linkagen.

Brit.

/ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/

Etymology: < link n.² or link v.¹ + -age suffix.

a. The condition or manner of being linked; a system of links. Also, a link; an association or correlation; the process of linking or connecting (see also quots.). Also attributive.Applied e.g. (Chemistry) to the union of atoms or radicals in a molecule; (Geometry) to a system of straight lines, etc. pivoted together so as to rotate about one another (by Sylvester used with restricted application; see quot. 1874 for link-work, link n.² Compounds 1).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical structure or stereochemistry > [noun] > union of atoms or radicals in a molecule

linkage1874

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > line > [noun] > set or system of

peacock's tail1570

harmonicala1746

pencil1840

harmonic pencil1862

sheaf1863

congruency1864

linkage1874

congruence1879

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > fact or action of being connected or connecting > [noun] > fact or action of being linked or linking

linking1545

interlinking1587

concatenation1603

enchainment1750

linkage1874

enlinkment1881

incatenation1885

ganging1887

interlinkage1904

1874 Sylvester in Proc. Royal Inst. 7 182 (note) A compass or a pair of scissors is the simplest form of linkage; a set of lazy-tongs is another.

1877 A. B. Kempe (title) How to draw a straight line; a lecture on linkages.

1887 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Jan. 74 Brühl showed that in case of ‘double-linkage’ each such carbon-atom has a refraction equivalent to about 6·1.

1890 Spectator 11 Sept. 462/1 Chemists are persuaded that the ethylenic form of linkage is not the equivalent of two paraffinic linkages.

1893 Cayley in Coll. Math. Papers (1897) XIII. 292 The results given by the MacMahon linkage.

1897 Standard 1 Feb. 5/2 The linkage of life to life in Nature.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 512 Such places of linkage of neurons being called ‘synapses’.

1904 Brit. & Colonial Printer 10 Mar. 14/2 A linkage system transmits the movement to the slide bars.

1928 A. S. Eddington Nature Physical World xiv. 306 If the two structures were identifiable then the atom would involve a complete causal connection of the two types of phenomena. But apparently no such causal linkage exists.

1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 503/2 Linkage (Elec. Eng.), a measure of the product of the magnetic flux passing through a closed electric circuit and the number of turns in the circuit, the unit being one line passing through a circuit having one turn.

1957 Educ. & Psychol. Measurem. 17 207 (title) Elementary linkage analysis for isolating orthogonal and oblique types and typal relevancies.

1959 B. Higgins Econ. Devel. iv. xvi. 405 Any particular investment project may have both ‘forward linkage’ (may encourage investment in subsequent stages of production) and ‘backward linkage’ (may encourage investment in earlier stages of production). The task is to find the projects with the greatest total linkage.

1959 B. Higgins Econ. Devel. iv. xvii. 413 Favoring deliberate unbalancing of the economy to maximize the ‘linkage’ effects of investment.

1959 Science CXXX. 954/1 The term record linkage has been used to indicate the bringing together of two or more separately recorded pieces of information.

1962 K. W. Gatland Astronautics in Sixties xi. 344 Radar..may be relied upon to achieve linkage of the spacecraft.

1962 Which? Car Suppl. Oct. 143/1 Modified carburettor and linkage to give smoother operation.

1963 F. W. Frey in L. W. Pye Communications & Polit. Devel. xvii. 301 The ratio of the number of existing power linkages..to the number of theoretically possible linkages.

1969 J. N. Rosenau (title) Linkage politics.

1970 Nature 24 Oct. 387/2 There follows a discussion of the linkages between population growth and food supplies.

b. Genetics. (An) association between characters in inheritance, such that if one parent has a pair of characters, there is a probability greater than 50% that any offspring inheriting one of the characters will also inherit the other, which effect is due to the two characters being controlled by alleles located on the same chromosome; formerly called (gametic) coupling (coupling n. 6e); also, the amount or degree of this association (varying between 50% and 100%). Also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [noun] > changes or actions of genes or chromosomes > linkage

linkage1912

1912 Biol. Bull. 23 175 There are no wingless black flies in the F₂ generation, which the Mendelian expectation calls for. Their absence can only be explained by strong linkage of the yellow factor and the factor for wings.

1912 Biol. Bull. 23 178 There are actually 1,858 long grey flies to 916 long black, or a ratio of 2 to 1. This is the linkage ratio when two strongly or completely linked factors are concerned.

1915 T. H. Morgan et al. Mechanism Mendelian Heredity iii. 58 In the case of yellow and white just given the linkage between the two factors is very strong.

1928 Hereditas X. 126 The linkages P₁–V and B–V have been reported by Wellensiek.

1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 503/2 Linkage group, a group of hereditary characteristics which remain associated with one another through a number of generations.

1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 504/1 Linkage map, a diagram showing the position of the genes in a chromosome or group of chromosomes.

1958 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 23 Apr. 892 Genetic investigations on mice with special reference to evolutionary processes and linkage.

1959 Listener 3 Dec. 967/1 We shall need to know how many chromosomes there are, and what may be the importance of the phenomenon called ‘linkage’ in keeping the genes on one chromosome together.

1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. x. 339 The genes [of Drosophila] fell into four linkage groups, which corresponded with the haploid number of four chromosomes.

1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. x. 340 However far apart two genes are,..they will never show less than 50 per cent linkage due to multiple cross-overs.

Draft additions 1997

b. spec. in Politics, the linking together of different political issues as a strategy for negotiations between countries, esp. by stipulating that progress on one front is necessary for progress on any other.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > [noun] > other international policies

Anglo-Americanism1841

annexationism1850

open door1898

sanction1919

sacred egoism1928

collective security1934

Westpolitik1934

sanctionism1938

Ostpolitik1941

Vansittartism1941

sacro egoismo1944

containment1947

technology transfer1963

Finlandization1969

linkage1969

1969 Washington Post 9 Feb. 2/1 President Nixon now seeks to develop a linkage between the most discussed subject of future U.S.-Soviet negotiations, the control and cutback of nuclear missilery, and basic East-West political tensions... His associates, now are trying to clarify the ‘linkage’ concept.

1973 New Yorker 19 May 112/3 Diplomatic circles recorded that Moscow was unhappy about linkages.

1976 U.S. News & World Rep. 29 Mar. 17/3 In the Angola operation, Kremlin leaders ignored ‘linkage’ and also violated the agreement to steer clear of such tension-building actions.

1979 Time 8 Jan. 34/1 The real stumbling block is ‘linkage’—the relationship between an Egyptian–Israeli treaty and a wider Middle East settlement.

1986 N.Y. Times 13 Nov. a30/1 You can't talk about arms control when Soviet behavior in other areas is unacceptable, Mr. Reagan said. ‘In other words, I believe in linkage.’

1991 Independent 15 Jan. 19/1 To support linkage would be to dilute the original demand of the UN and encourage President Saddam to believe that he could stay in Kuwait without a war. Linkage became a code-word for political softness.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1903; most recently modified version published online September 2018).

单词	linkage
释义	linkagen. Brit. /ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈlɪŋkɪdʒ/ Etymology: < link n.² or link v.¹ + -age suffix. a. The condition or manner of being linked; a system of links. Also, a link; an association or correlation; the process of linking or connecting (see also quots.). Also attributive.Applied e.g. (Chemistry) to the union of atoms or radicals in a molecule; (Geometry) to a system of straight lines, etc. pivoted together so as to rotate about one another (by Sylvester used with restricted application; see quot. 1874 for link-work, link n.² Compounds 1). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical structure or stereochemistry > [noun] > union of atoms or radicals in a molecule linkage1874 the world > relative properties > number > geometry > line > [noun] > set or system of peacock's tail1570 harmonicala1746 pencil1840 harmonic pencil1862 sheaf1863 congruency1864 linkage1874 congruence1879 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > fact or action of being connected or connecting > [noun] > fact or action of being linked or linking linking1545 interlinking1587 concatenation1603 enchainment1750 linkage1874 enlinkment1881 incatenation1885 ganging1887 interlinkage1904 1874 Sylvester in Proc. Royal Inst. 7 182 (note) A compass or a pair of scissors is the simplest form of linkage; a set of lazy-tongs is another. 1877 A. B. Kempe (title) How to draw a straight line; a lecture on linkages. 1887 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Jan. 74 Brühl showed that in case of ‘double-linkage’ each such carbon-atom has a refraction equivalent to about 6·1. 1890 Spectator 11 Sept. 462/1 Chemists are persuaded that the ethylenic form of linkage is not the equivalent of two paraffinic linkages. 1893 Cayley in Coll. Math. Papers (1897) XIII. 292 The results given by the MacMahon linkage. 1897 Standard 1 Feb. 5/2 The linkage of life to life in Nature. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 512 Such places of linkage of neurons being called ‘synapses’. 1904 Brit. & Colonial Printer 10 Mar. 14/2 A linkage system transmits the movement to the slide bars. 1928 A. S. Eddington Nature Physical World xiv. 306 If the two structures were identifiable then the atom would involve a complete causal connection of the two types of phenomena. But apparently no such causal linkage exists. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 503/2 Linkage (Elec. Eng.), a measure of the product of the magnetic flux passing through a closed electric circuit and the number of turns in the circuit, the unit being one line passing through a circuit having one turn. 1957 Educ. & Psychol. Measurem. 17 207 (title) Elementary linkage analysis for isolating orthogonal and oblique types and typal relevancies. 1959 B. Higgins Econ. Devel. iv. xvi. 405 Any particular investment project may have both ‘forward linkage’ (may encourage investment in subsequent stages of production) and ‘backward linkage’ (may encourage investment in earlier stages of production). The task is to find the projects with the greatest total linkage. 1959 B. Higgins Econ. Devel. iv. xvii. 413 Favoring deliberate unbalancing of the economy to maximize the ‘linkage’ effects of investment. 1959 Science CXXX. 954/1 The term record linkage has been used to indicate the bringing together of two or more separately recorded pieces of information. 1962 K. W. Gatland Astronautics in Sixties xi. 344 Radar..may be relied upon to achieve linkage of the spacecraft. 1962 Which? Car Suppl. Oct. 143/1 Modified carburettor and linkage to give smoother operation. 1963 F. W. Frey in L. W. Pye Communications & Polit. Devel. xvii. 301 The ratio of the number of existing power linkages..to the number of theoretically possible linkages. 1969 J. N. Rosenau (title) Linkage politics. 1970 Nature 24 Oct. 387/2 There follows a discussion of the linkages between population growth and food supplies. b. Genetics. (An) association between characters in inheritance, such that if one parent has a pair of characters, there is a probability greater than 50% that any offspring inheriting one of the characters will also inherit the other, which effect is due to the two characters being controlled by alleles located on the same chromosome; formerly called (gametic) coupling (coupling n. 6e); also, the amount or degree of this association (varying between 50% and 100%). Also attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [noun] > changes or actions of genes or chromosomes > linkage linkage1912 1912 Biol. Bull. 23 175 There are no wingless black flies in the F₂ generation, which the Mendelian expectation calls for. Their absence can only be explained by strong linkage of the yellow factor and the factor for wings. 1912 Biol. Bull. 23 178 There are actually 1,858 long grey flies to 916 long black, or a ratio of 2 to 1. This is the linkage ratio when two strongly or completely linked factors are concerned. 1915 T. H. Morgan et al. Mechanism Mendelian Heredity iii. 58 In the case of yellow and white just given the linkage between the two factors is very strong. 1928 Hereditas X. 126 The linkages P₁–V and B–V have been reported by Wellensiek. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 503/2 Linkage group, a group of hereditary characteristics which remain associated with one another through a number of generations. 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 504/1 Linkage map, a diagram showing the position of the genes in a chromosome or group of chromosomes. 1958 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 23 Apr. 892 Genetic investigations on mice with special reference to evolutionary processes and linkage. 1959 Listener 3 Dec. 967/1 We shall need to know how many chromosomes there are, and what may be the importance of the phenomenon called ‘linkage’ in keeping the genes on one chromosome together. 1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. x. 339 The genes [of Drosophila] fell into four linkage groups, which corresponded with the haploid number of four chromosomes. 1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. x. 340 However far apart two genes are,..they will never show less than 50 per cent linkage due to multiple cross-overs. Draft additions 1997 b. spec. in Politics, the linking together of different political issues as a strategy for negotiations between countries, esp. by stipulating that progress on one front is necessary for progress on any other. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > [noun] > other international policies Anglo-Americanism1841 annexationism1850 open door1898 sanction1919 sacred egoism1928 collective security1934 Westpolitik1934 sanctionism1938 Ostpolitik1941 Vansittartism1941 sacro egoismo1944 containment1947 technology transfer1963 Finlandization1969 linkage1969 1969 Washington Post 9 Feb. 2/1 President Nixon now seeks to develop a linkage between the most discussed subject of future U.S.-Soviet negotiations, the control and cutback of nuclear missilery, and basic East-West political tensions... His associates, now are trying to clarify the ‘linkage’ concept. 1973 New Yorker 19 May 112/3 Diplomatic circles recorded that Moscow was unhappy about linkages. 1976 U.S. News & World Rep. 29 Mar. 17/3 In the Angola operation, Kremlin leaders ignored ‘linkage’ and also violated the agreement to steer clear of such tension-building actions. 1979 Time 8 Jan. 34/1 The real stumbling block is ‘linkage’—the relationship between an Egyptian–Israeli treaty and a wider Middle East settlement. 1986 N.Y. Times 13 Nov. a30/1 You can't talk about arms control when Soviet behavior in other areas is unacceptable, Mr. Reagan said. ‘In other words, I believe in linkage.’ 1991 Independent 15 Jan. 19/1 To support linkage would be to dilute the original demand of the UN and encourage President Saddam to believe that he could stay in Kuwait without a war. Linkage became a code-word for political softness. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1903; most recently modified version published online September 2018). < n.1874
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