lockmann.¹

Brit.

/ˈlɒkmən/, U.S.

/ˈlɑkmən/

Inflections: Plural lockmen.

Forms: see lock n.² and man n.¹

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: lock n.², man n.¹; lock n.¹, man n.¹

Etymology: Origin uncertain; apparently either < lock n.² + man n.¹, or < lock n.¹ (compare sense 4c at that entry) + man n.¹Although it seems more likely that the first element of this word is lock n.², there are semantic problems with both interpretations. In Scotland (see sense 1) there is no clear evidence that the offices of public executioner and jailer were combined, although it does not seem unlikely that the public executioner would be responsible for keeping the condemned under lock and key (compare quot. c1617 at sense 1b, which appears to allude to this). The lockman had a range of duties, including the administering of corporal punishment, and also keeping the marketplace clean, for which latter duty he would receive perquisites of the dung removed and fish or meal from the market (compare quots. 1595, 1676, 1698 at sense 1a). The alternative derivation, which may perhaps have arisen by a misunderstanding of the latter practice, appears to originate with Scott (compare his note below on the passage cited in quot. 1818), although he himself also uses the related word locksman n.¹ to denote a jailer (see quot. 1820 at locksman n.¹):1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 148 (note) Lockman, so called from the small quantity of meal (Scotice lock) which he was entitled to take out of every boll exposed to market in the city. In..Dumfries, the finisher of the law still exercises, or did lately exercise, his privilege, the quantity taken being regulated by a small iron ladle, which he uses as the measure of his perquisite.Although it is known that the lockman received certain perquisites, these were not always or solely of meal, and it is unclear why he would have been named for this reason. For a full discussion see T. F. Henderson Old World Scotl. (1893) xxi. 238–46, where a further suggestion is made that the first element may show lock n.¹ in the sense ‘strand of hair’ (on account of the executioner's customary practice of holding the executed person's head up by the hair), although this appears less likely. In the Isle of Man (see sense 2) the name of the office was probably transferred from Scots, and the original duties of the Manx officer appear to have been similar to those of the lockman in Scotland. The Manx term guilley-ghlash (1804 as guilley gliash , or earlier; < guilley servant, attendant (see ghillie n.) + the genitive of glass iron, fastening mechanism, specific noun uses of glass grey: see glossan n.) was apparently formed after English and suggests that the first element was interpreted as being lock n.² An early Scandinavian origin has also been suggested for this sense, but the closest parallel Old Icelandic lokusveinn ( < the genitive of loka fastening mechanism (see loke n.) + sveinn swain n.) is very rare and is only attested once in the sense ‘jailer’.

1. Scottish.

a. A public executioner; a hangman. Cf. locksman n.¹ Now historical.The lockman was also responsible for the punishment of petty criminals.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > hanging > [noun] > hangman

boiec1320

hangman1393

hangerc1430

lockman1488

burrioc1540

bourreauc1550

burriourc1550

derrickc1600

passport-maker1602

topman1607

derrick-jastro?1609

verdugo1616

windpipe-stretcher1617

Gregorya1658

locksman1682

Ketch1685

Jack Ketch1696

finisher of the law1708

topsman1825

scrag-boy1843

scragger1897

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 1342 The lokmen than, thai bur Wallace but baid On-till a place his martyrdom to tak.

a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 206 Ay loungand lyk ane loikman on ane ledder.

1595 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 134 That the meilmen resortand to the meil merkat wes content..to gif to Allane Neilsoun, lokman, ane penny of ilk laid of meill allanerlie, provyding that he be subject to keip the calsay clene and red and putt nocht his hand in thair seks as he uses to do.

1616 Orkney Witch Trial in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1840) II. 191 To be tane be the lockmane to the place of executioun.

1641 Dumfries Burgh Treasurer's Accts. f. 10^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Lokman To lockman for scourging ane man.

1676 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1950) X. 281 That..the dewtie of the said [fish-]mercat aught to be hightned and for the tacksmen incurradgement that the casualitie collected be the lockmen [sic] be taken away and something allowed him in place therof.

1698 in Trans. E. Lothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists' Soc. (1932) 2 45 George Gray..to be executioner or lockman of the said burghe [sc. Dunbar]..and obliges him to put sturdie beggars..out of the burghe and to shovell and mak clean the corn mercatplace..[and he is allowed] the benefit of the laddle at the mercat providing that he exact nothing under one furlet of corne or ane furlet of mealle.

?1727 A. Pennecuik (title) Speech and dying words of John Dalgleish, lock man alias hang-man of Edinburgh.

1735 in Sc. Antiquary (1898) 12 27 Paid John Dalgleish, Lockman, for whiping 2 women … 6s. 8d.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian i, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 148 I wadna think of asking the lockman's place ower his head.

1884 C. Rogers Social Life Scotl. II. x. 54 Every burgh lockman had his free house.

1902 H. G. Graham in J. Paton Sc. Hist. & Life 288 The town hangman..was known as the ‘lockman’, from his being entitled to a ‘lock’,—that is a hand-full of grain from every sack that came to the market.

1985 W. L. Lorimer & R. L. C. Lorimer New Test. in Scots (rev. ed.) Mark vi. 72 The King [sc. Herod]..dauredna gíe her a na-say, an strecht awà sent aff a lockman wi orders tae come back wi John's heid.

2013 J. Kopaczyk Legal Lang. Sc. Burghs vi. 105 In larger towns, a burgh court had a lockman or a hangman at its disposal, for immediate implementation of the verdict.

†b. figurative. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 45 Quhy hes thou me alone in langour left Delyvring me vnto this lokman Love.

c1617 King James VI & I Poems (1958) II. 111 Sume lockman now hath locked wp apart Poore iustice martyr'd with a meschant hart.

2. Manx English. A deputy or assistant to the coroner (coroner n. 2).The coroner can appoint a lockman for each parish within his or her sheading (sheading n.). The responsibilities of the lockman include summoning juries and witnesses to court and ensuring the execution of judgements. In former times duties extended to maintaining law and order, with the power to arrest in criminal cases.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > an officer of the court > [noun] > official who summons persons to court > specifically in Isle of Man

lockman1577

1577 in M. A. Mills Anc. Ordinances & Statute Laws Isle of Man (1821) 60 Alsoe, you shall enquire whether all petty Officers doe execute their Offices; that is to say, the Coroner and his Lockman, the Moar and his Runners.., and the Forrest Keeper and his Deputyes.

1656 J. Chaloner Short Treat. Isle of Man iv. 26 in D. King Vale-royall Eng. Either of the said Officers may give their Token for Execution to the Coroner or Lockman [side note, Lockman is an under-Sheriffe].

1735 W. Pardon Dyche's New Gen. Eng. Dict. Lockman, the Name of an Officer in the Isle of Man, that executes the Orders of the Governor, which at London is called a Sheriff.

1842 J. B. Laughton New Hist., Topogr., & Parochial Guide Isle of Mann vii. 52 The Coroner has a deputy in each parish, called the Lockman, a name in Scotland formerly applied to the hangman, who was paid by a gowpen or lock of meal from each sack brought to market. Probably the Manks lockman derives his name from a similar obsolete custom.

1863 J. Keble Life T. Wilson: Pt. II xix. 642 A lockman (or coroner's summoner) is presented for summoning a jury and witnesses to meet on a Sunday.

1903 in C. T. W. Hughes-Games Statutes Isle of Man (1912) 420 Where..the property of a debtor is sold.., the coroner or lockman shall deduct his costs of the execution from the proceeds of sale.

2011 Global Forum Transparency & Exchange Information for Tax Purposes Peer Rev.: Isle of Man (OECD) 62 There are a number of exceptions to this rule, whereby information can be disclosed to..the Judgements Officer or a Coroner or Lockman.

Derivatives

† lockmanship n. Scottish Obsolete rare the office or duties of a lockman (sense 1).

ΚΠ

1500 in M. Livingstone Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1908) I. 80/2 Gift made to Adam Barde, lokman,..for his service of lokmanschip.

1614 Proc. Justice Court Orkney & Shetland (National Rec. Scotl. RH9/15/150) 10 Sept.–21 Oct. Gif he does not willinglie at all occasiones neidfull execute the said office off hangman or lockmanship, to be hangit him self.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	lockman
释义	lockmann.¹ Brit. /ˈlɒkmən/, U.S. /ˈlɑkmən/ Inflections: Plural lockmen. Forms: see lock n.² and man n.¹ Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: lock n.², man n.¹; lock n.¹, man n.¹ Etymology: Origin uncertain; apparently either < lock n.² + man n.¹, or < lock n.¹ (compare sense 4c at that entry) + man n.¹Although it seems more likely that the first element of this word is lock n.², there are semantic problems with both interpretations. In Scotland (see sense 1) there is no clear evidence that the offices of public executioner and jailer were combined, although it does not seem unlikely that the public executioner would be responsible for keeping the condemned under lock and key (compare quot. c1617 at sense 1b, which appears to allude to this). The lockman had a range of duties, including the administering of corporal punishment, and also keeping the marketplace clean, for which latter duty he would receive perquisites of the dung removed and fish or meal from the market (compare quots. 1595, 1676, 1698 at sense 1a). The alternative derivation, which may perhaps have arisen by a misunderstanding of the latter practice, appears to originate with Scott (compare his note below on the passage cited in quot. 1818), although he himself also uses the related word locksman n.¹ to denote a jailer (see quot. 1820 at locksman n.¹):1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 148 (note) Lockman, so called from the small quantity of meal (Scotice lock) which he was entitled to take out of every boll exposed to market in the city. In..Dumfries, the finisher of the law still exercises, or did lately exercise, his privilege, the quantity taken being regulated by a small iron ladle, which he uses as the measure of his perquisite.Although it is known that the lockman received certain perquisites, these were not always or solely of meal, and it is unclear why he would have been named for this reason. For a full discussion see T. F. Henderson Old World Scotl. (1893) xxi. 238–46, where a further suggestion is made that the first element may show lock n.¹ in the sense ‘strand of hair’ (on account of the executioner's customary practice of holding the executed person's head up by the hair), although this appears less likely. In the Isle of Man (see sense 2) the name of the office was probably transferred from Scots, and the original duties of the Manx officer appear to have been similar to those of the lockman in Scotland. The Manx term guilley-ghlash (1804 as guilley gliash , or earlier; < guilley servant, attendant (see ghillie n.) + the genitive of glass iron, fastening mechanism, specific noun uses of glass grey: see glossan n.) was apparently formed after English and suggests that the first element was interpreted as being lock n.² An early Scandinavian origin has also been suggested for this sense, but the closest parallel Old Icelandic lokusveinn ( < the genitive of loka fastening mechanism (see loke n.) + sveinn swain n.) is very rare and is only attested once in the sense ‘jailer’. 1. Scottish. a. A public executioner; a hangman. Cf. locksman n.¹ Now historical.The lockman was also responsible for the punishment of petty criminals. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > hanging > [noun] > hangman boiec1320 hangman1393 hangerc1430 lockman1488 burrioc1540 bourreauc1550 burriourc1550 derrickc1600 passport-maker1602 topman1607 derrick-jastro?1609 verdugo1616 windpipe-stretcher1617 Gregorya1658 locksman1682 Ketch1685 Jack Ketch1696 finisher of the law1708 topsman1825 scrag-boy1843 scragger1897 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 1342 The lokmen than, thai bur Wallace but baid On-till a place his martyrdom to tak. a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 206 Ay loungand lyk ane loikman on ane ledder. 1595 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1927) V. 134 That the meilmen resortand to the meil merkat wes content..to gif to Allane Neilsoun, lokman, ane penny of ilk laid of meill allanerlie, provyding that he be subject to keip the calsay clene and red and putt nocht his hand in thair seks as he uses to do. 1616 Orkney Witch Trial in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1840) II. 191 To be tane be the lockmane to the place of executioun. 1641 Dumfries Burgh Treasurer's Accts. f. 10^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Lokman To lockman for scourging ane man. 1676 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1950) X. 281 That..the dewtie of the said [fish-]mercat aught to be hightned and for the tacksmen incurradgement that the casualitie collected be the lockmen [sic] be taken away and something allowed him in place therof. 1698 in Trans. E. Lothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists' Soc. (1932) 2 45 George Gray..to be executioner or lockman of the said burghe [sc. Dunbar]..and obliges him to put sturdie beggars..out of the burghe and to shovell and mak clean the corn mercatplace..[and he is allowed] the benefit of the laddle at the mercat providing that he exact nothing under one furlet of corne or ane furlet of mealle. ?1727 A. Pennecuik (title) Speech and dying words of John Dalgleish, lock man alias hang-man of Edinburgh. 1735 in Sc. Antiquary (1898) 12 27 Paid John Dalgleish, Lockman, for whiping 2 women … 6s. 8d. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian i, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 148 I wadna think of asking the lockman's place ower his head. 1884 C. Rogers Social Life Scotl. II. x. 54 Every burgh lockman had his free house. 1902 H. G. Graham in J. Paton Sc. Hist. & Life 288 The town hangman..was known as the ‘lockman’, from his being entitled to a ‘lock’,—that is a hand-full of grain from every sack that came to the market. 1985 W. L. Lorimer & R. L. C. Lorimer New Test. in Scots (rev. ed.) Mark vi. 72 The King [sc. Herod]..dauredna gíe her a na-say, an strecht awà sent aff a lockman wi orders tae come back wi John's heid. 2013 J. Kopaczyk Legal Lang. Sc. Burghs vi. 105 In larger towns, a burgh court had a lockman or a hangman at its disposal, for immediate implementation of the verdict. †b. figurative. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 45 Quhy hes thou me alone in langour left Delyvring me vnto this lokman Love. c1617 King James VI & I Poems (1958) II. 111 Sume lockman now hath locked wp apart Poore iustice martyr'd with a meschant hart. 2. Manx English. A deputy or assistant to the coroner (coroner n. 2).The coroner can appoint a lockman for each parish within his or her sheading (sheading n.). The responsibilities of the lockman include summoning juries and witnesses to court and ensuring the execution of judgements. In former times duties extended to maintaining law and order, with the power to arrest in criminal cases. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > an officer of the court > [noun] > official who summons persons to court > specifically in Isle of Man lockman1577 1577 in M. A. Mills Anc. Ordinances & Statute Laws Isle of Man (1821) 60 Alsoe, you shall enquire whether all petty Officers doe execute their Offices; that is to say, the Coroner and his Lockman, the Moar and his Runners.., and the Forrest Keeper and his Deputyes. 1656 J. Chaloner Short Treat. Isle of Man iv. 26 in D. King Vale-royall Eng. Either of the said Officers may give their Token for Execution to the Coroner or Lockman [side note, Lockman is an under-Sheriffe]. 1735 W. Pardon Dyche's New Gen. Eng. Dict. Lockman, the Name of an Officer in the Isle of Man, that executes the Orders of the Governor, which at London is called a Sheriff. 1842 J. B. Laughton New Hist., Topogr., & Parochial Guide Isle of Mann vii. 52 The Coroner has a deputy in each parish, called the Lockman, a name in Scotland formerly applied to the hangman, who was paid by a gowpen or lock of meal from each sack brought to market. Probably the Manks lockman derives his name from a similar obsolete custom. 1863 J. Keble Life T. Wilson: Pt. II xix. 642 A lockman (or coroner's summoner) is presented for summoning a jury and witnesses to meet on a Sunday. 1903 in C. T. W. Hughes-Games Statutes Isle of Man (1912) 420 Where..the property of a debtor is sold.., the coroner or lockman shall deduct his costs of the execution from the proceeds of sale. 2011 Global Forum Transparency & Exchange Information for Tax Purposes Peer Rev.: Isle of Man (OECD) 62 There are a number of exceptions to this rule, whereby information can be disclosed to..the Judgements Officer or a Coroner or Lockman. Derivatives † lockmanship n. Scottish Obsolete rare the office or duties of a lockman (sense 1). ΚΠ 1500 in M. Livingstone Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1908) I. 80/2 Gift made to Adam Barde, lokman,..for his service of lokmanschip. 1614 Proc. Justice Court Orkney & Shetland (National Rec. Scotl. RH9/15/150) 10 Sept.–21 Oct. Gif he does not willinglie at all occasiones neidfull execute the said office off hangman or lockmanship, to be hangit him self. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). lockmann.² Brit. /ˈlɒkmən/, U.S. /ˈlɑkmən/ Inflections: Plural lockmen. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: lock n.², man n.¹ Etymology: < lock n.² + man n.¹ Compare earlier lock-keeper n. at lock n.² Compounds 2. A man employed to attend and maintain a lock on a canal or river; = lock-keeper n. at lock n.² Compounds 2. Cf. locksman n.² ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > associated shore-based personnel > [noun] > person in charge of lock locksman1682 lock-shutter1734 lock-keeper1762 lockman1821 lock tender1824 locksman1839 lock1865 1821 Glasgow Herald 8 June Early on Sunday morning last, some villains diabolically opened three of the sluices of the Monkland Canal..and set fire to one of the lock-men's huts. 1887 Times 14 Oct. 3/4 Robinson, lockman at the South West India Docks. 1905 Boating Oct. 9/1 All mechanism is operated by electricity, the lock men merely handling a few levers. 1999 W. L. Heat Moon River Horse xii. 484 I radioed our request for passage, the lockman answered we would have to wait for an upriver tow. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1488n.²1821
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lockmann.1

Derivatives

lockmann.2

lockmann.¹

lockmann.²