† loukv.¹

Forms: 1. Present stem a. Infinitive Old English lucan, Middle English louke, Middle English lowke, Middle English luke, Middle English lukenn (Ormulum), 1500s looke; Scottish pre-1700 louk, pre-1700 lowk, pre-1700 lowke. b. 2nd singular indicative Old English lycst (in prefixed forms), early Middle English lucst (in prefixed forms). c. 3rd singular indicative Old English licþ (in prefixed forms), Old English licð (in prefixed forms), Old English lycð (in prefixed forms), Old English lyhð (in prefixed forms). 2. Past tense a. Strong early Old English laec (in prefixed forms), Old English leac, Old English lec (chiefly Anglian, in prefixed forms), Old English lucon (plural), early Middle English læc, Middle English lek, Middle English leke, Middle English loke (plural), Middle English loken (plural); N.E.D. (1903) also records a form early Middle English lec. b. Weak Middle English louked, Middle English loukid, Middle English loukide, Middle English lowked, Middle English luked; Scottish 1500s lowked, 1500s lowkyt. 3. Past participle a. Strong Old English gelocen, Old English loccen (Northumbrian, in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English locen, Middle English hiloke, Middle English iloke, Middle English iloken, Middle English ilokin, Middle English loke, Middle English loken, Middle English lokenn (Ormulum), Middle English lokin, Middle English lokken, Middle English lokon, Middle English loky, Middle English lokyn, Middle English looke, Middle English loukyn, Middle English luken, Middle English lukin, Middle English ylocke, Middle English yloke, Middle English yloken, 1500s locken; Scottish pre-1700 lokkin, pre-1700 lukkin. b. Weak Middle English louked, Middle English loukid, Middle English lowked, Middle English lowkkide, Middle English luked; Scottish pre-1700 loukit, pre-1700 lowkit, pre-1700 lowkyt, pre-1700 lucked, pre-1700 luicked, pre-1700 lukkid.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian lūka , Old Dutch -lūkan (in bilūkan to close, antlūkan to open; Middle Dutch lūken , Dutch luiken ), Old Saxon -lūkan (in bilūkan to close, andlūkan to open; Middle Low German luken ), Old High German -lūhhan (in e.g. bilūhhan to close, intlūhhan to open; Middle High German lūchen to close), Old Icelandic lúka , Gothic -lukan (in galukan to close, uslukan to open); further etymology uncertain (compare lock n.², from an ablaut variant of the same base); perhaps ultimately related to the Germanic base of lock n.¹In Old English a strong verb of Class II; distinctively strong inflections survive into Middle English, particularly for the past participle, which was apparently sometimes reinterpreted as a form of lock v.¹ In the Anglian (prefixed) 1st and 3rd singular past tense form -lēc , the stem shows ē by smoothing of the diphthong ēa before the stem-final velar. In Old English the prefixed form gelūcan to lock, to close (compare y- prefix) is also attested; compare also belūcan belouk v., onlūcan unlouk v. The latter two verbs are also more commonly attested than the unprefixed verb (compare the prevalence of prefixed forms among the earliest Germanic cognates), and belūcan is more fully attested in a range of senses (in particular in senses 1a and 3). Specific senses. Earlier currency of senses 2b, 2c is probably implied by specific uses of loken adj. in senses such as ‘interlocked’, ‘fastened’, etc., and also by Old English sam-locen (of the hand) half-closed (compare sam- prefix). Form history. Older Scots past participle forms with short ŭ (e.g. lukkin, lukkid, lucked) apparently show shortening of forms with ū (in which the stem vowel of the present stem has been transferred by analogy).

Obsolete.

a. transitive. To enclose, hem in, surround; to cover; to contain. Also in to louk in clay (lead, etc.): to bury.Also (in quot. lOE) to louk on death: to kill.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)]

beloukOE

loukOE

sparc1175

pena1200

bepen?c1225

pind?c1225

prison?c1225

spearc1300

stopc1315

restraina1325

aclosec1350

forbara1375

reclosea1382

ward1390

enclose1393

locka1400

reclusea1400

pinc1400

sparc1430

hamperc1440

umbecastc1440

murea1450

penda1450

mew?c1450

to shut inc1460

encharter1484

to shut up1490

bara1500

hedge1549

hema1552

impound1562

strain1566

chamber1568

to lock up1568

coop1570

incarcerate1575

cage1577

mew1581

kennel1582

coop1583

encagea1586

pound1589

imprisonc1595

encloister1596

button1598

immure1598

seclude1598

uplock1600

stow1602

confine1603

jail1604

hearse1608

bail1609

hasp1620

cub1621

secure1621

incarcera1653

fasten1658

to keep up1673

nun1753

mope1765

quarantine1804

peg1824

penfold1851

encoop1867

oubliette1884

jigger1887

corral1890

maroon1904

to bang up1950

to lock down1971

the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > bury or entomb [verb (transitive)]

bedelveOE

begraveOE

burya1000

beburyc1000

bifel-ec1000

layc1000

to fall, lull, lay (bring obs.) asleepOE

tombc1275

gravec1300

inter1303

rekec1330

to lap in leadc1340

to lay to rest, abed, to bed1340

lie1387

to louk in clay (lead, etc.)?a1400

to lay lowa1425

earthc1450

sepulture1490

to put awaya1500

tyrea1500

mould1530

to graith in the grave1535

ingrave1535

intumulate1535

sepult1544

intumil?c1550

yird1562

shrinea1566

infera1575

entomb1576

sepelite1577

shroud1577

funeral1578

to load with earth1578

delve1587

to lay up1591

sepulchrize1595

pit-hole1607

infuneral1610

mool1610

inhumate1612

inurna1616

inhume1616

pit1621

tumulate1623

sepulchrea1626

turf1628

underlay1639

urna1657

to lay to sleep, asleep1701

envaulta1745

plant1785

ensepulchre1820

sheugh1839

to put under1879

to lay away1885

OE Andreas (1932) 1259 Weder coledon heardum hægelscurum, swylce hrim ond forst..hæleða eðel lucon, leoda gesetu.

OE Maxims I 71 Forst sceal freosan.., eorþe growan, is brycgian, wæter helm wegan, wundrum lucan eorþan ciþas.

lOE Canterbury Psalter lxxvii. 50 Iumenta eorum in morte conclusit : nytene heræ on deæþe he leac [eOE Vespasian Psalter belec].

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1091 He wass himm sellf..lokenn þær wiþþ innenn.

c1330 (?c1300) Amis & Amiloun (Auch.) (1937) 492 Hir pines were so hard & strong, Sche wald be loken in clay.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 9891 Þis castel es..Wit walles loken four a stan.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 3230 With luf in armes ilk oþer loken.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xviii. l. 243 Lo! how þe sonne gan louke her liȝte in her-self.

c1400 Comm. on Canticles (Bodl. 288) in T. Arnold Sel. Eng. Wks. J. Wyclif (1871) III. 42 God..loukide hem in þe myȝt of her enemyes.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 5005 Þat oþir loken ouire with leues as it ware liȝt siluir.

a1500 (?c1414) Paraphr. Seven Penitential Psalms 18 (MED) Late noȝt myn enemyes makyn here game Of me, whan I am lokyn in leed.

c1580 ( tr. Bk. Alexander (1921) II. ii. l. 10 That had him lukkin in luffis lace.

b. transitive. In passive. figurative. To be bound up, embodied, or fixed (in). Cf. belouk v. 3.Various interpretations of with lel letteres loken in quot. c1400 have been suggested, e.g. ‘embodied in true or fitting words’, ‘fixed in writing’, or ‘joined in true alliterative style’: for a summary see Notes & Queries 255 (2010) 311–3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > bind or tie [verb (transitive)] > bind > bind up or together

forbindc897

bindc1000

to-knita1300

truss1340

louka1393

to knit up1509

to wind up?1533

upbind1590

pinion1608

abligate1615

fillet1633

ligament1659

ligature1716

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1868 (MED) For ye therof so wel have spoke, That it is in myn herte loke.

a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Serm. on Gospels (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. (at cited word) Al es loken in thi welding.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6338 Sum-kin takening suld þar be Loken in þir wandes thre.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 35 (MED) I schal telle hit..As hit is stad & stoken In stori stif & stronge, With lel letteres loken.

a1450 ( in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 12 (MED) In good lyuere goddis wille is loken.

a1500 Sir Degrevant (Cambr.) (1949) l. 699 (MED) My lyff ys loken in þi grace.

a. intransitive. Of earth, waters, etc.: to close up; to merge so as to form one mass.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > parts of clothing > [verb (intransitive)] > of a lace: have a fastening

loukOE

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > be or become joined together [verb (intransitive)]

loukOE

joinc1330

accede?a1475

withjoina1500

knit1548

close1551

conjoin1578

cojoina1616

copulate1645

convene1666

OE Phoenix 225 Hwæþre him eft cymeð æfter fyrstmearce feorh edniwe, siþþan þa yslan eft onginnað æfter ligþræce lucan togædre, geclungne to cleowenne.

OE Battle of Maldon (1942) 66 Ne mihte þær for wætere werod to þam oðrum; þær com flowende flod æfter ebban, lucon lagustreamas.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 14814 Þa læc þe waterr oferr hemm. All affterr godess wille. Swa þatt te king wiþþ all hiss ferd. Wass drunncnedd unnderr flodess.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3276 God him bad helden up his hond To-ward ðis water; in a morgen-quile Ðe se luked.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 441 (MED) Þenne lasned þe loȝ lowkande togeder.

b. transitive. To close (the eyes, jaws, etc.); to cause to close up or join together.

ΚΠ

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 349 Ðis cete ðanne hise chaueles lukeð.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3779 Ðis erðe is to-gidere luken, Als it ne were neuere or to-broken.

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 795 (MED) He lek his eghen and gan to slape.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 5224 Ioseph þi sun sal luke þi nei.

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 3953 Þe gud kynge..Lokes one his eye-liddis þat lowkkide ware faire.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ix. viii. 68 Nor I, thy moder, laid not thy corps on beyr, Nor wyth my handis lowkyt thyne eyn so cleyr.

c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 34 The dum Solsequium..louks his leavis throu langour of the nicht.

a1627 A. Craig Pilgrime & Heremite (1631) sig. A2^v Then who shall bee seene, To louk thy dead Eine?

c. intransitive. To be joined or fastened.

ΚΠ

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 217 A lace lapped aboute, þat louked at þe hede.

a. transitive. To shut, fasten, or lock (a door, gate, room, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)]

beloukeOE

tinea900

bitunc1000

forshutc1000

sparc1175

louka1225

bisteke?c1225

spear?c1225

closec1275

knita1398

fastena1400

upclosec1440

to shut up1526

reclude1550

upspeara1563

lucken1568

to make up1582

hatcha1586

belocka1616

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > close (a door, window, etc.) > bolt, bar, or lock

sparc1175

pena1200

louka1225

bara1300

shutc1320

lockc1325

clicketc1390

keyc1390

pinc1390

sneckc1440

belocka1450

spare?c1450

latch1530

to lock up1549

slot1563

bolt1574

to lock to?1575

double-lock1594

stang1598

obserate1623

padlock1722

button1741

snib1808

chain1839

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 141 Þe ȝeten weren ilokene.

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 72 He haueþ bi-tauht þe o tresur..And bit þe luke þine bur.

c1330 (?c1300) St. Patrick's Purgatory (Auch.) in Englische Studien (1877) 1 100 Wiþ locke and keye þe gate to louken, Patrike lete it diȝte.

a1400 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 257 (MED) Þe ȝates of Parais Þoruth eue weren iloken.

1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 379 The same quayer to be put in a boxe called a Casket, loken.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) cxlvii. §2. 486 The ȝatis of heuen eftire the day of dome sall be loukid til.

b. transitive. figurative. To close (one's ears, heart, etc.).

ΚΠ

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 82 Þe heorte is wel iloked ȝef muð. & echȝe. & eare. wel beon iloked.

?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 93 Vndo þin hert þat is iloke Wiþ couetise and prvde.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1996 (MED) Bot if it touche on eny side Mi ladi, as I have er spoken, Myn Eres ben noght thanne loken.

a1500 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 215 Lette neuer thyn Eris fro me be loke.

c. transitive. To lock up in a room, building, etc.; (also) to lock or shut out. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > be on the outside of [verb (transitive)] > keep or shut out

loukc1275

speara1300

beshutc1330

forbarc1330

warn?a1366

to close outa1382

to shut outc1384

steeka1393

again-louka1400

to keep outc1425

outshutc1450

seclude1498

to stop outc1530

to hedge out1549

confine1577

to hold out1583

out-bar1590

debar1593

excommunicate1602

expel1604

immurec1616

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > shut or lock (a person or thing) in or out

inseil?a1000

bespara1100

loukc1275

sparc1430

spare?c1450

to shut inc1460

to lock out1599

occlude1623

inbolt1632

to bolt out, in, upa1653

sneck1816

sport1825

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)]

pena1200

bebar?c1225

loukc1275

beshuta1300

parc1300

to shut in1398

to close inc1400

parrockc1400

pinc1400

steekc1400

lock?a1425

includec1425

key?a1439

spare?c1450

enferme1481

terminea1500

bebay1511

imprisona1533

besetc1534

hema1552

ram1567

warda1586

closet1589

pound1589

seclude1598

confine1600

i-pend1600

uptie1600

pinfold1605

boundify1606

incoop1608

to round in1609

ring1613

to buckle ina1616

embounda1616

swathe1624

hain1636

coopa1660

to sheathe up1661

stivea1722

cloister1723

span1844

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 16076 His ban beoð iloken [c1300 Otho hi-loke] faste i guldene cheste.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 362 Ðhu salt ben ut in sorge luken.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17411 Ioseph..Yee luked under lok and sele.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Nun's Priest's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 55 Trewely she hath the herte in hoold Of Chauntecler loken in euery lyth.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 3839 Thou shalt be bounde And fast loken in a Tour.

?1542 Generall Free Pardon sig. A.iii For he [sc. Jesu Christ] is the cofer, in whom is closen & locken all the treasure, wyt & wysdom of god.

1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 241 The most parte of the souldiers beganne incontinently to spoyle, to carie awaye, & to looke vp the bootie they had wonne.

Derivatives

louked adj. [compare earlier loken adj. and lucken adj.] closed; spec. (of a cabbage) having a distinct compact heart.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > [adjective] > bunched

louked1513

bunched1904

bunched up, out1917

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xii. Prol. 101 The lowkyt buttonis on the gemmyt treis Ourspredand leyvis of naturis tapestreis.

1565 Protocol Bk. J. Scott 28^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Loukit The said Alisoun sall..deliuer to the said Dauid..ane fur of guid loukit kail.

1645 in Sc. Hist. Rev. (1951) 30 147 As for loukit kaill herbis salt baiken meat I furnished gratis.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

loukv.²

Forms: Old English lúcan (present indicative 3rd person singular lýcð), Middle English luken, Middle English lowke, 1600s–1800s lowk, 1800s look, luke, louk. past tense Old English léac, Middle English læc, leac, plural Old English lucon, Middle English luken. past participle Old English locen, Middle English lokyn.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: A Common Germanic strong verb: Old English lúcan = Old Frisian lûka, Middle Dutch lûken, Old High German (er-, ûz-) liuhhan (Middle High German lûchen, liechen, modern German dialect liechen to pull), Gothic (us-)lûkan to draw (a sword). Some regard the root (pre-Germanic *leug-) as identical with that of Lithuanian lúszti, láužyti to break, Sanskrit ruj to shatter.

Obsolete exc. dialect.

1. transitive. To pull up or out. Now only dialect, to pull up (weeds); to weed (corn).

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > removal or displacement > extraction > extract [verb (transitive)] > root out or up

louka1000

morec1325

roota1387

unroot?a1425

stubc1450

roota1500

rid?1529

root-walt?1530

subplant1547

supplant1549

root?1550

grub1558

eradicate1564

to stump up1599

deracinate1609

uproot1695

aberuncate1731

eracinate1739

rootle1795

disroot1800

piggle1847

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > reclaim [verb (transitive)] > clear land > weed land

louka1000

weeda1325

cleanc1450

spud1652

swinglea1825

couch1846

twitch1886

a1000 Boeth. Metr. (Sedgefield) xii. 28 Swa swa londes ceorl Of his æcere lycð yfel weod monig.

a1225 Leg. Kath. 2128 Ichulle leoten luken & teon þe tittes awei of þine bare breosten.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14803 Up he læc þene staf þat water þer-after leop.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14508 Seiles heo up droȝen..luken rapes longe.

c1275 XI Pains Hell 136 in Old Eng. Misc. 151 Snakes heore eyen lukeþ.

a1400 Octavian 1274 Whan his swyrde was y-brokyn, A Sarasyns legge hath he lokyn, Therwyth he can hym were.

1483 Cath. Angl. 221/2 To Lowke (or weyde), rvncare, sarculare.

1674 J. Ray N. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 31 To Lowk; i.e. to weed Corn, to look out weeds.

1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words Look, louk, to weed, clear.

†2. intransitive. To burst out. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > go or come out [verb (intransitive)] > suddenly

springeOE

outleaplOE

outspring?a1200

loukc1275

start?1316

bursta1325

to start outa1382

out-braida1400

sprentc1400

thringa1500

flush1548

flunge1582

protrude1626

explode1840

flounce1865

plunge1891

dartle1893

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15109 Þa isah he of Brien his teres ut luken.

Derivatives

ˈlouking n. weeding.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun] > clearing land > weeding or weed control

weedingOE

louking1491

weeding out1558

averruncation1656

runcation1664

thistling1766

weeding process1834

weed control1908

weed digging1950

1491–2 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 159 Pro le lukkyng j^us spring apud Thonnokmyre.

1624 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 20 July 175 Reckoned with Leonard Goodale and paid him for his mowing and his wife's lowking and hay making.

ˈlouker n. one who weeds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun] > clearing land > weeding or weed control > weeder

weedera1398

louker14..

weeding woman1710

weed inspector1884

weeding gang1921

14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 697/25 Hic runcator, lowker.

1624 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 20 July 148 Lookers have..iijd. a day.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1903; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	louk
释义	† loukn. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: louk v.¹ Etymology: < louk v.¹ Compare earlier lockchester n. and also lugdor n. Obsolete. rare. A woodlouse. Cf. lockchester n., lugdor n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Crustacea > [noun] > subclass Malacostraca > division Arthostraca > order Isopoda > family Oniscidae or genus Oniscus lockchestera1400 sow14.. lugdora1425 louk?a1450 lockchestc1450 cheslip1530 palmer1538 chestworm1544 Robin Goodfellow's louse1552 monk's peason1558 cheslock1574 porcelet1578 swine louse1579 hog-louse1580 multiped1601 kitchen-bob1610 woodlouse1611 loop1612 millipede1612 timber-sow1626 cheeselog1657 sow-louse1658 thurse-louse1658 onisc1661 monkey pea1682 slater1684 slatter1739 sow-bug1750 Oniscus1806 pig louse1819 hob-thrush1828 land-slater1863 pig's louse1888 wall-louse1899 oniscoid1909 chucky-pig1946 ?a1450 MS Wellcome 542 f. 103^v Contra pannum & maculam [oculorum] vermis claudens se cum tangitur .i. louk. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online June 2018). † loukv.¹ Forms: 1. Present stem a. Infinitive Old English lucan, Middle English louke, Middle English lowke, Middle English luke, Middle English lukenn (Ormulum), 1500s looke; Scottish pre-1700 louk, pre-1700 lowk, pre-1700 lowke. b. 2nd singular indicative Old English lycst (in prefixed forms), early Middle English lucst (in prefixed forms). c. 3rd singular indicative Old English licþ (in prefixed forms), Old English licð (in prefixed forms), Old English lycð (in prefixed forms), Old English lyhð (in prefixed forms). 2. Past tense a. Strong early Old English laec (in prefixed forms), Old English leac, Old English lec (chiefly Anglian, in prefixed forms), Old English lucon (plural), early Middle English læc, Middle English lek, Middle English leke, Middle English loke (plural), Middle English loken (plural); N.E.D. (1903) also records a form early Middle English lec. b. Weak Middle English louked, Middle English loukid, Middle English loukide, Middle English lowked, Middle English luked; Scottish 1500s lowked, 1500s lowkyt. 3. Past participle a. Strong Old English gelocen, Old English loccen (Northumbrian, in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English locen, Middle English hiloke, Middle English iloke, Middle English iloken, Middle English ilokin, Middle English loke, Middle English loken, Middle English lokenn (Ormulum), Middle English lokin, Middle English lokken, Middle English lokon, Middle English loky, Middle English lokyn, Middle English looke, Middle English loukyn, Middle English luken, Middle English lukin, Middle English ylocke, Middle English yloke, Middle English yloken, 1500s locken; Scottish pre-1700 lokkin, pre-1700 lukkin. b. Weak Middle English louked, Middle English loukid, Middle English lowked, Middle English lowkkide, Middle English luked; Scottish pre-1700 loukit, pre-1700 lowkit, pre-1700 lowkyt, pre-1700 lucked, pre-1700 luicked, pre-1700 lukkid. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian lūka , Old Dutch -lūkan (in bilūkan to close, antlūkan to open; Middle Dutch lūken , Dutch luiken ), Old Saxon -lūkan (in bilūkan to close, andlūkan to open; Middle Low German luken ), Old High German -lūhhan (in e.g. bilūhhan to close, intlūhhan to open; Middle High German lūchen to close), Old Icelandic lúka , Gothic -lukan (in galukan to close, uslukan to open); further etymology uncertain (compare lock n.², from an ablaut variant of the same base); perhaps ultimately related to the Germanic base of lock n.¹In Old English a strong verb of Class II; distinctively strong inflections survive into Middle English, particularly for the past participle, which was apparently sometimes reinterpreted as a form of lock v.¹ In the Anglian (prefixed) 1st and 3rd singular past tense form -lēc , the stem shows ē by smoothing of the diphthong ēa before the stem-final velar. In Old English the prefixed form gelūcan to lock, to close (compare y- prefix) is also attested; compare also belūcan belouk v., onlūcan unlouk v. The latter two verbs are also more commonly attested than the unprefixed verb (compare the prevalence of prefixed forms among the earliest Germanic cognates), and belūcan is more fully attested in a range of senses (in particular in senses 1a and 3). Specific senses. Earlier currency of senses 2b, 2c is probably implied by specific uses of loken adj. in senses such as ‘interlocked’, ‘fastened’, etc., and also by Old English sam-locen (of the hand) half-closed (compare sam- prefix). Form history. Older Scots past participle forms with short ŭ (e.g. lukkin, lukkid, lucked) apparently show shortening of forms with ū (in which the stem vowel of the present stem has been transferred by analogy). Obsolete. 1. a. transitive. To enclose, hem in, surround; to cover; to contain. Also in to louk in clay (lead, etc.): to bury.Also (in quot. lOE) to louk on death: to kill. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)] beloukOE loukOE sparc1175 pena1200 bepen?c1225 pind?c1225 prison?c1225 spearc1300 stopc1315 restraina1325 aclosec1350 forbara1375 reclosea1382 ward1390 enclose1393 locka1400 reclusea1400 pinc1400 sparc1430 hamperc1440 umbecastc1440 murea1450 penda1450 mew?c1450 to shut inc1460 encharter1484 to shut up1490 bara1500 hedge1549 hema1552 impound1562 strain1566 chamber1568 to lock up1568 coop1570 incarcerate1575 cage1577 mew1581 kennel1582 coop1583 encagea1586 pound1589 imprisonc1595 encloister1596 button1598 immure1598 seclude1598 uplock1600 stow1602 confine1603 jail1604 hearse1608 bail1609 hasp1620 cub1621 secure1621 incarcera1653 fasten1658 to keep up1673 nun1753 mope1765 quarantine1804 peg1824 penfold1851 encoop1867 oubliette1884 jigger1887 corral1890 maroon1904 to bang up1950 to lock down1971 the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > bury or entomb [verb (transitive)] bedelveOE begraveOE burya1000 beburyc1000 bifel-ec1000 layc1000 to fall, lull, lay (bring obs.) asleepOE tombc1275 gravec1300 inter1303 rekec1330 to lap in leadc1340 to lay to rest, abed, to bed1340 lie1387 to louk in clay (lead, etc.)?a1400 to lay lowa1425 earthc1450 sepulture1490 to put awaya1500 tyrea1500 mould1530 to graith in the grave1535 ingrave1535 intumulate1535 sepult1544 intumil?c1550 yird1562 shrinea1566 infera1575 entomb1576 sepelite1577 shroud1577 funeral1578 to load with earth1578 delve1587 to lay up1591 sepulchrize1595 pit-hole1607 infuneral1610 mool1610 inhumate1612 inurna1616 inhume1616 pit1621 tumulate1623 sepulchrea1626 turf1628 underlay1639 urna1657 to lay to sleep, asleep1701 envaulta1745 plant1785 ensepulchre1820 sheugh1839 to put under1879 to lay away1885 OE Andreas (1932) 1259 Weder coledon heardum hægelscurum, swylce hrim ond forst..hæleða eðel lucon, leoda gesetu. OE Maxims I 71 Forst sceal freosan.., eorþe growan, is brycgian, wæter helm wegan, wundrum lucan eorþan ciþas. lOE Canterbury Psalter lxxvii. 50 Iumenta eorum in morte conclusit : nytene heræ on deæþe he leac [eOE Vespasian Psalter belec]. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1091 He wass himm sellf..lokenn þær wiþþ innenn. c1330 (?c1300) Amis & Amiloun (Auch.) (1937) 492 Hir pines were so hard & strong, Sche wald be loken in clay. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 9891 Þis castel es..Wit walles loken four a stan. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 3230 With luf in armes ilk oþer loken. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xviii. l. 243 Lo! how þe sonne gan louke her liȝte in her-self. c1400 Comm. on Canticles (Bodl. 288) in T. Arnold Sel. Eng. Wks. J. Wyclif (1871) III. 42 God..loukide hem in þe myȝt of her enemyes. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 5005 Þat oþir loken ouire with leues as it ware liȝt siluir. a1500 (?c1414) Paraphr. Seven Penitential Psalms 18 (MED) Late noȝt myn enemyes makyn here game Of me, whan I am lokyn in leed. c1580 ( tr. Bk. Alexander (1921) II. ii. l. 10 That had him lukkin in luffis lace. b. transitive. In passive. figurative. To be bound up, embodied, or fixed (in). Cf. belouk v. 3.Various interpretations of with lel letteres loken in quot. c1400 have been suggested, e.g. ‘embodied in true or fitting words’, ‘fixed in writing’, or ‘joined in true alliterative style’: for a summary see Notes & Queries 255 (2010) 311–3. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > bind or tie [verb (transitive)] > bind > bind up or together forbindc897 bindc1000 to-knita1300 truss1340 louka1393 to knit up1509 to wind up?1533 upbind1590 pinion1608 abligate1615 fillet1633 ligament1659 ligature1716 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1868 (MED) For ye therof so wel have spoke, That it is in myn herte loke. a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Serm. on Gospels (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. (at cited word) Al es loken in thi welding. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6338 Sum-kin takening suld þar be Loken in þir wandes thre. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 35 (MED) I schal telle hit..As hit is stad & stoken In stori stif & stronge, With lel letteres loken. a1450 ( in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 12 (MED) In good lyuere goddis wille is loken. a1500 Sir Degrevant (Cambr.) (1949) l. 699 (MED) My lyff ys loken in þi grace. 2. a. intransitive. Of earth, waters, etc.: to close up; to merge so as to form one mass. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > parts of clothing > [verb (intransitive)] > of a lace: have a fastening loukOE the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > be or become joined together [verb (intransitive)] loukOE joinc1330 accede?a1475 withjoina1500 knit1548 close1551 conjoin1578 cojoina1616 copulate1645 convene1666 OE Phoenix 225 Hwæþre him eft cymeð æfter fyrstmearce feorh edniwe, siþþan þa yslan eft onginnað æfter ligþræce lucan togædre, geclungne to cleowenne. OE Battle of Maldon (1942) 66 Ne mihte þær for wætere werod to þam oðrum; þær com flowende flod æfter ebban, lucon lagustreamas. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 14814 Þa læc þe waterr oferr hemm. All affterr godess wille. Swa þatt te king wiþþ all hiss ferd. Wass drunncnedd unnderr flodess. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3276 God him bad helden up his hond To-ward ðis water; in a morgen-quile Ðe se luked. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 441 (MED) Þenne lasned þe loȝ lowkande togeder. b. transitive. To close (the eyes, jaws, etc.); to cause to close up or join together. ΚΠ a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 349 Ðis cete ðanne hise chaueles lukeð. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3779 Ðis erðe is to-gidere luken, Als it ne were neuere or to-broken. c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 795 (MED) He lek his eghen and gan to slape. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 5224 Ioseph þi sun sal luke þi nei. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 3953 Þe gud kynge..Lokes one his eye-liddis þat lowkkide ware faire. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ix. viii. 68 Nor I, thy moder, laid not thy corps on beyr, Nor wyth my handis lowkyt thyne eyn so cleyr. c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 34 The dum Solsequium..louks his leavis throu langour of the nicht. a1627 A. Craig Pilgrime & Heremite (1631) sig. A2^v Then who shall bee seene, To louk thy dead Eine? c. intransitive. To be joined or fastened. ΚΠ c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 217 A lace lapped aboute, þat louked at þe hede. 3. a. transitive. To shut, fasten, or lock (a door, gate, room, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] beloukeOE tinea900 bitunc1000 forshutc1000 sparc1175 louka1225 bisteke?c1225 spear?c1225 closec1275 knita1398 fastena1400 upclosec1440 to shut up1526 reclude1550 upspeara1563 lucken1568 to make up1582 hatcha1586 belocka1616 the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > close (a door, window, etc.) > bolt, bar, or lock sparc1175 pena1200 louka1225 bara1300 shutc1320 lockc1325 clicketc1390 keyc1390 pinc1390 sneckc1440 belocka1450 spare?c1450 latch1530 to lock up1549 slot1563 bolt1574 to lock to?1575 double-lock1594 stang1598 obserate1623 padlock1722 button1741 snib1808 chain1839 a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 141 Þe ȝeten weren ilokene. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 72 He haueþ bi-tauht þe o tresur..And bit þe luke þine bur. c1330 (?c1300) St. Patrick's Purgatory (Auch.) in Englische Studien (1877) 1 100 Wiþ locke and keye þe gate to louken, Patrike lete it diȝte. a1400 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 257 (MED) Þe ȝates of Parais Þoruth eue weren iloken. 1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 379 The same quayer to be put in a boxe called a Casket, loken. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) cxlvii. §2. 486 The ȝatis of heuen eftire the day of dome sall be loukid til. b. transitive. figurative. To close (one's ears, heart, etc.). ΚΠ ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 82 Þe heorte is wel iloked ȝef muð. & echȝe. & eare. wel beon iloked. ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 93 Vndo þin hert þat is iloke Wiþ couetise and prvde. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1996 (MED) Bot if it touche on eny side Mi ladi, as I have er spoken, Myn Eres ben noght thanne loken. a1500 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 215 Lette neuer thyn Eris fro me be loke. c. transitive. To lock up in a room, building, etc.; (also) to lock or shut out. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > be on the outside of [verb (transitive)] > keep or shut out loukc1275 speara1300 beshutc1330 forbarc1330 warn?a1366 to close outa1382 to shut outc1384 steeka1393 again-louka1400 to keep outc1425 outshutc1450 seclude1498 to stop outc1530 to hedge out1549 confine1577 to hold out1583 out-bar1590 debar1593 excommunicate1602 expel1604 immurec1616 the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > shut or lock (a person or thing) in or out inseil?a1000 bespara1100 loukc1275 sparc1430 spare?c1450 to shut inc1460 to lock out1599 occlude1623 inbolt1632 to bolt out, in, upa1653 sneck1816 sport1825 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)] pena1200 bebar?c1225 loukc1275 beshuta1300 parc1300 to shut in1398 to close inc1400 parrockc1400 pinc1400 steekc1400 lock?a1425 includec1425 key?a1439 spare?c1450 enferme1481 terminea1500 bebay1511 imprisona1533 besetc1534 hema1552 ram1567 warda1586 closet1589 pound1589 seclude1598 confine1600 i-pend1600 uptie1600 pinfold1605 boundify1606 incoop1608 to round in1609 ring1613 to buckle ina1616 embounda1616 swathe1624 hain1636 coopa1660 to sheathe up1661 stivea1722 cloister1723 span1844 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 16076 His ban beoð iloken [c1300 Otho hi-loke] faste i guldene cheste. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 362 Ðhu salt ben ut in sorge luken. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 17411 Ioseph..Yee luked under lok and sele. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Nun's Priest's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 55 Trewely she hath the herte in hoold Of Chauntecler loken in euery lyth. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 3839 Thou shalt be bounde And fast loken in a Tour. ?1542 Generall Free Pardon sig. A.iii For he [sc. Jesu Christ] is the cofer, in whom is closen & locken all the treasure, wyt & wysdom of god. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 241 The most parte of the souldiers beganne incontinently to spoyle, to carie awaye, & to looke vp the bootie they had wonne. Derivatives louked adj. [compare earlier loken adj. and lucken adj.] closed; spec. (of a cabbage) having a distinct compact heart. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > [adjective] > bunched louked1513 bunched1904 bunched up, out1917 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xii. Prol. 101 The lowkyt buttonis on the gemmyt treis Ourspredand leyvis of naturis tapestreis. 1565 Protocol Bk. J. Scott 28^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Loukit The said Alisoun sall..deliuer to the said Dauid..ane fur of guid loukit kail. 1645 in Sc. Hist. Rev. (1951) 30 147 As for loukit kaill herbis salt baiken meat I furnished gratis. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online December 2021). loukv.² Forms: Old English lúcan (present indicative 3rd person singular lýcð), Middle English luken, Middle English lowke, 1600s–1800s lowk, 1800s look, luke, louk. past tense Old English léac, Middle English læc, leac, plural Old English lucon, Middle English luken. past participle Old English locen, Middle English lokyn. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: A Common Germanic strong verb: Old English lúcan = Old Frisian lûka, Middle Dutch lûken, Old High German (er-, ûz-) liuhhan (Middle High German lûchen, liechen, modern German dialect liechen to pull), Gothic (us-)lûkan to draw (a sword). Some regard the root (pre-Germanic leug-) as identical with that of Lithuanian lúszti, láužyti* to break, Sanskrit ruj to shatter. Obsolete exc. dialect. 1. transitive. To pull up or out. Now only dialect, to pull up (weeds); to weed (corn). ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > removal or displacement > extraction > extract [verb (transitive)] > root out or up louka1000 morec1325 roota1387 unroot?a1425 stubc1450 roota1500 rid?1529 root-walt?1530 subplant1547 supplant1549 root?1550 grub1558 eradicate1564 to stump up1599 deracinate1609 uproot1695 aberuncate1731 eracinate1739 rootle1795 disroot1800 piggle1847 the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > reclaim [verb (transitive)] > clear land > weed land louka1000 weeda1325 cleanc1450 spud1652 swinglea1825 couch1846 twitch1886 a1000 Boeth. Metr. (Sedgefield) xii. 28 Swa swa londes ceorl Of his æcere lycð yfel weod monig. a1225 Leg. Kath. 2128 Ichulle leoten luken & teon þe tittes awei of þine bare breosten. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14803 Up he læc þene staf þat water þer-after leop. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14508 Seiles heo up droȝen..luken rapes longe. c1275 XI Pains Hell 136 in Old Eng. Misc. 151 Snakes heore eyen lukeþ. a1400 Octavian 1274 Whan his swyrde was y-brokyn, A Sarasyns legge hath he lokyn, Therwyth he can hym were. 1483 Cath. Angl. 221/2 To Lowke (or weyde), rvncare, sarculare. 1674 J. Ray N. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 31 To Lowk; i.e. to weed Corn, to look out weeds. 1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words Look, louk, to weed, clear. †2. intransitive. To burst out. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > go or come out [verb (intransitive)] > suddenly springeOE outleaplOE outspring?a1200 loukc1275 start?1316 bursta1325 to start outa1382 out-braida1400 sprentc1400 thringa1500 flush1548 flunge1582 protrude1626 explode1840 flounce1865 plunge1891 dartle1893 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15109 Þa isah he of Brien his teres ut luken. Derivatives ˈlouking n. weeding. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun] > clearing land > weeding or weed control weedingOE louking1491 weeding out1558 averruncation1656 runcation1664 thistling1766 weeding process1834 weed control1908 weed digging1950 1491–2 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 159 Pro le lukkyng j^us spring apud Thonnokmyre. 1624 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 20 July 175 Reckoned with Leonard Goodale and paid him for his mowing and his wife's lowking and hay making. ˈlouker n. one who weeds. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun] > clearing land > weeding or weed control > weeder weedera1398 louker14.. weeding woman1710 weed inspector1884 weeding gang1921 14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 697/25 Hic runcator, lowker. 1624 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 20 July 148 Lookers have..iijd. a day. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1903; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.?a1450v.¹OEv.²a1000
随便看	to give with or against to give words to give words to to give, etc lill for loll to give, etc, a hostage to fortune to give, get goss to give, get, have, take a warm to give, have the wind of to give, lay down, yield the bucklers to give, pay heed to give, pay heed to to give, set an ensample to give, set ensample to give, take seisin to givea sob to glamp at to glance aside, off to glance at to glance at against to glance at upon to glance back to glance down, up to glance on to glance one's eye, look to glance over

† loukn.

† loukv.1

Derivatives

loukv.2

Derivatives

† loukv.¹

loukv.²