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livelihoodn.1 Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: life n., English lād. Etymology: < life n. + Old English lād course, journey, way, maintenance, support (see load n., lode n.). Compare Old High German lībleita food, provisions, means of living. The β. forms show remodelling of the ending by association with nouns in -hood suffix, and probably also subsequent remodelling by association with lively adj.; compare later livelihood n.2, livelihead n.The passage in quot. c1500 at sense 4 was misread by N.E.D. (1894) as containing eylod , interpreted as perhaps an early form of allod n. the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > course or span of life the world > action or operation > behaviour > way of life > [noun] OE (Corpus Cambr.) 9 Þæt feorðe muneca cyn is, þe is widscriþul genæmned, þa ealle heora liflade [L. tota vita sua] geond missenlice þeoda farað. OE Wærferð tr. Gregory (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xxxvii. 317 Swa þæt þære helle tintregu, þe he geseah & him ondred, þeh þe seo tunge þa forswigode, seo his liflad [L. conversatio] hi spræc & cyþde. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 85 Hwet is þet he mei mare spenen of his aȝen feire forbisne of his aȝene liflade. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1940) l. 34 (MED) Þurh englene lif lade & heouenlich þet ha lead þah ha licomliche wunie up on eorðe. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 2009 A neu liuelade cun þai bigin. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 1506 (MED) I find na term of his [sc. Cain's] liuelaid. c1449 R. Pecock (1860) 217 Othere clerkis attende to hem silf..for gouernaunce and reule of her lijflode. a1500 tr. La Belle Dame sans Mercy (Cambr.) l. 374 in F. J. Furnivall (1903) 59 Directe his leuelode profitably. 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe 344 How is this contrarye to ye auncient custome..of the Elders, If ministers..marry wives for the necessary comfort of theyr livelyhood? 1669 J. Evelyn 88 Divert them from their honest course of livelihood, and Obedience to the Grand Signior. 2. society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > livelihood c1300 St. Mary of Egypt (Laud) l. 18 in C. Horstmann (1887) 261 (MED) With spinningue and with seuwingue, hire liflode heo wan. ?c1335 in W. Heuser (1904) 108 (MED) In þe vale of Eboir His liuelod he [sc. Adam] most swink sore. J. Gaytryge (York Min.) (1901) 46 We..withdrawes lyuelade fra tham that nede haues. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 331 Lanfrank..was a man þat kouþe doo no grete werkes to gete his liflode þerwiþ. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 1962 Ete..Na o fouxul þat refes his liuelade. c1400 (?c1390) (1940) l. 133 Þat þe lude myȝt haf leue lif-lode to cach. c1449 R. Pecock (1860) 342 Poul..wrouȝte with hise hondis forto haue his lijflode to preche. a1450 (Faust.) (1883) l. 4377 [He]..leuede..In gode prosperite & in gode hele, & wt his trauell his lyf-lode kat. c1480 (a1400) St. Alexis 169 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) I. 446 Ilke day thigyt his lyf-led at þame þat passag by þare mad. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine 40/2 Noe began to labouer for his lyfelode with his sones. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) ix. l. 504 My lyflat is bot honest chewysance. 1581 J. Marbeck 1104 Then must it be the Priests wages, which at that time had no other livelode. 1611 M. Smith in Transl. Pref. ⁋1 Those noursing fathers and mothers..that withdraw from them who hang vpon their breasts..liuely~hood and support fit for their estates. 1660 A. Wood (1891) I. 360 To gaine a bare livelihood. 1680 J. Aubrey in J. Walker (1813) III. 401 What he did for his delight and recreation only when a boy, proved to be his livelihood when a man. 1702 117 A hazardous Trade to which they have bound themselves to get a Livelyhood. 1711 J. Addison No. 94. ¶8 He set himself to think on proper Methods for getting a Livelihood in this strange Country. 1719 W. Wood (ed. 2) 297 To..restrain our own Subjects from..seeking their Livelihoods. 1727 D. Defoe i. i. 4 They made a Livelyhood or Trade of it. 1791 J. Boswell anno 1778 II. 192 They don't emigrate, till they could earn their livelihood..at home. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel 61 Fishermen who gain their livelihood on its waters. 1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato (ed. 2) V. 118 Let each man practise one art which is to be his livelihood. 1883 23 June 753/1 A set of portraits..of creatures the most utterly incapable of religious enthusiasm that ever made religion a livelihood. 1893 95 4/2 There was no allegation against the mother's conduct or her means of getting a livelihood. 1929 Jan. 44/3 Half a hundred Caymaneros and Spanish-speaking folk wring a scant livelihood from fish and turtle, and from handling lumber. 1959 G. L. Harding vi. 117 A great part of their livelihood depends on a good tourist trade. 1998 D. V. Pospielovsky vi. 114 Most of his livelihood was to come from the patch of arable land attached to each rural parish, and which he had to cultivate. the world > food and drink > food > [noun] > sustenance or nourishment c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) l. 8331 (MED) Þe sarazins wiþoute wuste so euerich ende Þat no maner liflode ne miȝte to hom wende. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1961) Deut. ii. 28 Liflodys by prise sul to vs þat we etyn. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 19835 Quils þai dight him his liuelade, In orisun he lai and bade. c1475 (?c1400) (1842) 21 Crist..wold not curse hem þat denoied to him harborow and lifelod. c1480 (a1400) St. John Baptist 280 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) II. 231 Wyld hony wes his lyflede, & a thinge callit locusta. 1534 Acts v. 4 That thou shuldest lye vnto the holy goost: and kepe awaye parte of the pryce of the lyuelod. 1672 24 July To pay to Margarat Dicksoune twa merkis Scots for lyveliehood such as meat and drink. 1688 R. Holme ii. 122/2 Oaks, Elms, Ashes, Walnuts, Chesnuts, and such Trees, wrong them [sc. Fruit Trees]..of their Livelyhood. 1766 S. Sharp 114 They..grudge the tenant a better livelihood than roots and brown bread. 1992 112 80 They wanted to waste him and break his heart and eat up his abundant livelihood. 1996 New Ser. 46 108 In Odysseus' absence..the suitors eat up the livelihood of his house. c1450 (Harl. 6580) (1933) 8 Ther sues a gude exhortacion that spekez of wyth-drawynge of the lyue-lode of the soule. 1616 S. Hieron Christians Liue-loode in (1620) II. 38 Faith is (as it were) the liuely~hood of a Christian: it is the stocke whereon hee liues. a1649 W. Drummond (1711) 214 We will allow no Livelyhood to tender Consciences. 1678 J. Bunyan 171 His livelyhood was upon things that were Spiritual. View more context for this quotation 1797 (new ed.) vii. 133 My livelihood, spiritually, as much consisted in faithfully labouring for daily bread. 1920 13 421 She eked out her spiritual livelihood from the usufruct of her great age of religion. 1989 (Nexis) 12 Oct. a29 As the Innu explain it, the land may no longer provide an adequate economic livelihood, but it remains their cultural and spiritual livelihood. 1999 L. E. Thomas vii. 118 The liberating process of healing..brought the infirm person into community and provided all things necessary for the person's physical and emotional livelihood. society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > [noun] > personal income or acquired wealth a1325 (c1280) (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 174 (MED) Þis pouere wydewe..haþ yleyd at ene Al hure goed..and hure liflode al clene. 1422 in F. J. Furnivall (1882) 51 I bequeth to two prestes,..resonable lyuelode. 1433 IV. 424/2 Some withoute any liflode or guerdon. 1439 in A. F. Leach (1911) 402 (MED) All liberall sciences used in your seid universitees certein lyflode is ordeyned and endued, savyng onely for gramer. (Harl. 221) 308 Lyflode [?a1475 Winch. Lyvelod], or warysone,..donativum. 1463 in S. Tymms (1850) 29 The seid Marie preest to haue the seyd iijs. iiijd. to avmentacion of his lifloode. a1475 J. Fortescue (Laud) (1885) 131 How necessarie it is that he [sc. the King] haue grete livelod aboff þe same charges. c1475 (?c1451) (Royal) (1860) 32 Rewarded in lifelode of londes and tenementis yoven in the counte of Mayne. c1503 R. Arnold f. Ciiij/2 (heading) The yerely stint of the lyuelod belonging to london brydge. 1530–1 c. 15 Any spirituall persone..hauyng any dignitee, benefyce, promocion, or other spirituall lyuelode, within the prouince of Yorke. 1548 f. cxliij The Cardinall..gaue Elizabeth Beauchampe, thre C. markes of liuelod. 1576 J. Foxe (rev. ed.) II. 1024/1 I..exhorte you to beare your partes of your liuelode & salary toward the paiment of this summe graunted. 1621 R. Montagu 297 There was payed vnto the Sanctuary for them λυτρον, which went to the maintenance of the Priests amongst their other liuely~hoods and Reuenues. 1737 J. Miller Pref. sig. Av Her Livelihood and Profit depended most upon that Branch of her Business. 1789 H. Mustafa tr. Ghulam Husain Khan II. 599 They had left open to the subject various ways of revenues and livelihood, amounting to many corors a year. the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > land yielding income 1438 in F. J. Furnivall (1882) 111 Item all myn owne lyuelode to remeyne to my next heires. ?1465 J. Wymondham in (2004) II. 312 What tyme þat I rode oute a-boute my litil livelod. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville (Caxton) (1859) iv. xxx. f. 80 Yf the Chyuetayne were taken of the same countre where that he is enheryted & hath his lyuelode. 1485 (Caxton) i. iii–v. sig. aijv Sir Ector..is a lord of fair lyuelode in many partyes in Englond & walys. c1500 (1895) 108 He that shuld enheryte the chyef lyflod shuld not be able to kepe no grete houshold. 1508 (de Worde) sig. B.vi Some lorde is of blode royall and of small lyuelode. 1528 W. Tyndale f. xciiijv To byld abbays, to endote them with lyvelode, to be prayd fore for ever. ?1542 H. Brinkelow xv. sig. D8 Thei can not be content with the sufficyent lyuelodes that their fathers left them. 1594 R. Carew tr. T. Tasso i. 22 To this liuelode that from his mother came, Conquests he winned. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny I. 411 Being entred once vpon those grounds as his owne liuelode and possession. 1628 R. Cotton 6 For the Land forces if it were for an offensiue warre, the men of lesse liuelihood were the best spared. 1700 J. Tyrrell II. 813 Saving his Contenement (or Livelihood). 1715 C. Bullock i. i. 4 The Villain deprives me of my Livelyhood, by unjustly possessing an Estate of two hundred Pounds per Annum, that my Father mortgag'd to him for a thousand Pounds. 1723 P. Aubin xxi. 236 Leonora's Father was threatned, and turn'd out of his Farm and Livelihood by my Father's Instigation. 1977 G. P. Rawick II. 77 On arriving here as a man of livelihood he engaged in many undertakings, commonly called odd jobs. 2002 R. Krug i. 57 John II's promises of future action..must have only confirmed his father's certainty about John II's unfitness as a ‘man of livelihood’. Compounds the mind > possession > possessor > [noun] > owner > man of property a1450 Complaint J. Brome in (1869) 4 183 (MED) To the grete hurt alswell of the said John Brome, and other enheriters and lyuelode men withynne the same towne, as of other thrifty enhabitantez of the same. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) vi. l. 72 This lyflat man hyr gat in mariage. c1500 (1895) 31 I shal make the for to be..the gretest and best lyuelod man [Fr. terrien] of them all. 1570 (c1478) Hary (Lekprevik) vii. 869 The lyflait men [c1470 the blessit men], that was off Scotland borne, Fwnde at his faith Wallace gert thaim be sworn. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). livelihoodn.2 Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: lively adj., -hood suffix. Etymology: < lively adj. + -hood suffix. Compare earlier liveliness n., livelihead n., and also livelihood n.1 the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > condition or state of being alive the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [noun] > vividness or brightness the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or liveliness the mind > emotion > excitement > excitability of temperament > spiritedness or liveliness > [noun] the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > types or qualities of intoxicating liquor > [noun] > sparkling quality the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > redness > [noun] > with health society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > vigour or force > [noun] > liveliness 1566 W. Painter I. xli. f. 116 How much his [sc. Love's] assaultes, can debilitate the liuelihoode of the bodies and spirites of men. c1593 in J. Raine (1842) 29 The fairness of the wall, the staitlynes of the pictures and the lyvelyhoode of the paynting. 1597 Bp. J. King Serm. Funeralles Arch-bishoppe Yorke, 1594 in 671 His spirit departeth; not only his strength, his health, his agilitie, his liuelihood; but his breath. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault vi. xxii. 797 The red [wines] which are not yet come to their liuelyhood and maturitie. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. i. 48 The tirrany of her sorrowes takes all liuelihood from her cheeke. View more context for this quotation 1619 W. Sclater (1630) 13 They are actions operatiue, full of liulihood and efficacy. 1640 C. Harvey (1647) 37 Thy Circumcision writ thy death in blood, Baptisme in water seales my livelyhood. a1641 R. Montagu (1642) 93 In the Law-maker and the Law-dispenser, doing their duties, consists the life and livelihood of any State. 1641 3 The Lieutenant..spake..with such a measure of Eloquence and Lively-hood, that his very Enemies were affected with it. 1646 J. Gregory vi. 32 The first judged of the Livelyhood and duration..Of the City. 1723 L. Welsted Prol. Some fix all Wit and Humour in Grimace, And make a Livelyhood of Pinkey's Face. a1770 T. Chatterton (1971) I. 214 Uponne your eyne he holdes hys lyvelyhode. 1930 W. J. Woodhouse tr. Homer in x. 81 This home of my wedded life, so very fair, filled with livelihood. 1982 R. Creeley 199 My mind is sometime torment, sometimes good and filled with livelihood. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1OE n.21566 |
