lingua francan.

Brit.

/ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfraŋkə/, U.S.

/ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfræŋkə/

Inflections: Plural lingua francas, linguae francae, lingue franche.

Forms: also with capital initials.

Origin: A borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian lingua franca.

Etymology: < Italian lingua franca (1553 in sense 1; sense 2 is not dated in dictionaries of Italian) < lingua language (see language n.) + franca , feminine of franco Frank adj.¹ in its specific sense ‘of or relating to the Western European nations’, probably after Byzantine Greek and modern Greek ϕράγγικα , and perhaps also partly after Arabic al-faranjī (lit. ‘Frankish’) and (apparently unattested) *lisān al-faranj (lit. ‘language of the Franks’), both applied to various Western European vernaculars (for both, see Frank n.¹ and adj.¹). See further H. Kahane & R. Kahane ‘Lingua Franca: The Story of a Term’ in Romance Philology (1976) 30 25–41.Compare Spanish lengua franca , hablar franco (both 1612 or earlier), French langue franque (1637 or earlier), in sense 1 (all < or after Italian), and also Italian franco , noun (see Frank n.¹ and adj.¹). In plural form lingue franche after the Italian plural form. In plural form linguae francae after Latin feminine plurals of the first declension.

1. A pidgin language drawing its lexicon mainly from the southern Romance languages and formerly used as a trading language, first in the eastern Mediterranean and later throughout much of northern Africa and the Middle East. Frequently with capital initials. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > a language > [noun] > creole or mixed language

patroillart1340

mixed language1592

jargon1643

lingua franca1666

Frank1681

polyglot1715

olla podrida1850

pidgin1869

Creole1871

Mischsprache1930

creolized language1932

Melanesian Pidgin1942

the mind > language > a language > [noun] > creole or mixed language > particular mixed languages

lingua franca1666

Creole1726

plantation creole1934

the mind > language > languages of the world > pidgins and creoles > [noun] > other spec.

trade language1662

lingua franca1666

Mobilian1840

lingua geral1841

Nago1884

Papiamentu1895

Police Motu1933

Sango1948

Macanese1962

1666 J. Davies tr. E. d'Aranda Hist. Algiers 37 My Patroness..spoke to me. For she understood the Spanish, and spoke also Lingua Franca [Fr. la Franque].

1680 J. Dryden Kind Keeper i. i. 12 'Tis a kind of Lingua Franca, as I have heard the Merchants call it; a certain compound Language, made up of all Tongues that passes through the Levant.

1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. ii. 30 I spoke to them [sc. the Lilliputians] in as many Languages as I had the least smattering of, which were High and Low Dutch, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and Lingua Franca.

1737 S. Berington Mem. G. di Lucca 29 That mix'd Language called Lingua Franca, so necessary in Eastern Countries: It is made up of Italian, Turkish, Persian, and Arabian.

1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy I. xiii. 223 One of the men could speak a little Lingua Franca.

1877 F. Burnaby Through Asia Minor I. vi. 64 ‘What do you want?’—he asked in lingua franca, that undefined mixture of Italian, French, Greek, and Spanish, which is spoken throughout the Mediterranean.

1904 B. Taylor Land of Saracens xv. 208 A relic of the formal times, when Aleppo was a semi-Venetian city... Many of the inhabitants are descended from the traders of those times, and they all speak the lingua franca, or Levantine Italian.

2000 G. Lang Entwisted Tongues i. 22 Precious little documentation of Lingua Franca subsists in any form, and what does exist was amassed only recently.

a. Any language that is used by speakers of different languages as a common medium of communication; a common language.In early use sometimes specifically denoting a mixed language that fulfils this role (see, for example, quot. 1777).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > a language > [noun]

speechc888

rounOE

ledenc1000

tonguec1000

wordOE

moalc1175

speaka1300

languagec1300

land-speecha1325

talea1325

lip1382

stevenc1386

languea1425

leed1513

public language1521

idiom1575

idiotism1588

lingua1660

lingua franca1697

receptive language1926

1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World xiv. 394 This [sc. Malayan] is the common Tongue of Trade and Commerce..in most of the East India Islands, being the Lingua Franca, as it were, of these parts.

1731 J. Hutchinson New Acct. Confusion of Tongues 145 Corrupted Hebrew, under the Names of Chaldee, Syrian, Arabick, Punick, and many others,..was even then the Lingua Franca of the Eastern World.

1777 London Rev. Eng. & Foreign Lit. 5 App. 493 At that time [that of Charlemagne] it appears that a kind of mixture, or lingua franca, of Latin, Gaulic, and Franc, was in general use.

1802 Brit. Critic Mar. 220 The necessity of understanding each other..compelled these garrisons [of Normans] and the natives to adopt a mixed jargon, a sort of Lingua Franca, in their dealings.

1857 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 195/1 These [native American languages] the missionaries have converted into Lingua Francas.

1872 J. Beames Compar. Gram. Aryan Lang. India I. 121 That..all-expressive Urdu speech, which is even now the lingua franca of most parts of India.

1935 W. H. Bruford Germany in 18th Cent. 293 Latin only slowly lost its position as the lingua franca of the learned.

1971 J. Spencer Eng. Lang. W. Afr. 31 A very complex infrastructure of scores of vernacular languages as well as a number of regional lingue franche.

2004 Independent (Compact ed.) 1 Mar. 32/5 [English is] robust enough to maintain its position as the world's lingua franca for many years to come.

b. figurative and in figurative contexts. A generally understood or commonly used standard, system, or means of non-verbal communication.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > [noun] > non-verbal communication > means of

language1605

lingua franca1870

1870 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. 1st Ser. 170 What concern have we with the shades of dialect in Homer or Theocritus, provided they speak the spiritual lingua franca that abolishes all alienage of race?

1897 W. A. Ellis tr. R. Wagner Prose Wks. VI. 159 This verse compelled him to take the pattern and working-out of characteristic melodic motives from a province of music which had thitherto developed in the orchestral accompaniment to a lingua franca of the instruments.

1955 Times 2 July 5/2 Cold war recrimination became the east–west lingua franca.

1958 Times 16 Sept. 3/2 Mr. Morrice handles them [sc. motifs] by cunningly intermingling realism with the lingua franca of ballet.

2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Oct. 31/1 Money has long been recognized as the lingua franca of early modern drama.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	lingua franca
释义	lingua francan. Brit. /ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfraŋkə/, U.S. /ˌlɪŋɡwə ˈfræŋkə/ Inflections: Plural lingua francas, linguae francae, lingue franche. Forms: also with capital initials. Origin: A borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian lingua franca. Etymology: < Italian lingua franca (1553 in sense 1; sense 2 is not dated in dictionaries of Italian) < lingua language (see language n.) + franca , feminine of franco Frank adj.¹ in its specific sense ‘of or relating to the Western European nations’, probably after Byzantine Greek and modern Greek ϕράγγικα , and perhaps also partly after Arabic al-faranjī (lit. ‘Frankish’) and (apparently unattested) lisān al-faranj (lit. ‘language of the Franks’), both applied to various Western European vernaculars (for both, see Frank n.¹ and adj.¹). See further H. Kahane & R. Kahane ‘Lingua Franca: The Story of a Term’ in Romance Philology* (1976) 30 25–41.Compare Spanish lengua franca , hablar franco (both 1612 or earlier), French langue franque (1637 or earlier), in sense 1 (all < or after Italian), and also Italian franco , noun (see Frank n.¹ and adj.¹). In plural form lingue franche after the Italian plural form. In plural form linguae francae after Latin feminine plurals of the first declension. 1. A pidgin language drawing its lexicon mainly from the southern Romance languages and formerly used as a trading language, first in the eastern Mediterranean and later throughout much of northern Africa and the Middle East. Frequently with capital initials. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > a language > [noun] > creole or mixed language patroillart1340 mixed language1592 jargon1643 lingua franca1666 Frank1681 polyglot1715 olla podrida1850 pidgin1869 Creole1871 Mischsprache1930 creolized language1932 Melanesian Pidgin1942 the mind > language > a language > [noun] > creole or mixed language > particular mixed languages lingua franca1666 Creole1726 plantation creole1934 the mind > language > languages of the world > pidgins and creoles > [noun] > other spec. trade language1662 lingua franca1666 Mobilian1840 lingua geral1841 Nago1884 Papiamentu1895 Police Motu1933 Sango1948 Macanese1962 1666 J. Davies tr. E. d'Aranda Hist. Algiers 37 My Patroness..spoke to me. For she understood the Spanish, and spoke also Lingua Franca [Fr. la Franque]. 1680 J. Dryden Kind Keeper i. i. 12 'Tis a kind of Lingua Franca, as I have heard the Merchants call it; a certain compound Language, made up of all Tongues that passes through the Levant. 1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. ii. 30 I spoke to them [sc. the Lilliputians] in as many Languages as I had the least smattering of, which were High and Low Dutch, Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and Lingua Franca. 1737 S. Berington Mem. G. di Lucca 29 That mix'd Language called Lingua Franca, so necessary in Eastern Countries: It is made up of Italian, Turkish, Persian, and Arabian. 1836 F. Marryat Mr. Midshipman Easy I. xiii. 223 One of the men could speak a little Lingua Franca. 1877 F. Burnaby Through Asia Minor I. vi. 64 ‘What do you want?’—he asked in lingua franca, that undefined mixture of Italian, French, Greek, and Spanish, which is spoken throughout the Mediterranean. 1904 B. Taylor Land of Saracens xv. 208 A relic of the formal times, when Aleppo was a semi-Venetian city... Many of the inhabitants are descended from the traders of those times, and they all speak the lingua franca, or Levantine Italian. 2000 G. Lang Entwisted Tongues i. 22 Precious little documentation of Lingua Franca subsists in any form, and what does exist was amassed only recently. 2. a. Any language that is used by speakers of different languages as a common medium of communication; a common language.In early use sometimes specifically denoting a mixed language that fulfils this role (see, for example, quot. 1777). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > a language > [noun] speechc888 rounOE ledenc1000 tonguec1000 wordOE moalc1175 speaka1300 languagec1300 land-speecha1325 talea1325 lip1382 stevenc1386 languea1425 leed1513 public language1521 idiom1575 idiotism1588 lingua1660 lingua franca1697 receptive language1926 1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World xiv. 394 This [sc. Malayan] is the common Tongue of Trade and Commerce..in most of the East India Islands, being the Lingua Franca, as it were, of these parts. 1731 J. Hutchinson New Acct. Confusion of Tongues 145 Corrupted Hebrew, under the Names of Chaldee, Syrian, Arabick, Punick, and many others,..was even then the Lingua Franca of the Eastern World. 1777 London Rev. Eng. & Foreign Lit. 5 App. 493 At that time [that of Charlemagne] it appears that a kind of mixture, or lingua franca, of Latin, Gaulic, and Franc, was in general use. 1802 Brit. Critic Mar. 220 The necessity of understanding each other..compelled these garrisons [of Normans] and the natives to adopt a mixed jargon, a sort of Lingua Franca, in their dealings. 1857 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 195/1 These [native American languages] the missionaries have converted into Lingua Francas. 1872 J. Beames Compar. Gram. Aryan Lang. India I. 121 That..all-expressive Urdu speech, which is even now the lingua franca of most parts of India. 1935 W. H. Bruford Germany in 18th Cent. 293 Latin only slowly lost its position as the lingua franca of the learned. 1971 J. Spencer Eng. Lang. W. Afr. 31 A very complex infrastructure of scores of vernacular languages as well as a number of regional lingue franche. 2004 Independent (Compact ed.) 1 Mar. 32/5 [English is] robust enough to maintain its position as the world's lingua franca for many years to come. b. figurative and in figurative contexts. A generally understood or commonly used standard, system, or means of non-verbal communication. ΘΚΠ society > communication > [noun] > non-verbal communication > means of language1605 lingua franca1870 1870 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. 1st Ser. 170 What concern have we with the shades of dialect in Homer or Theocritus, provided they speak the spiritual lingua franca that abolishes all alienage of race? 1897 W. A. Ellis tr. R. Wagner Prose Wks. VI. 159 This verse compelled him to take the pattern and working-out of characteristic melodic motives from a province of music which had thitherto developed in the orchestral accompaniment to a lingua franca of the instruments. 1955 Times 2 July 5/2 Cold war recrimination became the east–west lingua franca. 1958 Times 16 Sept. 3/2 Mr. Morrice handles them [sc. motifs] by cunningly intermingling realism with the lingua franca of ballet. 2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 1 Oct. 31/1 Money has long been recognized as the lingua franca of early modern drama. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1666
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