libeln.

Brit.

/ˈlʌɪbl/, U.S.

/ˈlaɪb(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English–1700s libell, Middle English libelle, Middle English–1600s lybell(e, 1500s–1600s lybel, (1500s Scottish libal), Middle English– libel.

Etymology: < Old French libel (masculine), libelle (feminine) (modern French libelle), < Latin libellus, diminutive of liber book. Compare Spanish libelo, Portuguese libelo, Italian libello, used in legal senses.

†1.

a. A little book; a short treatise or writing.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > kind of book > size of book > [noun] > small book

libel1382

livreta1450

pamphlet1496

pocketbook1617

bookling1782

bookie1787

tomelet1839

volumette1857

booklet1859

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Num. v. 23 And the preest shal wryte in a libel [a1425 L.V. litil book] thes cursid thingis.

1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 157 Here beginneth the prologe of the processe of the Libelle of Englyshe Polycye.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxxiiii. f. lx As before is shewyd in the .C. and .xiiii. Chapytre of this libell.

1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 234/1 Y^t no man should..translate..by way of boke, lybel, or tretice.

1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 20 in Wks. (1931) I Quintyng, Mersar, Rowle, Henderson, hay, & holland, Thocht thay be ded, yar libells bene leuand.

1576 A. Fleming in tr. J. Caius Eng. Dogges To Rdr. sig. Aiii^v Caius spared no study..which seemed..requisite to the performance of this litle libell.

a1710 R. Atkyns Parl. & Polit. Tracts (1734) 86 Certain Books, which he termed Codicello's; which in our Dialect, is the same with Libels or Little Books.

1715 M. Davies Εἰκων Μικρο-βιβλικὴ 69 His English Libels were these, viz. A Merry Jest [etc.].

†b. A written paper. Sometimes = label n.¹, for which it may have been substituted as etymologically more intelligible. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal document > [noun] > endorsement or label

labela1425

endorsement1547

libel1603

docket1706

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > labelling > [noun] > label, tag, or ticket

bill1474

schedule1523

label?1577

libel1603

tessera1656

check1812

price ticket1830

etiquette1831

sticker1862

tag1864

price tag1880

tab1883

tally1909

mailing label1959

swing-ticket1962

swing label1968

1603 North's Plutarch (1612) 1183 With his testament there were three litle libels or codicils.

1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. ii. §136. 60 [The seal] was so fixed againe to the libell [1657 label, orig. AF. (1601) label] of the deed.

1682 J. Keigwin tr. Mt. Calvary (1826) clxxxix This lybell was fastened on y^e cross fast..And over the head of Christ put.

1689 J. Moyle Abstr. Sea Chyrurg. i. 16 With every Medicament its Lybel upon it.

2. A formal document, a written declaration or statement. Obsolete exc. Historical (as occasional rendering of Latin libellus), and Law (see 3).

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > record > written record > [noun] > official record

libel1297

lettersc1300

rolla1325

billc1374

sealc1380

Parliament Roll1444

enrolment1603

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 10234 Hii sende him libel, & esste ek articles, þat nere noȝt to graunti wel.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. v. 31 Who euere shal leeue his wyf, ȝeue he to hir a libel, that is, a litil boke of forsakyng [a1425 L.V. a libel of forsakyng].

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1874) V. 161 A cownsayle was kepede..where a libelle porrecte to Constancius.

1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. ccxlv. [ccxlii.] 754 The knyght toke the kyng a lybell, the whiche was red; therin was conteyned that if there was nother knight..that wolde say that kyng Henry was not rightfull kyng, he was there redy to fyght with him.

1565 T. Harding Confut. Apol. Church of Eng. iv. f. 161^v Moses permitted a libell of diuorce.

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 23/1 The Arrianes, returning from their Arrianisme, offered vp & exhibited vnto y^e bishops of Rome their libels of repentaunce.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 366 Quha tuik al priuat libalis and accusatiounis, and causet exeme thame.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 18 With their image did Augustus signe all his grauntes, libels, and Epistles.

1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 750 The libels or billes of dowrie.

1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 294 A Libel, or Bill of Complaint.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxviii. 75 A formal reply to the petition or libel of Symmachus.

Categories »

a. Civil Law. The writing or document of the plaintiff containing his allegations and instituting a suit.

Categories »

b. Ecclesiastical Law. The first plea, or the plaintiff's written declaration or charges, in a cause.

c. Scots Law. The form of complaint or ground of the charge on which either a civil or criminal prosecution takes place.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > setting forth of plaintiff's case > written

libel1340

billc1400

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 40 Þe ualse notaryes..ualseþ þe celes makeþ þe kueade libelles and to uele oþre ualshedes.

c1386 G. Chaucer Friar's Tale 297 May I nat axe a libel, sir Somnour, And answere there, by my procutour, To swich thing as men wol opposen me?

c1410 N. Love tr. Bonaventura Mirror Life Christ (1510) xviii. F v b He that was domysman made the lybelle in theyre cause.

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 131 A fals notarye þat makyth false letterys, libellys, or false actys.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xxxi. 35 Let him that is my contrary party, sue me with a lybell.

1548 Act 2 & 3 Edw. VI c. 13 §14 The same partie..shall bringe and deliver..the verie true copie of the libell dependinge in the ecclesiasticall Courte.

1592 Sc. Acts Jas. VI §73 All criminall libellis sall contene that the personis complenit on ar airt and pairt of þe cryme libellit.

1601–2 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law i. 68 You lay and alleage in your libell as the ground of your action things farre distant in nature.

1681 Act in London Gaz. No. 1648/4 Providing always that the Libel, whereupon the foresaid Sentence proceeded be special.

1708 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1737) i. ii. viii. 76 First [in Eccl. causes] goes forth a Citation, then a Libel, and Answer.

1721 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. I. 51 Upwards of thirty different Libels were formed against him, for alledged Injuries, Oppressions, and the like.

a1805 A. Carlyle Autobiogr. (1860) viii. 319 Cuming, Webster, and Hyndman..were the committee who drew up the libel.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 316 Surely the pursuer is bound to understand his own libel.

1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. ii. xi. 568 In Causes not criminal and not summary, the first plea is the complainants libel which corresponds to the declaration at common law.

1876 J. Grant Hist. Burgh Schools Scotl. ii. i. 89 The libel having been served on the accused, he compeared.

†d. Used jocularly for: The collective body (of lawyers). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > a company of lawyers

eloquence1486

libel1515

1515–20 Vox Populi 722 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. III. 293 With iij or iiij greate clothiars, And the hole lybell of lawyars.

†4. A leaflet, bill, or pamphlet posted up or publicly circulated; spec. one assailing or defaming the character of some person (in early use more fully, famous libel = Law Latin libellus famosus).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun] > a libel

libel1521

cartel1590

word1684

scandal1838

society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > publishing or spreading by leaflets or notices > [noun] > leafleting > leaflet for public distribution > of defamatory nature

libel1521

1521 Bp. Longland in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. I. 253 Suche famous lybells and bills as be sett uppe in night tymes upon Chirche doores.

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1240/1 The bishops..durst not openlie publish the excommunication of the king, but secretlie cast libels about the high waies, which gaue notice therof.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III i. i. 33 Plots haue I laid..By drunken Prophesies, libels and dreames, To set my brother Clarence and the King In deadly hate.

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 94 Who when he turned his backe (more like a Pedant then an Ambassadour) dispersed a bitter Libell, in Latine Verse, against the King.

1689–90 A. Wood Life 12 Mar. Two malitious fellowes were found sticking up a libell reflecting on the fast.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. ii. 113 Cheap, senseless Libels were scatter'd about the City,..traducing..Those who were in highest trust.

1716 A. Pope Further Acct. E. Curll 7 Singeing a Pig with a new purchas'd Libel.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xi. 188 He scattered libels through their camp.

a. Law. Any published statement damaging to the reputation of a person. In wider sense, any writing of a treasonable, seditious, or immoral kind. Also, the act or crime of publishing such a statement or writing.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > libel

libela1631

society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > treasonable or seditious speech or writing

libel1768

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1959) IV. 305 And, by the way, that, which sometimes it may concerne us to know, yet it may be a Libell to publish it.

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 125 With regard to libels in general, there are..two remedies; one by indictment and another by action.

1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 2 In point of actual law, a libel is any paper in which he, who to the will adds the power of punishing for it, sees any thing that he does not like.

1840 Baroness Bunsen in A. J. C. Hare Life & Lett. Baroness Bunsen (1879) II. i. 12 Condemned to imprisonment for publishing seditious libels.

1861 A. Trollope Orley Farm (1862) I. xix. 148 It may be very difficult to obtain evidence of a libel.

1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 24 Nov. 4/1 The judge answered..that it was clearly possible to publish a libel for the public good.

b. In popular use: Any false and defamatory statement in conversation or otherwise. transferred, applied to a portrait that does the sitter injustice, or to a thing or circumstance that tends to bring undeserved ill repute on a person, a country, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun] > a slander or calumny

slander1297

calumniation1588

reflect1594

aspersion1596

scandal1604

calumny1616

libel1618

reflection1646

vilification1709

1618 G. Wither Wither's Motto Introd., in Wks. (1633) 504 If any should confesse Those sinnes in publike, which his soul oppresse; Some guilty fellow (moov'd thereat) would take it Unto himselfe; and so, a Libell make it.

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine i. vii. 18 The false report of the spies was in some respect but a libell of this land.

1667 R. Allestree Causes Decay Christian Piety i. 10 Are we reproacht for the name of Christ, that Ignominy serves but to advance our future Glory, every such Libel here, becomes Panegyrick there.

1673–4 Duke of Lauderdale in O. Airy Lauderdale Papers (1885) III. xix. 27 Thos addresses..have proved rether leik libells than treuth.

1693 Humours & Conversat. Town 132 They [Men] are living Libels [as to Women's virtue].

1694 J. Dryden To Sir G. Kneller in Ann. Miscellany 98 Good Heav'n! that Sots and Knaves shou'd be so vain, To wish their vile Resemblance may remain! And stand recorded, at their own request, To future Days, a Libel or a Jeast.

1725 E. Young Universal Passion: Satire I 9 A rich knave's a libel on our laws.

1780 R. B. Sheridan School for Scandal i. i. 5 His whole conversation is a perpetual libel upon all his acquaintance.

1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 235 Or make the parrot's mimickry his choice, That odious libel on an human voice.

1850 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. (ed. 2) II. 163 The tale of suffering..was not authentic... Such libels are hailed with pleasure by the Perpetualists as irritating the feeling of that class of slave-owners who [etc.].

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations, as (sense 5) libel-spawning adj., (sense 3) libel summons. Libel Act, the title of the Act 32 Geo. 3. c. 60, as shortened by Act of Parliament in 1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. xiv).

ΚΠ

1682 N. Tate & J. Dryden 2nd Pt. Absalom & Achitophel 16 Parasites and Libell-spawning Imps.

1870 J. K. Hunter Life Stud. Char. xlvii. 289 I saw the auld chap go direct to the Fiscal's office, and next day I had a libel summons chargin' me wi' every conceivable way of killing game on my neighbour's grun'.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

libelv.

Brit.

/ˈlʌɪbl/, U.S.

/ˈlaɪb(ə)l/

Etymology: < libel n.; Old French libeller, medieval Latin libellāre existed in certain senses.

†1. intransitive. To make libellous accusations or statements; to spread defamation. Const. against, on; by, of (Sc.). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > utter slander or calumny [verb (intransitive)]

missay?c1225

wrayc1330

malignc1425

slanderc1426

libel1570

deprave1600

calumniate1609

libellizec1620

sycophantize1636

disreport1655

scandalize1745

to sling (also fling, throw) mud1768

calumny1895

foul-mouth1960

1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xii. 157 Suppois ȝe crak, ȝe ly abak, And lybellis be the Law.

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus iv. iv. 17 Whats this but libelling against the Senate.

1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. L^v He is verie seditious and mutinous in conuersation,..libelling most execrably and inhumanely on Iacke of the Falcon.

?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 387 What suld I lyble of this lowne? Not all the paper of this towne..May had the half that he hes done.

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist iii. ii. sig. G Nor shall you need to libell 'gainst the Prelates.

1637 W. Laud Speech in Starr-chamber 9 Hee Libels against the King and the State.

2. transitive. To defame or discredit by the circulation of libellous statements; to accuse falsely and maliciously; spec. in Law, to publish a libel against.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > slander or calumniate [verb (transitive)]

to say or speak shame of, on, byc950

teleeOE

sayOE

to speak evil (Old English be) ofc1000

belie?c1225

betell?c1225

missayc1225

skandera1300

disclanderc1300

wrenchc1300

bewrayc1330

bite1330

gothele1340

slanderc1340

deprave1362

hinderc1375

backbite1382

blasphemec1386

afamec1390

fame1393

to blow up?a1400

defamea1400

noise1425

to say well (also evil, ill, etc.) of (also by)1445

malignc1450

to speak villainy of1470

infame1483

injury1484

painta1522

malicea1526

denigrate1526

disfamea1533

misreporta1535

sugill?1539

dishonest?c1550

calumniate1554

scandalize1566

ill1577

blaze1579

traduce1581

misspeak1582

blot1583

abuse1592

wronga1596

infamonize1598

vilify1598

injure?a1600

forspeak1601

libel1602

infamize1605

belibel1606

calumnize1606

besquirt1611

colly1615

scandala1616

bedirt1622

soil1641

disfigurea1643

sycophant1642

spatter1645

sugillate1647

bespattera1652

bedung1655

asperse1656

mischieve1656

opprobriatea1657

reflect1661

dehonestate1663

carbonify1792

defamate1810

mouth1810

foul-mouth1822

lynch1836

rot1890

calumny1895

ding1903

bad-talk1938

norate1938

bad-mouth1941

monster1967

1602 B. Jonson Poetaster iv. vii. sig. I^v Thou shalt libell, and I'le cudgell the Rascall.

1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 4 With a spirit which equally disdaines to libel or to flatter him.

1709 A. Pope Chaucer's January & May in Poet. Misc.: 6th Pt. 180 But what so pure, which envious Tongues will spare? Some wicked Wits have libell'd all the Fair.

1732 J. Swift Beasts' Confession 202 I would accuse him [fabling Æsop] to his face For libeling the four-foot race.

1803 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) II. 492 Those who have deserted this service have been allowed to libel and defame his character.

1884 Manch. Examiner 7 Oct. 5/1 The Grub-street hacks, who in former times lived by libelling political personages.

figurative.a1716 R. South Serm. Several Occasions (1744) XI. 158 It..misrepresents and libels God to the conscience.a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. v. 480 Beware of libelling what you profess to defend.

a. Ecclesiastical Law and Scots Law. To institute a suit against (a person) by means of a libel; also, to specify in a libel.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] > by means of a libel

libel1711

c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 135 They sall have also the Kings licence..to reduce thair forfaltors, upon sic cawsis and considerations as thay may lybell.

1711 J. Anderson Countrey-man's Let. to Curat 48 When he was Lybell'd, the Missal and Breviary had not receiv'd the Rasures before spoken of.

1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 35 In all capital Crimes, the Facts are to be libelled, with the Hour, Day, Month..and Place in which the Fact happened.

1753 S. Fraser in Scots Mag. Apr. 179/1 The facts..are not sufficient to infer the crime libelled.

1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. II. iv. i. 433 If these adminicles afford sufficient conviction, that the deed libelled did once exist.

1868 Act 31 & 32 Victoria c. 101 §59 It shall be lawful to libel and conclude and decern for General Adjudication without such Alternative.

b. To bring suit in admiralty against (a vessel, cargo, or its owner).

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > carry on or institute (an action) [verb (transitive)] > sue or institute action against > in specific court

libel1805

exchequer1811

county court1835

1805 E. H. East Rep. Cases King's Bench 5 317 The vessel and her cargo have been libelled in the Court of Admiralty for condemnation.

1811 J. Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 628 Nickerson was libelled in the Special Court of Vice-Admiralty by Jonathan Sewall.

1829 F. Marryat Naval Officer III. ii. 50 The ‘True-blooded Yankee’ was libelled in the vice admiralty Court at Cape Town.

1894 Daily News 20 Sept. 6/5 The owners of the steamer instructed a firm of solicitors at Halifax to ‘libel’ the vessel for 10,000 dollars.

Derivatives

ˈlibelled adj.

ΚΠ

1574 Burgh Rec. Glasgow (1832) 33 Anent þe libellit precept rasit at þe instance of maister Robert Herbertsoun.

1798 T. J. Mathias Pursuits of Lit.: Pt. IV (ed. 5) 329 His pictur'd person and his libel'd shape.

ˈlibelling n. and adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun]

teleeOE

folk-leasinga1000

tolec1000

wrayingc1000

missaw?c1225

slanderc1290

disclanderc1300

famationc1325

noisec1325

skander1338

missaying1340

misspeecha1375

slanderingc1380

biting1382

defaminga1400

filtha1400

missaya1400

obloquya1438

oblocution?a1439

juroryc1440

defamationa1450

defamea1450

forspeaking1483

depravinga1500

defamya1513

injury?1518

depravation1526

maledictiona1530

abusion?1530

blasphemation1533

infamation1533

insectationa1535

calumning1541

calumniation?1549

abuse1559

calumnying1563

calumny1564

belying?1565

illingc1575

scandalizing1575

misparlance?1577

blot1587

libelling1587

scandal1596

traducement1597

injurying1604

deprave1610

vilifying1611

noisec1613

disfame1620

sycophancy1622

aspersion1633

disreport1640

medisance1648

bollocking1653

vilification1653

sugillation1654

blasphemya1656

traduction1656

calumniating1660

blaspheming1677

aspersing1702

blowing1710

infamizing1827

malignation1836

mud-slinging1858

mud-throwing1864

denigration1868

mud-flinging1876

dénigrement1883

malignment1885

injurious falsehood1907

mud-sling1919

bad-mouthing1939

bad mouth1947

trash-talking1974

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [adjective]

horyc1000

missayingc1330

slandering1402

disclanderous1421

maligningc1425

defamatoryc1485

calumnious1490

defamative1502

slanderous?1521

infaming1535

obtractuous1537

defaminga1550

defamous1557

black-mouthed1560

sycophanticala1566

malignious1578

libelling1587

blasting1591

maledicent1599

traducing1601

black-throated1604

blasphemous1605

depraving1606

abusive1608

calumniating1609

obloquious1611

vilifying1611

infamatory1612

calumniatory1625

aspersionating1639

aspersive1642

scandalizing1646

reflexive1654

unworthying1654

reflecting1656

reflective1664

slanderful1669

aspersing1673

reflectious1715

traducent1736

obloquial1790

sycophantic1801

wronging1845

trash-talking1975

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1368/2 False and infamous railings and libellings.

1641 J. Milton Animadversions 12 The practises..of Libelling Separatists.

1668 Earl of Clarendon Contempl. Psalms in Tracts (1727) 668 A libelling look hath begotten very tragical mischiefs.

1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in J. Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. *2 Marc Antony..vex'd him with a great many Libelling Letters, in which he reproaches him with the baseness of his Parentage.

1716 A. Pope Further Acct. E. Curll 16 That towards the Libelling of the said Mr. Pope, there be a Summ employ'd not exceeding Six Pounds Sixteen Shillings and Nine Pence.

1830 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I III. xi. 245 The art of libelling is no inefficient prelude to revolutionary measures.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	libel
释义	libeln. Brit. /ˈlʌɪbl/, U.S. /ˈlaɪb(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English–1700s libell, Middle English libelle, Middle English–1600s lybell(e, 1500s–1600s lybel, (1500s Scottish libal), Middle English– libel. Etymology: < Old French libel (masculine), libelle (feminine) (modern French libelle), < Latin libellus, diminutive of liber book. Compare Spanish libelo, Portuguese libelo, Italian libello, used in legal senses. †1. a. A little book; a short treatise or writing. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > kind of book > size of book > [noun] > small book libel1382 livreta1450 pamphlet1496 pocketbook1617 bookling1782 bookie1787 tomelet1839 volumette1857 booklet1859 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Num. v. 23 And the preest shal wryte in a libel [a1425 L.V. litil book] thes cursid thingis. 1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 157 Here beginneth the prologe of the processe of the Libelle of Englyshe Polycye. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cxxiiii. f. lx As before is shewyd in the .C. and .xiiii. Chapytre of this libell. 1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 234/1 Y^t no man should..translate..by way of boke, lybel, or tretice. 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 20 in Wks. (1931) I Quintyng, Mersar, Rowle, Henderson, hay, & holland, Thocht thay be ded, yar libells bene leuand. 1576 A. Fleming in tr. J. Caius Eng. Dogges To Rdr. sig. Aiii^v Caius spared no study..which seemed..requisite to the performance of this litle libell. a1710 R. Atkyns Parl. & Polit. Tracts (1734) 86 Certain Books, which he termed Codicello's; which in our Dialect, is the same with Libels or Little Books. 1715 M. Davies Εἰκων Μικρο-βιβλικὴ 69 His English Libels were these, viz. A Merry Jest [etc.]. †b. A written paper. Sometimes = label n.¹, for which it may have been substituted as etymologically more intelligible. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal document > [noun] > endorsement or label labela1425 endorsement1547 libel1603 docket1706 society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > labelling > [noun] > label, tag, or ticket bill1474 schedule1523 label?1577 libel1603 tessera1656 check1812 price ticket1830 etiquette1831 sticker1862 tag1864 price tag1880 tab1883 tally1909 mailing label1959 swing-ticket1962 swing label1968 1603 North's Plutarch (1612) 1183 With his testament there were three litle libels or codicils. 1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. ii. §136. 60 [The seal] was so fixed againe to the libell [1657 label, orig. AF. (1601) label] of the deed. 1682 J. Keigwin tr. Mt. Calvary (1826) clxxxix This lybell was fastened on y^e cross fast..And over the head of Christ put. 1689 J. Moyle Abstr. Sea Chyrurg. i. 16 With every Medicament its Lybel upon it. 2. A formal document, a written declaration or statement. Obsolete exc. Historical (as occasional rendering of Latin libellus), and Law (see 3). ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > written record > [noun] > official record libel1297 lettersc1300 rolla1325 billc1374 sealc1380 Parliament Roll1444 enrolment1603 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 10234 Hii sende him libel, & esste ek articles, þat nere noȝt to graunti wel. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. v. 31 Who euere shal leeue his wyf, ȝeue he to hir a libel, that is, a litil boke of forsakyng [a1425 L.V. a libel of forsakyng]. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1874) V. 161 A cownsayle was kepede..where a libelle porrecte to Constancius. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. ccxlv. [ccxlii.] 754 The knyght toke the kyng a lybell, the whiche was red; therin was conteyned that if there was nother knight..that wolde say that kyng Henry was not rightfull kyng, he was there redy to fyght with him. 1565 T. Harding Confut. Apol. Church of Eng. iv. f. 161^v Moses permitted a libell of diuorce. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 23/1 The Arrianes, returning from their Arrianisme, offered vp & exhibited vnto y^e bishops of Rome their libels of repentaunce. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 366 Quha tuik al priuat libalis and accusatiounis, and causet exeme thame. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 18 With their image did Augustus signe all his grauntes, libels, and Epistles. 1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 750 The libels or billes of dowrie. 1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 294 A Libel, or Bill of Complaint. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxviii. 75 A formal reply to the petition or libel of Symmachus. 3. Categories » a. Civil Law. The writing or document of the plaintiff containing his allegations and instituting a suit. Categories » b. Ecclesiastical Law. The first plea, or the plaintiff's written declaration or charges, in a cause. c. Scots Law. The form of complaint or ground of the charge on which either a civil or criminal prosecution takes place. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > setting forth of plaintiff's case > written libel1340 billc1400 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 40 Þe ualse notaryes..ualseþ þe celes makeþ þe kueade libelles and to uele oþre ualshedes. c1386 G. Chaucer Friar's Tale 297 May I nat axe a libel, sir Somnour, And answere there, by my procutour, To swich thing as men wol opposen me? c1410 N. Love tr. Bonaventura Mirror Life Christ (1510) xviii. F v b He that was domysman made the lybelle in theyre cause. c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 131 A fals notarye þat makyth false letterys, libellys, or false actys. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job xxxi. 35 Let him that is my contrary party, sue me with a lybell. 1548 Act 2 & 3 Edw. VI c. 13 §14 The same partie..shall bringe and deliver..the verie true copie of the libell dependinge in the ecclesiasticall Courte. 1592 Sc. Acts Jas. VI §73 All criminall libellis sall contene that the personis complenit on ar airt and pairt of þe cryme libellit. 1601–2 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law i. 68 You lay and alleage in your libell as the ground of your action things farre distant in nature. 1681 Act in London Gaz. No. 1648/4 Providing always that the Libel, whereupon the foresaid Sentence proceeded be special. 1708 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1737) i. ii. viii. 76 First [in Eccl. causes] goes forth a Citation, then a Libel, and Answer. 1721 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. I. 51 Upwards of thirty different Libels were formed against him, for alledged Injuries, Oppressions, and the like. a1805 A. Carlyle Autobiogr. (1860) viii. 319 Cuming, Webster, and Hyndman..were the committee who drew up the libel. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xi, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 316 Surely the pursuer is bound to understand his own libel. 1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. ii. xi. 568 In Causes not criminal and not summary, the first plea is the complainants libel which corresponds to the declaration at common law. 1876 J. Grant Hist. Burgh Schools Scotl. ii. i. 89 The libel having been served on the accused, he compeared. †d. Used jocularly for: The collective body (of lawyers). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun] > a company of lawyers eloquence1486 libel1515 1515–20 Vox Populi 722 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. III. 293 With iij or iiij greate clothiars, And the hole lybell of lawyars. †4. A leaflet, bill, or pamphlet posted up or publicly circulated; spec. one assailing or defaming the character of some person (in early use more fully, famous libel = Law Latin libellus famosus). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun] > a libel libel1521 cartel1590 word1684 scandal1838 society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > publishing or spreading by leaflets or notices > [noun] > leafleting > leaflet for public distribution > of defamatory nature libel1521 1521 Bp. Longland in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. I. 253 Suche famous lybells and bills as be sett uppe in night tymes upon Chirche doores. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1240/1 The bishops..durst not openlie publish the excommunication of the king, but secretlie cast libels about the high waies, which gaue notice therof. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III i. i. 33 Plots haue I laid..By drunken Prophesies, libels and dreames, To set my brother Clarence and the King In deadly hate. View more context for this quotation 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 94 Who when he turned his backe (more like a Pedant then an Ambassadour) dispersed a bitter Libell, in Latine Verse, against the King. 1689–90 A. Wood Life 12 Mar. Two malitious fellowes were found sticking up a libell reflecting on the fast. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. ii. 113 Cheap, senseless Libels were scatter'd about the City,..traducing..Those who were in highest trust. 1716 A. Pope Further Acct. E. Curll 7 Singeing a Pig with a new purchas'd Libel. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xi. 188 He scattered libels through their camp. 5. a. Law. Any published statement damaging to the reputation of a person. In wider sense, any writing of a treasonable, seditious, or immoral kind. Also, the act or crime of publishing such a statement or writing. ΘΚΠ society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > libel libela1631 society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > specific offences > [noun] > treasonable or seditious speech or writing libel1768 a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1959) IV. 305 And, by the way, that, which sometimes it may concerne us to know, yet it may be a Libell to publish it. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 125 With regard to libels in general, there are..two remedies; one by indictment and another by action. 1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 2 In point of actual law, a libel is any paper in which he, who to the will adds the power of punishing for it, sees any thing that he does not like. 1840 Baroness Bunsen in A. J. C. Hare Life & Lett. Baroness Bunsen (1879) II. i. 12 Condemned to imprisonment for publishing seditious libels. 1861 A. Trollope Orley Farm (1862) I. xix. 148 It may be very difficult to obtain evidence of a libel. 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 24 Nov. 4/1 The judge answered..that it was clearly possible to publish a libel for the public good. b. In popular use: Any false and defamatory statement in conversation or otherwise. transferred, applied to a portrait that does the sitter injustice, or to a thing or circumstance that tends to bring undeserved ill repute on a person, a country, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun] > a slander or calumny slander1297 calumniation1588 reflect1594 aspersion1596 scandal1604 calumny1616 libel1618 reflection1646 vilification1709 1618 G. Wither Wither's Motto Introd., in Wks. (1633) 504 If any should confesse Those sinnes in publike, which his soul oppresse; Some guilty fellow (moov'd thereat) would take it Unto himselfe; and so, a Libell make it. 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine i. vii. 18 The false report of the spies was in some respect but a libell of this land. 1667 R. Allestree Causes Decay Christian Piety i. 10 Are we reproacht for the name of Christ, that Ignominy serves but to advance our future Glory, every such Libel here, becomes Panegyrick there. 1673–4 Duke of Lauderdale in O. Airy Lauderdale Papers (1885) III. xix. 27 Thos addresses..have proved rether leik libells than treuth. 1693 Humours & Conversat. Town 132 They [Men] are living Libels [as to Women's virtue]. 1694 J. Dryden To Sir G. Kneller in Ann. Miscellany 98 Good Heav'n! that Sots and Knaves shou'd be so vain, To wish their vile Resemblance may remain! And stand recorded, at their own request, To future Days, a Libel or a Jeast. 1725 E. Young Universal Passion: Satire I 9 A rich knave's a libel on our laws. 1780 R. B. Sheridan School for Scandal i. i. 5 His whole conversation is a perpetual libel upon all his acquaintance. 1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 235 Or make the parrot's mimickry his choice, That odious libel on an human voice. 1850 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. (ed. 2) II. 163 The tale of suffering..was not authentic... Such libels are hailed with pleasure by the Perpetualists as irritating the feeling of that class of slave-owners who [etc.]. Compounds attributive and in other combinations, as (sense 5) libel-spawning adj., (sense 3) libel summons. Libel Act, the title of the Act 32 Geo. 3. c. 60, as shortened by Act of Parliament in 1896 (59 & 60 Vict. c. xiv). ΚΠ 1682 N. Tate & J. Dryden 2nd Pt. Absalom & Achitophel 16 Parasites and Libell-spawning Imps. 1870 J. K. Hunter Life Stud. Char. xlvii. 289 I saw the auld chap go direct to the Fiscal's office, and next day I had a libel summons chargin' me wi' every conceivable way of killing game on my neighbour's grun'. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022). libelv. Brit. /ˈlʌɪbl/, U.S. /ˈlaɪb(ə)l/ Etymology: < libel n.; Old French libeller, medieval Latin libellāre existed in certain senses. †1. intransitive. To make libellous accusations or statements; to spread defamation. Const. against, on; by, of (Sc.). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > utter slander or calumny [verb (intransitive)] missay?c1225 wrayc1330 malignc1425 slanderc1426 libel1570 deprave1600 calumniate1609 libellizec1620 sycophantize1636 disreport1655 scandalize1745 to sling (also fling, throw) mud1768 calumny1895 foul-mouth1960 1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xii. 157 Suppois ȝe crak, ȝe ly abak, And lybellis be the Law. 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus iv. iv. 17 Whats this but libelling against the Senate. View more context for this quotation 1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. L^v He is verie seditious and mutinous in conuersation,..libelling most execrably and inhumanely on Iacke of the Falcon. ?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 387 What suld I lyble of this lowne? Not all the paper of this towne..May had the half that he hes done. 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist iii. ii. sig. G Nor shall you need to libell 'gainst the Prelates. View more context for this quotation 1637 W. Laud Speech in Starr-chamber 9 Hee Libels against the King and the State. 2. transitive. To defame or discredit by the circulation of libellous statements; to accuse falsely and maliciously; spec. in Law, to publish a libel against. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > slander or calumniate [verb (transitive)] to say or speak shame of, on, byc950 teleeOE sayOE to speak evil (Old English be) ofc1000 belie?c1225 betell?c1225 missayc1225 skandera1300 disclanderc1300 wrenchc1300 bewrayc1330 bite1330 gothele1340 slanderc1340 deprave1362 hinderc1375 backbite1382 blasphemec1386 afamec1390 fame1393 to blow up?a1400 defamea1400 noise1425 to say well (also evil, ill, etc.) of (also by)1445 malignc1450 to speak villainy of1470 infame1483 injury1484 painta1522 malicea1526 denigrate1526 disfamea1533 misreporta1535 sugill?1539 dishonest?c1550 calumniate1554 scandalize1566 ill1577 blaze1579 traduce1581 misspeak1582 blot1583 abuse1592 wronga1596 infamonize1598 vilify1598 injure?a1600 forspeak1601 libel1602 infamize1605 belibel1606 calumnize1606 besquirt1611 colly1615 scandala1616 bedirt1622 soil1641 disfigurea1643 sycophant1642 spatter1645 sugillate1647 bespattera1652 bedung1655 asperse1656 mischieve1656 opprobriatea1657 reflect1661 dehonestate1663 carbonify1792 defamate1810 mouth1810 foul-mouth1822 lynch1836 rot1890 calumny1895 ding1903 bad-talk1938 norate1938 bad-mouth1941 monster1967 1602 B. Jonson Poetaster iv. vii. sig. I^v Thou shalt libell, and I'le cudgell the Rascall. View more context for this quotation 1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 4 With a spirit which equally disdaines to libel or to flatter him. 1709 A. Pope Chaucer's January & May in Poet. Misc.: 6th Pt. 180 But what so pure, which envious Tongues will spare? Some wicked Wits have libell'd all the Fair. 1732 J. Swift Beasts' Confession 202 I would accuse him [fabling Æsop] to his face For libeling the four-foot race. 1803 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) II. 492 Those who have deserted this service have been allowed to libel and defame his character. 1884 Manch. Examiner 7 Oct. 5/1 The Grub-street hacks, who in former times lived by libelling political personages. figurative.a1716 R. South Serm. Several Occasions (1744) XI. 158 It..misrepresents and libels God to the conscience.a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. v. 480 Beware of libelling what you profess to defend. 3. a. Ecclesiastical Law and Scots Law. To institute a suit against (a person) by means of a libel; also, to specify in a libel. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] > by means of a libel libel1711 c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 135 They sall have also the Kings licence..to reduce thair forfaltors, upon sic cawsis and considerations as thay may lybell. 1711 J. Anderson Countrey-man's Let. to Curat 48 When he was Lybell'd, the Missal and Breviary had not receiv'd the Rasures before spoken of. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 35 In all capital Crimes, the Facts are to be libelled, with the Hour, Day, Month..and Place in which the Fact happened. 1753 S. Fraser in Scots Mag. Apr. 179/1 The facts..are not sufficient to infer the crime libelled. 1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. II. iv. i. 433 If these adminicles afford sufficient conviction, that the deed libelled did once exist. 1868 Act 31 & 32 Victoria c. 101 §59 It shall be lawful to libel and conclude and decern for General Adjudication without such Alternative. b. To bring suit in admiralty against (a vessel, cargo, or its owner). ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > carry on or institute (an action) [verb (transitive)] > sue or institute action against > in specific court libel1805 exchequer1811 county court1835 1805 E. H. East Rep. Cases King's Bench 5 317 The vessel and her cargo have been libelled in the Court of Admiralty for condemnation. 1811 J. Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 628 Nickerson was libelled in the Special Court of Vice-Admiralty by Jonathan Sewall. 1829 F. Marryat Naval Officer III. ii. 50 The ‘True-blooded Yankee’ was libelled in the vice admiralty Court at Cape Town. 1894 Daily News 20 Sept. 6/5 The owners of the steamer instructed a firm of solicitors at Halifax to ‘libel’ the vessel for 10,000 dollars. Derivatives ˈlibelled adj. ΚΠ 1574 Burgh Rec. Glasgow (1832) 33 Anent þe libellit precept rasit at þe instance of maister Robert Herbertsoun. 1798 T. J. Mathias Pursuits of Lit.: Pt. IV (ed. 5) 329 His pictur'd person and his libel'd shape. ˈlibelling n. and adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [noun] teleeOE folk-leasinga1000 tolec1000 wrayingc1000 missaw?c1225 slanderc1290 disclanderc1300 famationc1325 noisec1325 skander1338 missaying1340 misspeecha1375 slanderingc1380 biting1382 defaminga1400 filtha1400 missaya1400 obloquya1438 oblocution?a1439 juroryc1440 defamationa1450 defamea1450 forspeaking1483 depravinga1500 defamya1513 injury?1518 depravation1526 maledictiona1530 abusion?1530 blasphemation1533 infamation1533 insectationa1535 calumning1541 calumniation?1549 abuse1559 calumnying1563 calumny1564 belying?1565 illingc1575 scandalizing1575 misparlance?1577 blot1587 libelling1587 scandal1596 traducement1597 injurying1604 deprave1610 vilifying1611 noisec1613 disfame1620 sycophancy1622 aspersion1633 disreport1640 medisance1648 bollocking1653 vilification1653 sugillation1654 blasphemya1656 traduction1656 calumniating1660 blaspheming1677 aspersing1702 blowing1710 infamizing1827 malignation1836 mud-slinging1858 mud-throwing1864 denigration1868 mud-flinging1876 dénigrement1883 malignment1885 injurious falsehood1907 mud-sling1919 bad-mouthing1939 bad mouth1947 trash-talking1974 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > [adjective] horyc1000 missayingc1330 slandering1402 disclanderous1421 maligningc1425 defamatoryc1485 calumnious1490 defamative1502 slanderous?1521 infaming1535 obtractuous1537 defaminga1550 defamous1557 black-mouthed1560 sycophanticala1566 malignious1578 libelling1587 blasting1591 maledicent1599 traducing1601 black-throated1604 blasphemous1605 depraving1606 abusive1608 calumniating1609 obloquious1611 vilifying1611 infamatory1612 calumniatory1625 aspersionating1639 aspersive1642 scandalizing1646 reflexive1654 unworthying1654 reflecting1656 reflective1664 slanderful1669 aspersing1673 reflectious1715 traducent1736 obloquial1790 sycophantic1801 wronging1845 trash-talking1975 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1368/2 False and infamous railings and libellings. 1641 J. Milton Animadversions 12 The practises..of Libelling Separatists. 1668 Earl of Clarendon Contempl. Psalms in Tracts (1727) 668 A libelling look hath begotten very tragical mischiefs. 1697 K. Chetwood Life Virgil in J. Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. 2 Marc Antony..vex'd him with a great many Libelling Letters, in which he reproaches him with the baseness of his Parentage. 1716 A. Pope Further Acct. E. Curll* 16 That towards the Libelling of the said Mr. Pope, there be a Summ employ'd not exceeding Six Pounds Sixteen Shillings and Nine Pence. 1830 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I III. xi. 245 The art of libelling is no inefficient prelude to revolutionary measures. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1297v.1570
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