liverwortn.

Brit.

/ˈlɪvəwəːt/, U.S.

/ˈlɪvərˌwərt/,

/ˈlɪvərˌwɔrt/

Forms: see liver n.¹ and wort n.¹; also Middle English liverswort.

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: liver n.¹, wort n.¹

Etymology: < liver n.¹ + wort n.¹, after post-classical Latin hepatica hepatica n. (applied to various plants having liver-shaped parts or used as remedies for diseases of the liver). In form liverswort < the genitive of liver n.¹ + wort n.¹Compare Middle Dutch lēverworte, Dutch leverkruid (1554 (in R. Dodoens) as †levercruyt), Middle Low German lēverkrūt, (rare) lēverwort, Middle High German leberkrūt (German Leberkraut), leberwurzkrūt, early modern German leberworcz (14th cent. in an apparently isolated attestation), Swedish leverört (c1550), all denoting various plants which either have liver-shaped leaves or were thought to be effective against liver diseases, and frequently translating post-classical Latin hepatica.

1. In early use: the plant Marchantia polymorpha, which has lobed, liver-shaped leaves, and was thought to be effective against liver disorders. In later use more widely: any plant of the division Marchantiophyta (sometimes called Hepaticophyta or Hepatophyta), comprising small, non-vascular, moss-like plants chiefly of moist habitats, which are diverse in form, being either thallose or leafy in appearance, but united in having single-celled rhizoids and lacking stomata. Formerly also with distinguishing word, as marsh liverwort, stone liverwort.The liverworts were formerly classified in the division Bryophyta, but are now regarded to have evolved independently from the mosses and hornworts, and thus are placed in their own division.marsh liverwort: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > lichen > [noun] > liverwort

liverwortOE

hepatica1548

lichen1601

Marchantia1754

hepatic1939

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > medicine composed of a plant > [noun] > plant used in medicine > specific plant > liverwort (Marchantia polymorphia)

liverwortOE

OE Recipe (Wellcome 75.46) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1890) 84 326 Wiþ liferadle. Nim liferwyrt & bere hi man ham onder cneowe.

?a1300 in S. G. Hamilton Catal. MSS Worcester Cathedral (1906) 184 Epatica, liuerwrt.

a1400 Alphita (Selden) (1887) 57 Epatica,..crescit in saxis..et uidetur quasi frustula membrane inherentia..anglice, a liureuurt.

?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh.) (1950) 154 Esparica is an herbe þat men clepyn leuere-wourt; þis herbe growith in bankys of water and in wellis of ston..þis herbe haȝt non stalkys ne flour but smale, round lewys.

1538 W. Turner Libellus de re Herbaria at Lichen Lyuerwort.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. lxx. 411 Stone Liuerwort spreadeth it selfe abroade vpon the ground, hauing wrinckled, or crimpled leaues layde one vpon another as the scales of fishe.

1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian (new ed.) 74/1 The Common Liverwort, groweth close and spreadeth much upon the ground in moyst and shadowy places.

1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 130 Liver-wort grows near Springs, Wells, and Watry Places, very low, almost like a Moss.

1788 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Yorks. I. 331 Where moss, liverwort, and other vegetables have been incrusted, a stone-like substance is formed.

1858 G. H. Lewes Sea-side Stud. 74 Springs, glossy with liverwort and feathery with fern.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1108 (heading) Placed along with the mosses in the great group of Bryophyta are the liverworts (Hepaticae ).

1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 228 Another order the Sphaerocarpales, the bottle liverworts, have peculiar upright thalli of various sorts.

2002 Northern Woodlands Spring 28 There are two kinds: thallose liverworts, which look like green ribbons on the forest floor; and leafy liverworts, which resemble mosses and are often confused with them.

†2. Common agrimony, Agrimonia eupatoria, formerly used medicinally in the treatment of liver disorders. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > agrimony or lady's mantle or burnet

agrimonyeOE

padelion?a1300

burnetc1400

sindaw1548

liverwort1566

great sanicle1578

lady's mantle1578

pimpernel1578

goose-chite1597

philanthropos1597

Poterium1597

lion's foot1611

salading-burnet1766

burnet blood-wort1776

dew-cup1799

sanguisorb1846

salad burnet1854

liverwort1566

1566 T. Blundeville Order curing Horses Dis. lxxxvi. f. 59, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe I thinke that Agrimony or Lyuer wort is as good as the best of them.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xxxix. 57 In Latine Eupatorium,..in base Almaigne Agrimonie, and of some Leuercruyt, that is to say, Liuerwurte.

1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas 9 Agrimony,..called also Liuer-wort because it is good for the liuer.

3. In later use chiefly North American. Any of various plants included or formerly included in the genus Hepatica (see hepatica n. 1); esp. any of several varieties of H. nobilis, formerly used medicinally in the treatment of liver disorders. Frequently with distinguishing word.noble liverwort: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > buttercup and allied flowers > anemones

anemone1548

rose parsley1548

windflower1551

agrimony1578

hepatica1578

liverwort1578

noble agrimony1578

noble liverwort1578

pasque flower1578

Coventry bells1597

flaw-flower1597

herb trinity1597

pulsatilla1597

emony1644

wood-anemone1657

Robin Hood1665

poppy anemone1731

Alpine anemone1774

liverleaf1820

Japan anemone1847

Pennsylvania wind flower1869

smell fox1892

prairie smoke1893

prairie crocus1896

St. Brigid anemone1902

Japanese anemonec1908

Spanish marigold-

liverwort1578

noble liverwort1578

liverleaf1820

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xl. 59 [It] maye be called in English Hepatica, Noble Agrimonie, or Three leafe Lyuerwurte.

1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole xxix. 226 In English you may call them either Hepatica, after the Latine name, as most doe, or Noble Liuerwort.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. vi. 101 Herba Trinitatis..obtaineth that name onely from the figure of its leaves, and is one kinde of liverworte or Hepatica.

1765 J. Bartram Diary 9 Sept. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1942) 33 25/1 We then found upon y^e moderat steep descending part of this bluff several of our pensilvania plants as maiden hair..noble liverwort..& many others.

1857 F. Gerhard Illinois as it Is 243 The first child of spring is the blue liverwort (Hepatica triloba..), which unfolds its brilliant blossoms about the middle of March.

1902 Indiana (Pa.) Progress 26 Nov. 6/1 Hidden under its own reddish and dull green, three lobed leaves which are left over from the year before is lurking the hepatica, or liverwort.

1963 Spirit Lake (Iowa) Beacon 18 Apr. ii. 1/1 Another early spring woodland beauty, the hepatica or liverwort, makes its debut with the first warm rays of sunlight.

2002 W. G. Schmid Encycl. Shade Perennials 201/1 In the wild, liverworts occur in North America, Europe and Asia. In gardens they are harbingers of spring.

4. With distinguishing word. Any of various other plants resembling liverwort or used in the treatment of liver disorders.ground, water, white, wood liverwort: see the first element.

ΚΠ

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. lxxi. 106 Amongst the fleeting herbes there is also a certayne herbe which some call Water Lyverworte.

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 692 Parnassus Grasse, or white Liuerwoort.

1678 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Archal, otherwise called Derbishire Liverwort, because it groweth upon the Freestones of the Mountain Peak.

1746 B. Franklin Papers (1961) III. 95 He has had two fair Specimens of the English ash-colour'd Ground-Liverwort, sent him.

1797 Encycl. Brit. IV. 305/1 In summer they [sc. reindeer] feed on several plants; but during winter on the rein-liverwort.

1811 Select Rev. & Spirit of Foreign Mag. 5 292/2 It is remedied by bathing them [sc. blisters] with a decoction of ground liverwort.

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 858/1 Peltidea, a genus of lichens the species of which are vulgarly confounded with Marchantia under the name of liverwort. The herbalists, however, distinguish them as Ground Liverwort.

1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 188 Gerard named it ‘White Liverwort’, since it was administered (flos hepaticus Parnassi, ‘liver flower of Parnassus’) as a liver medicine.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	liverwort
释义	liverwortn. Brit. /ˈlɪvəwəːt/, U.S. /ˈlɪvərˌwərt/, /ˈlɪvərˌwɔrt/ Forms: see liver n.¹ and wort n.¹; also Middle English liverswort. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: liver n.¹, wort n.¹ Etymology: < liver n.¹ + wort n.¹, after post-classical Latin hepatica hepatica n. (applied to various plants having liver-shaped parts or used as remedies for diseases of the liver). In form liverswort < the genitive of liver n.¹ + wort n.¹Compare Middle Dutch lēverworte, Dutch leverkruid (1554 (in R. Dodoens) as †levercruyt), Middle Low German lēverkrūt, (rare) lēverwort, Middle High German leberkrūt (German Leberkraut), leberwurzkrūt, early modern German leberworcz (14th cent. in an apparently isolated attestation), Swedish leverört (c1550), all denoting various plants which either have liver-shaped leaves or were thought to be effective against liver diseases, and frequently translating post-classical Latin hepatica. 1. In early use: the plant Marchantia polymorpha, which has lobed, liver-shaped leaves, and was thought to be effective against liver disorders. In later use more widely: any plant of the division Marchantiophyta (sometimes called Hepaticophyta or Hepatophyta), comprising small, non-vascular, moss-like plants chiefly of moist habitats, which are diverse in form, being either thallose or leafy in appearance, but united in having single-celled rhizoids and lacking stomata. Formerly also with distinguishing word, as marsh liverwort, stone liverwort.The liverworts were formerly classified in the division Bryophyta, but are now regarded to have evolved independently from the mosses and hornworts, and thus are placed in their own division.marsh liverwort: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > lichen > [noun] > liverwort liverwortOE hepatica1548 lichen1601 Marchantia1754 hepatic1939 the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > medicine composed of a plant > [noun] > plant used in medicine > specific plant > liverwort (Marchantia polymorphia) liverwortOE OE Recipe (Wellcome 75.46) in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1890) 84 326 Wiþ liferadle. Nim liferwyrt & bere hi man ham onder cneowe. ?a1300 in S. G. Hamilton Catal. MSS Worcester Cathedral (1906) 184 Epatica, liuerwrt. a1400 Alphita (Selden) (1887) 57 Epatica,..crescit in saxis..et uidetur quasi frustula membrane inherentia..anglice, a liureuurt. ?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh.) (1950) 154 Esparica is an herbe þat men clepyn leuere-wourt; þis herbe growith in bankys of water and in wellis of ston..þis herbe haȝt non stalkys ne flour but smale, round lewys. 1538 W. Turner Libellus de re Herbaria at Lichen Lyuerwort. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. lxx. 411 Stone Liuerwort spreadeth it selfe abroade vpon the ground, hauing wrinckled, or crimpled leaues layde one vpon another as the scales of fishe. 1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian (new ed.) 74/1 The Common Liverwort, groweth close and spreadeth much upon the ground in moyst and shadowy places. 1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 130 Liver-wort grows near Springs, Wells, and Watry Places, very low, almost like a Moss. 1788 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Yorks. I. 331 Where moss, liverwort, and other vegetables have been incrusted, a stone-like substance is formed. 1858 G. H. Lewes Sea-side Stud. 74 Springs, glossy with liverwort and feathery with fern. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1108 (heading) Placed along with the mosses in the great group of Bryophyta are the liverworts (Hepaticae ). 1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 228 Another order the Sphaerocarpales, the bottle liverworts, have peculiar upright thalli of various sorts. 2002 Northern Woodlands Spring 28 There are two kinds: thallose liverworts, which look like green ribbons on the forest floor; and leafy liverworts, which resemble mosses and are often confused with them. †2. Common agrimony, Agrimonia eupatoria, formerly used medicinally in the treatment of liver disorders. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > agrimony or lady's mantle or burnet agrimonyeOE padelion?a1300 burnetc1400 sindaw1548 liverwort1566 great sanicle1578 lady's mantle1578 pimpernel1578 goose-chite1597 philanthropos1597 Poterium1597 lion's foot1611 salading-burnet1766 burnet blood-wort1776 dew-cup1799 sanguisorb1846 salad burnet1854 the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > medicine composed of a plant > [noun] > plant used in medicine > specific plant > liverwort (agrimonia eupatoria) liverwort1566 1566 T. Blundeville Order curing Horses Dis. lxxxvi. f. 59, in Fower Offices Horsemanshippe I thinke that Agrimony or Lyuer wort is as good as the best of them. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xxxix. 57 In Latine Eupatorium,..in base Almaigne Agrimonie, and of some Leuercruyt, that is to say, Liuerwurte. 1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas 9 Agrimony,..called also Liuer-wort because it is good for the liuer. 3. In later use chiefly North American. Any of various plants included or formerly included in the genus Hepatica (see hepatica n. 1); esp. any of several varieties of H. nobilis, formerly used medicinally in the treatment of liver disorders. Frequently with distinguishing word.noble liverwort: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > buttercup and allied flowers > anemones anemone1548 rose parsley1548 windflower1551 agrimony1578 hepatica1578 liverwort1578 noble agrimony1578 noble liverwort1578 pasque flower1578 Coventry bells1597 flaw-flower1597 herb trinity1597 pulsatilla1597 emony1644 wood-anemone1657 Robin Hood1665 poppy anemone1731 Alpine anemone1774 liverleaf1820 Japan anemone1847 Pennsylvania wind flower1869 smell fox1892 prairie smoke1893 prairie crocus1896 St. Brigid anemone1902 Japanese anemonec1908 Spanish marigold- the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > medicine composed of a plant > [noun] > plant used in medicine > specific plant > liverwort (anemone hepatica triloba) liverwort1578 noble liverwort1578 liverleaf1820 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xl. 59 [It] maye be called in English Hepatica, Noble Agrimonie, or Three leafe Lyuerwurte. 1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole xxix. 226 In English you may call them either Hepatica, after the Latine name, as most doe, or Noble Liuerwort. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. vi. 101 Herba Trinitatis..obtaineth that name onely from the figure of its leaves, and is one kinde of liverworte or Hepatica. View more context for this quotation 1765 J. Bartram Diary 9 Sept. in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1942) 33 25/1 We then found upon y^e moderat steep descending part of this bluff several of our pensilvania plants as maiden hair..noble liverwort..& many others. 1857 F. Gerhard Illinois as it Is 243 The first child of spring is the blue liverwort (Hepatica triloba..), which unfolds its brilliant blossoms about the middle of March. 1902 Indiana (Pa.) Progress 26 Nov. 6/1 Hidden under its own reddish and dull green, three lobed leaves which are left over from the year before is lurking the hepatica, or liverwort. 1963 Spirit Lake (Iowa) Beacon 18 Apr. ii. 1/1 Another early spring woodland beauty, the hepatica or liverwort, makes its debut with the first warm rays of sunlight. 2002 W. G. Schmid Encycl. Shade Perennials 201/1 In the wild, liverworts occur in North America, Europe and Asia. In gardens they are harbingers of spring. 4. With distinguishing word. Any of various other plants resembling liverwort or used in the treatment of liver disorders.ground, water, white, wood liverwort: see the first element. ΚΠ 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. lxxi. 106 Amongst the fleeting herbes there is also a certayne herbe which some call Water Lyverworte. 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 692 Parnassus Grasse, or white Liuerwoort. 1678 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Archal, otherwise called Derbishire Liverwort, because it groweth upon the Freestones of the Mountain Peak. 1746 B. Franklin Papers (1961) III. 95 He has had two fair Specimens of the English ash-colour'd Ground-Liverwort, sent him. 1797 Encycl. Brit. IV. 305/1 In summer they [sc. reindeer] feed on several plants; but during winter on the rein-liverwort. 1811 Select Rev. & Spirit of Foreign Mag. 5 292/2 It is remedied by bathing them [sc. blisters] with a decoction of ground liverwort. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 858/1 Peltidea, a genus of lichens the species of which are vulgarly confounded with Marchantia under the name of liverwort. The herbalists, however, distinguish them as Ground Liverwort. 1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 188 Gerard named it ‘White Liverwort’, since it was administered (flos hepaticus Parnassi, ‘liver flower of Parnassus’) as a liver medicine. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.OE
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