Germānia inferior , the name of a Roman province on the left bank of the lower Rhine, comprising parts of present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and north-west Germany. Compare quot. 1550 at High German n. and adj. Compare also the Low Countries at low country n. 2a. Compare the following early examples in English contexts: ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 255 Þe oþer Germania is lower [L. alia Germania, inferior], toward the west about the Reyne. ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xv. clxix. 821 Westfalia is a prouynce of þe neþer Germania [L. germanie inferioris].1542 T. Elyot Bibliotheca Batauia, a countray in lowe Germany, callyd Hollande.

A. n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Germany exclusive of the highlands in the south; a speaker of a form of German other than High German. Also more widely: a speaker of a West Germanic dialect, †or any Germanic dialect, other than High German.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [noun] > parts of

Easterling1253

Sprucier1443

Suevian1549

High German1550

Low German1550

Prussian1554

Lusatian1555

Westphalian1576

Borussian1607

Rhinelander1608

Eastman1610

Belgic1615

Franconian1615

Thuringian1618

Swab1637

spruce1640

Silesian1669

Swabian1675

palatinate1709

Hessian1729

Saxon1737

Austrasian1833

East German1838

Balt1854

West German1855

Württemberger1896

Sudeten1938

East German1947

West German1947

Saarlander1955

Ossi1989

Wessi1990

1550 W. Lynne tr. J. Carion Thre Bks. Cronicles f. clxxxix When Leo was deade, Adrianus a lowe Germane [Ger. ein Deudscher], borne at Utrecht was made byshop of Rome.

1595 W. Jones tr. G. B. Nenna Nennio iii. f. 69^v What conformity is there betweene the Britons, the Normans, and the Fleminges? What agreement betweene either the high or lowe Germaine [It. gli habitatori della germania alta & bassa], and the inhabitants of Saxony?

1644 D. Buchanan Knox's Hist. Reformation Scotl. (rev. ed.) Pref. sig. b3^v The Britan Writers use one and..the same word, when they speak of Scyth and Scot, to wit, y Scot; as likewise the Low German calleth them both Schutten.

1770 in T. Nugent tr. E. Toze Present State Europe III. vii. 104 Innumerable are the instances where pf. and P. are interchanged in the two chief dialects of the Teutonic language: so often as the Low Germans (such as the ancient Saxons were) make use of the letter P. the High Germans convert it with a sort of aspiration, into PF.

1813 Monthly Rev. Dec. 385 The landlords, like the rest of the low Germans, are very brutal and impertinent.

1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) I. 287 The champion of the modern views,—a low German, Erasmus of Rotterdam.

1869 J. S. S. Glennie Arthurian Localities iv. 95 The Feinne belonged to the Cruithne, or Picts, the race prior to the Low Germans in Lochlin, or Scandinavia.

1908 G. C. Fry Text-bk. Geogr. vi. 105 There are three principal branches of the Teutonic peoples:..(2) Low Germans, i.e. Germans of the plain, including Dutch, Flemish, English, and lowland Scotch; [etc.].

1960 R. Banham Theory & Design in First Machine Age i. v. 72 A Holsteiner himself, he [sc. Julius Langbehn] took Rembrandt as a Low German.

2008 T. Benes In Babel's Shadow iii. 149 The second Germanic sound shift divided Gothic speakers into High Germans, Low Germans, and Scandinavians.

2. A collective term for: those forms of German that are not High German; = Plattdeutsch n. Also more widely: West Germanic dialects other than High German (including, e.g., English, Dutch, and Frisian); †Germanic dialects other than High German (obsolete).See also Old Low German n. at old adj. Compounds 7b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > German > Low German

Dutchc1380

Low Dutch1567

Plattdeutsch1677

Low German1736

Platt1814

1736 tr. P. J. von Strahlenberg Histori-geogr. Descr. N. & E. Europe & Asia Introd. 63 Issidi, signifies Urine, in Low German [Ger. Nieder-Teutsch], Pisse.

1768 T. Nugent Trav. Germany I. ii. 40 The stone is an oblong, about five or six feet high, and three broad; on the top of it are the following words in Low German, which is the dialect of Hamburgh.

1793 H. Marsh tr. J. D. Michaelis Introd. New Test. II. ii. 630 It [sc. Teutonic] is divided into two principal classes, the High and the Low German... The second class, or the Low German, comprehends the dialects of Lower Saxony, and Westphalia, the Danish, Swedish,..Icelandish. Flemish, Dutch, and English, as spoken before it was mixed with Norman-French.

1838 Penny Cycl. XI. 192 The German or Teutonic language may be divided into two great branches..the High German, or the language of Southern Germany; and the Low German, or Saxon.

1887 W. W. Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. 1st Ser. vi. §55 The West Teutonic branch includes..Saxon or Low German.

1915 Edinb. Rev. Jan. 74 Dutch differs little structurally from Low German.

1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 156 In Low German the plant is called Immertau, ‘because the hollow crumplings and edges also of the leaves, will containe the dew in droppes like pearles, that falleth in the night’ (Theatrum Botanicum, 1640).

2002 Guardian 25 May i. 13/1 Dr Matras is also an expert on Domari, Low German, Yiddish, Neo-Aramaic and Frisian and has just published a grammatical sketch of Low German as spoken in East Frisia.

B. adj.

1. Of or relating to those forms of German that are not High German. Also more widely: of or relating to West Germanic dialects other than High German (including, e.g., English, Dutch, and Frisian); †of or relating to all Germanic dialects other than High German (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Germanic > German > High or Low German

High Dutch1574

Low Dutch1597

High German1660

Low German1660

Pennsylvania German1866

1660 G. Havers tr. M. de Scudéry Clelia IV. ii. 155 His Amynta shall come in time to be translated into the French, Spanish, English, High and Low German Languages [Fr. en Flaman, & en Aleman].

1730 J. Andree tr. G. H. Behrens Nat. Hist. Hartz-Forest iv. 112 In this ruin'd Castle, in the time of the Pagans, was kept the famous Idol call'd Pustrich..from the Low-german word Pust, which signifies to blow.

1784 European Mag. & London Rev. Dec. 420/2 His Majesty delivered the report of the old man as he related it, in the Low German language.

1810 S. T. Coleridge Friend 15 Mar. 435 One of the greatest thoroughfares of Vallette still retains the name of the ‘Nix Mangiare Stairs’, from the crowd who used there to assail the ears of the Passengers with cries of ‘nix mangiare’, or ‘nothing to eat’, the former word nix, being the low German pronunciation of nichts, nothing.

1849 Chambers's Information for People II. 31/1 The Scandinavian tongues rank with Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, Anglo-Saxon, and our own language, among the low German class.

1872 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence i. 5 The Low German dialects of the Continent are yielding to its [sc. High German's] influence.

1891 E. Trechmann Short Hist. Gram. Germ. Lang. i. v. 34 A person who understands Hochdeutsch is..less able to understand the Low German than the Middle and South German dialects.

1936 S. Robertson Devel. Mod. Eng. 36 The closest affiliations of English..are..with the Low German languages.

1974 D. De Camp & I. F. Hancock Pidgins & Creoles 17 The English form derives from Indo-European Peig- probably by way of the Low German verb fokken, originally ‘to strike, move quickly, or penetrate’.

2003 L. Moss Is Canada Postcolonial? 21 Yasch Siemens is ultimately more effective in its depiction of an ‘english’ with Low German syntax and phrases.

2. Of or relating to Germany exclusive of the highlands in the south; of or relating to West Germanic-speaking peoples (†or all Germanic-speaking peoples) not inhabiting the highlands in what is now the south of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [adjective] > parts of Germany

Suevical1560

Swevical1560

Prussian1565

Suevian1574

Thuringian1607

Franconian1608

Suevic1638

High German1640

Saxonic1647

Saxon1654

Swabian1684

Saxonian1761

Hanoverian1775

Low German1808

East German1849

West German1850

West German1946

Balt1954

1772 Act 12 Geo III c. 42 in Statutes at Large (1774) XI. 512 Whereas by Permission of His Majesty or His Predecessors, Kings of England, there have been built and erected in and upon the said Place or Piece of Ground certain Churches, called The High German Church, and The Low German Church, [etc.].

1792 J. Hamilton Culpeper's Eng. Family Physician I. 424 Low German Madwort, Asperugo procumbens.

1808 W. Scott Dryden's Wks. X. 145 This new light..happened unfortunately to appear to some of the most ignorant and ferocious of the Low German burghers and boors.

1849 R. B. Paul tr. W. Pütz Handbk. Mediæval Geogr. & Hist. ii. i. 5 In order to subdue..the Low-German tribes, who were perpetually invading Roman Gaul, Drusus took whole German clans into his pay.

1887 W. W. Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. 1st Ser. ii. §9 Taking English to represent the native speech of the Low-German conquerors of England.

1906 T. Hodgkin Hist. Eng. from Earliest Times to Norman Conquest vi. 80 They all belonged to the great Low German family of nations, to which the Goths probably belonged and from which the Dutch and most of the inhabitants of northern Germany are descended.

1968 C. O. Sauer Northern Mists iv. 76 The term kipper was originally applied to salmon, a prized freshwater fish of the early Low German peoples.

2010 A. N. Lenz in P. Auer & J. E. Schmidt Lang. & Space iii. xvii. 305 In this phase, High German high varieties with varying Low German substrates spread out across the Low German area.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	low german
释义	Low Germann.adj. Brit. /ˌləʊ ˈdʒəːmən/, U.S. /ˌloʊ ˈdʒərmən/ Forms: see low adj. and German n. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; probably partly modelled on a German lexical item. Etymons: low adj., German n., German adj. Etymology: As noun < low adj. + German n. As adjective < low adj. + German adj. Probably at least in part after German niederdeutsch (adjective) of or relating to the German-speaking regions of the lower Rhine valley and northern Germany (1521, also as noun), of or relating to forms of the German language spoken in these regions, sometimes including Dutch (1579, also as noun; subsequently designating a philologically defined part of the West Germanic group of languages ( J. Grimm Deutsche Grammatik I. (1819) xviii.), and also as noun in the corresponding sense); compare Dutch nederduits (1551 as nederduytsch ), Middle Low German nēderdǖdesch . Compare Nether German and Nether Dutch at nether adj. 4a, Low Dutch n. and adj., and Plattdeutsch n. Compare also High German n. and High German adj.Compare †Low Germany , as name of the broadly corresponding geographical area, formerly sometimes including the present-day Netherlands (also †Nether Germany ; German †Niederdeutschland ), probably ultimately after classical Latin Germānia inferior , the name of a Roman province on the left bank of the lower Rhine, comprising parts of present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and north-west Germany. Compare quot. 1550 at High German n. and adj. Compare also the Low Countries at low country n. 2a. Compare the following early examples in English contexts: ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 255 Þe oþer Germania is lower [L. alia Germania, inferior], toward the west about the Reyne. ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xv. clxix. 821 Westfalia is a prouynce of þe neþer Germania [L. germanie inferioris].1542 T. Elyot Bibliotheca Batauia, a countray in lowe Germany, callyd Hollande. A. n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Germany exclusive of the highlands in the south; a speaker of a form of German other than High German. Also more widely: a speaker of a West Germanic dialect, †or any Germanic dialect, other than High German. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [noun] > parts of Easterling1253 Sprucier1443 Suevian1549 High German1550 Low German1550 Prussian1554 Lusatian1555 Westphalian1576 Borussian1607 Rhinelander1608 Eastman1610 Belgic1615 Franconian1615 Thuringian1618 Swab1637 spruce1640 Silesian1669 Swabian1675 palatinate1709 Hessian1729 Saxon1737 Austrasian1833 East German1838 Balt1854 West German1855 Württemberger1896 Sudeten1938 East German1947 West German1947 Saarlander1955 Ossi1989 Wessi1990 1550 W. Lynne tr. J. Carion Thre Bks. Cronicles f. clxxxix When Leo was deade, Adrianus a lowe Germane [Ger. ein Deudscher], borne at Utrecht was made byshop of Rome. 1595 W. Jones tr. G. B. Nenna Nennio iii. f. 69^v What conformity is there betweene the Britons, the Normans, and the Fleminges? What agreement betweene either the high or lowe Germaine [It. gli habitatori della germania alta & bassa], and the inhabitants of Saxony? 1644 D. Buchanan Knox's Hist. Reformation Scotl. (rev. ed.) Pref. sig. b3^v The Britan Writers use one and..the same word, when they speak of Scyth and Scot, to wit, y Scot; as likewise the Low German calleth them both Schutten. 1770 in T. Nugent tr. E. Toze Present State Europe III. vii. 104 Innumerable are the instances where pf. and P. are interchanged in the two chief dialects of the Teutonic language: so often as the Low Germans (such as the ancient Saxons were) make use of the letter P. the High Germans convert it with a sort of aspiration, into PF. 1813 Monthly Rev. Dec. 385 The landlords, like the rest of the low Germans, are very brutal and impertinent. 1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) I. 287 The champion of the modern views,—a low German, Erasmus of Rotterdam. 1869 J. S. S. Glennie Arthurian Localities iv. 95 The Feinne belonged to the Cruithne, or Picts, the race prior to the Low Germans in Lochlin, or Scandinavia. 1908 G. C. Fry Text-bk. Geogr. vi. 105 There are three principal branches of the Teutonic peoples:..(2) Low Germans, i.e. Germans of the plain, including Dutch, Flemish, English, and lowland Scotch; [etc.]. 1960 R. Banham Theory & Design in First Machine Age i. v. 72 A Holsteiner himself, he [sc. Julius Langbehn] took Rembrandt as a Low German. 2008 T. Benes In Babel's Shadow iii. 149 The second Germanic sound shift divided Gothic speakers into High Germans, Low Germans, and Scandinavians. 2. A collective term for: those forms of German that are not High German; = Plattdeutsch n. Also more widely: West Germanic dialects other than High German (including, e.g., English, Dutch, and Frisian); †Germanic dialects other than High German (obsolete).See also Old Low German n. at old adj. Compounds 7b. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Germanic > German > Low German Dutchc1380 Low Dutch1567 Plattdeutsch1677 Low German1736 Platt1814 1736 tr. P. J. von Strahlenberg Histori-geogr. Descr. N. & E. Europe & Asia Introd. 63 Issidi, signifies Urine, in Low German [Ger. Nieder-Teutsch], Pisse. 1768 T. Nugent Trav. Germany I. ii. 40 The stone is an oblong, about five or six feet high, and three broad; on the top of it are the following words in Low German, which is the dialect of Hamburgh. 1793 H. Marsh tr. J. D. Michaelis Introd. New Test. II. ii. 630 It [sc. Teutonic] is divided into two principal classes, the High and the Low German... The second class, or the Low German, comprehends the dialects of Lower Saxony, and Westphalia, the Danish, Swedish,..Icelandish. Flemish, Dutch, and English, as spoken before it was mixed with Norman-French. 1838 Penny Cycl. XI. 192 The German or Teutonic language may be divided into two great branches..the High German, or the language of Southern Germany; and the Low German, or Saxon. 1887 W. W. Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. 1st Ser. vi. §55 The West Teutonic branch includes..Saxon or Low German. 1915 Edinb. Rev. Jan. 74 Dutch differs little structurally from Low German. 1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 156 In Low German the plant is called Immertau, ‘because the hollow crumplings and edges also of the leaves, will containe the dew in droppes like pearles, that falleth in the night’ (Theatrum Botanicum, 1640). 2002 Guardian 25 May i. 13/1 Dr Matras is also an expert on Domari, Low German, Yiddish, Neo-Aramaic and Frisian and has just published a grammatical sketch of Low German as spoken in East Frisia. B. adj. 1. Of or relating to those forms of German that are not High German. Also more widely: of or relating to West Germanic dialects other than High German (including, e.g., English, Dutch, and Frisian); †of or relating to all Germanic dialects other than High German (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Germanic > German > High or Low German High Dutch1574 Low Dutch1597 High German1660 Low German1660 Pennsylvania German1866 1660 G. Havers tr. M. de Scudéry Clelia IV. ii. 155 His Amynta shall come in time to be translated into the French, Spanish, English, High and Low German Languages [Fr. en Flaman, & en Aleman]. 1730 J. Andree tr. G. H. Behrens Nat. Hist. Hartz-Forest iv. 112 In this ruin'd Castle, in the time of the Pagans, was kept the famous Idol call'd Pustrich..from the Low-german word Pust, which signifies to blow. 1784 European Mag. & London Rev. Dec. 420/2 His Majesty delivered the report of the old man as he related it, in the Low German language. 1810 S. T. Coleridge Friend 15 Mar. 435 One of the greatest thoroughfares of Vallette still retains the name of the ‘Nix Mangiare Stairs’, from the crowd who used there to assail the ears of the Passengers with cries of ‘nix mangiare’, or ‘nothing to eat’, the former word nix, being the low German pronunciation of nichts, nothing. 1849 Chambers's Information for People II. 31/1 The Scandinavian tongues rank with Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, Anglo-Saxon, and our own language, among the low German class. 1872 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence i. 5 The Low German dialects of the Continent are yielding to its [sc. High German's] influence. 1891 E. Trechmann Short Hist. Gram. Germ. Lang. i. v. 34 A person who understands Hochdeutsch is..less able to understand the Low German than the Middle and South German dialects. 1936 S. Robertson Devel. Mod. Eng. 36 The closest affiliations of English..are..with the Low German languages. 1974 D. De Camp & I. F. Hancock Pidgins & Creoles 17 The English form derives from Indo-European Peig- probably by way of the Low German verb fokken, originally ‘to strike, move quickly, or penetrate’. 2003 L. Moss Is Canada Postcolonial? 21 Yasch Siemens is ultimately more effective in its depiction of an ‘english’ with Low German syntax and phrases. 2. Of or relating to Germany exclusive of the highlands in the south; of or relating to West Germanic-speaking peoples (†or all Germanic-speaking peoples) not inhabiting the highlands in what is now the south of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of Germany > [adjective] > parts of Germany Suevical1560 Swevical1560 Prussian1565 Suevian1574 Thuringian1607 Franconian1608 Suevic1638 High German1640 Saxonic1647 Saxon1654 Swabian1684 Saxonian1761 Hanoverian1775 Low German1808 East German1849 West German1850 West German1946 Balt1954 1772 Act 12 Geo III c. 42 in Statutes at Large (1774) XI. 512 Whereas by Permission of His Majesty or His Predecessors, Kings of England, there have been built and erected in and upon the said Place or Piece of Ground certain Churches, called The High German Church, and The Low German Church, [etc.]. 1792 J. Hamilton Culpeper's Eng. Family Physician I. 424 Low German Madwort, Asperugo procumbens. 1808 W. Scott Dryden's Wks. X. 145 This new light..happened unfortunately to appear to some of the most ignorant and ferocious of the Low German burghers and boors. 1849 R. B. Paul tr. W. Pütz Handbk. Mediæval Geogr. & Hist. ii. i. 5 In order to subdue..the Low-German tribes, who were perpetually invading Roman Gaul, Drusus took whole German clans into his pay. 1887 W. W. Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. 1st Ser. ii. §9 Taking English to represent the native speech of the Low-German conquerors of England. 1906 T. Hodgkin Hist. Eng. from Earliest Times to Norman Conquest vi. 80 They all belonged to the great Low German family of nations, to which the Goths probably belonged and from which the Dutch and most of the inhabitants of northern Germany are descended. 1968 C. O. Sauer Northern Mists iv. 76 The term kipper was originally applied to salmon, a prized freshwater fish of the early Low German peoples. 2010 A. N. Lenz in P. Auer & J. E. Schmidt Lang. & Space iii. xvii. 305 In this phase, High German high varieties with varying Low German substrates spread out across the Low German area. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1550
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