lieutenantn.

Brit.

/lɛfˈtɛnənt/,

/ləfˈtɛnənt/, U.S.

/l(j)uˈtɛnənt/

Forms: α. Middle English lutenand, lutena(u)nt; Middle English leu(e)-, leuȝ-, lyeu-, Middle English–1600s lieu-, 1500s lyue-, liue-, lieue-, leaue-, lew-, 1600s leiu-; Middle English–1600s -tenante, -aunt, Middle English–1500s -aunte, Middle English–1600s -ant, 1500s–1600s -ent, -tennent, -ante; 1500s Scottish lewtennand, Middle English– lieutenant. β. Middle English leef-, Middle English leyf-, lyef-, Middle English–1500s leve-, Middle English–1500s lyff(e-, Middle English–1700s lief-, 1500s lefe-, lyffe-, lyve-, lieuf-, 1500s–1600s live-, liefe-, leive-, leif-, 1600s liev-, life-, + second element as in α; Middle English luf-tenand, luff tenande, 1500s leftenaunt, leftennant, leftenant.

Etymology: < French lieutenant, < lieu place + tenant holding (see tenant n.); compare locum tenens n.The origin of the βtype of forms (which survives in the usual British pronunciation, though the spelling represents the αtype) is difficult to explain. The hypothesis of a mere misinterpretation of the graphic form (u read as v ), at first sight plausible, does not accord with the facts. In view of the rare Old French form luef for lieu (with which compare especially the 15th cent. Scots forms luf- , lufftenand above) it seems likely that the labial glide at the end of Old French lieu as the first element of a compound was sometimes apprehended by English-speakers as a v or f . Possibly some of the forms may be due to association with leave n.¹ or lief adj. In 1793 Walker gives the actual pronunciations as /lɛv-//lɪvˈtɛnənt/, but expresses the hope that ‘the regular sound, lewtenant’ will in time become current. In England this pronunciation /ljuːˈtɛnənt/ is almost unknown. A newspaper quot. of 1893 in Funk's Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. says that /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ is in the U.S. ‘almost confined to the retired list of the navy’.

a. One who takes the place of another; usually, an officer civil or military who acts for a superior; a representative, substitute, vicegerent.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > delegated authority > one having delegated or derived authority > [noun] > deputy or representative of person in authority

lieutenant1387

secondarya1616

adjoint1645

vice1894

1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Rolls) VIII. 143 Hubert archebisshop of Caunterbury was leeftenaunt [v.rr. lutenant, levetenaunt] of þe pope and of the kyng of Engelond.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 73 I his grace have so poursuied, That I was mad his lieutenant.

14.. J. Lydgate Secrees 2194 Oon singuler man to make thy leyf tenaunt, To the ne thyne is not avayllable.

1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. (1482) ccli. 322 He beyng that tyme lyeutenaunt of the kyng in Normandye.

c1480 (a1400) St. Eugenia 40 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 125 To quham..þe hale senat gef þe cure of Alysandir þe cyte, þar lutenand þar-of to be.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xiv. 139 Schir richard of clare, That..luf-tenend [1489 Adv. lufftenande] Maid be the king of yngland.

c1500 Melusine (1895) lxii. 369 Sersuell..held the said Fortres as lieuftenaunt & Captayne there for the kyng of England.

1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII c. 4 §1 Any Justiciar, Steward, Lieuetenaunte, or other officer within wales or the marches of the same.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4271 in Wks. (1931) I To Christe he [the Pope] is gret Lewtennand.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. O5^v They are his Liefetenants, his vicegerents in his Church.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. ii. 15 By this light thou shalt bee my Lieutenant Monster, or my Standard.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxv. 218 God was King, and the High priest was to be (after the death of Moses) his sole Viceroy, or Lieutenant.

1703 J. Logan in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania (1870) IX. 192 It will be extremely necessary to procure a lieutenant for some time at least in thy interest.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1869) III. lxvii. 698 His lieutenants were permitted to negociate a truce.

1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany III. 231 Though called king, he was in fact only a lieutenant of the sultan.

1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) III. xi. 49 He had the trustiest of lieutenants in his brothers.

†b. figurative. (Now not used, on account of the specific associations of the word.)

ΚΠ

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xvi. 47 Ac liberum arbitrium letteth hym some tyme, Þat is lieutenant to loken it wel by leue of myselue.

c1425 J. Lydgate Assembly of Gods 1254 Then made Vertu Reson hys lyeftenaunt.

a1500 Liber Pluscardensis (Marchm.) (1877) I. 385 He [sc. God] maid Natur to be his luff tenande.

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) iii. xxi. sig. Vu2 Where..foresight, with (his Lieutenant Resolution) had made ready defence.

1629 F. Quarles Argalus & Parthenia iii. 136 Parthenia, (whose teares Are turnd Lieutenants to her tongue).

a1708 W. Beveridge Thes. Theologicus (1711) III. 241 The Holy Ghost, Christ's Lieutenant, that supplies the place of the absent Captain.

c. As a formal title of office, usually with defining phrase indicating the object or locality of delegated command, as in Lieutenant of the Tower (of London), the acting commandant delegated by the Constable; Lieutenant of Ireland, Lieutenant of a county (now always Lord Lieutenant n.), and in various other designations now Historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun]

grievec950

warden1297

presidenta1382

procuratora1382

governora1393

seneschalc1400

lieutenant1423

promissary?c1500

governator1522

provincial1590

ethnarch1602

state governor1608

proconsul1650

stadholder1704

superintendent1758

meridarch1866

prez.1919

1423 Rolls of Parl. IV. 198/2 He beyng the Kynges Lieutenaunt in the said Londe [of Ireland].

1454 Rolls of Parl. V. 240/2 The Duk of York, the Kynges Lieutenant of his Parlement.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde iii. xxiv. 192 Lieutenaunt of the toun of Calays.

1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 35 Preamble His Lyeutenaunte of Ireland and Gardeyn of the..Marches.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 206 Henrie Stuart, quhom the king..maid leauetennant of the gret Gunis.

1596 J. Smythe in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Lit. Men (1843) (Camden) 89 Mr. Leivetenant of the Tower.

a1604 M. Hanmer Chron. Ireland 140 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) Whereupon he made Reimond Lievetenant of the forces.

1615 T. Overbury et al. New & Choise Characters with Wife (6th impr.) sig. L^v He do's not feare the Lieutenant a' th' Shire.

c1667 Cotton in Notes & Queries 9th Ser. VIII. 41/1 I am through his Magestyes gratyouse Favor lieutennant off y^e Forrest.

1679 A. Wood Life 30 Apr. He was lieftenant of the ordinance.

1702 London Gaz. No. 3810/8 Her Majesty has been pleased to appoint Sir George Rooke..Lieutenant of the Navies and Seas of this Kingdom.

1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad I. ii. 61 King Robert III had a younger brother Alexander, who was made lieutenant of the northern part of the kingdom.

†d. Used as an equivalent for Latin legatus, proconsul, suffectus, Greek ἡγεμών. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > ancient Roman > proconsul

proconsulc1384

lieutenant1388

vice-consul1559

1388 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) 2 Macc. iv. 31 Suffectus..ether lutenaunt.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke ii. f. lxxiiij^v Syrenus was leftenaunt in Siria.

1553 R. Eden in tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India Pref. sig. Aj Metellus celer, proconsull or leauetenaunte of Fraunce.

1557 Bible (Whittingham) Luke iii. 1 Lieutenant of Jurie.

1636 E. Dacres tr. N. Machiavel Disc. Livy II. 639 Fulvius remaining Lieftenant in the army..for that the Consull was gon to Rome.

1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall ii. 16 A great overthrow was given unto the Iceni, by the Romane Lieutenant Ostorius.

1741 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero I. vi. 408 The whole administration of the corn and provisions of the Republic was to be granted to Pompey for five years, with a power of chusing fifteen Lieutenants to assist him in it.

†e. (See quot. 1655) Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > persons and characters > [noun] > presiding > at Christmas festivities

Lord of Misrule1491

Christmas King1537

Christmas Lord1555

Christmas Prince1598

lieutenant1655

1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 72 That Christmas the Temple Sparks had enstalled a Lieutenant, a thing we Country folk call a Lord of Misrule.

2. Military and Navy. (As a prefixed title, often abbreviated Lieut., and in combinations Lt.)

a. In the army: The officer next in rank to the captain. †Also in captain-lieutenant (see quot. 1728; cf. lieutenant-captain n. at Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > lieutenant

legate1474

petty captainc1475

locum tenent1492

lieutenant1578

lieutenant-captain1728

teniente1798

luff1836

loot1898

looey1916

tenente1929

1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 1 Who in his youth applied himselfe to the warres, and was lieutenant to a companie of horsemen.

1642 Althorp MS. in J. N. Simpkinson Washingtons (1860) p. lxxxii To liefetennant Scotts horse of oates j. pecke.

1653 R. Baxter Christian Concord 82 The Lieutenant of the Troop..needs no new Commission.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 22 A Lievtenant of a Foot company.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Captain Captain Lieutenant, is he who commands a Troop, or Company, in the Name and Place of some other Person, who has the Commission, with the Title, Honour, and Pay thereof; but is dispens'd withal, on account of his Quality, from performing the Functions of his Post.

1844 Queen's Regulations & Orders Army 3 Second Lieutenants take rank of Cornets and Ensigns.

1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) In the footguards 24 of the lieutenants have the rank of captain in the army, and are called lieutenants and captains.

b. In the navy: The officer next in rank and power below the commander. †Also lieutenant at arms (see quot. 1769).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > seafaring warrior or naval man > leader or commander > [noun] > naval officer > lieutenant

lieutenant1626

1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 6 The Lieutenant is to associate the Captaine, and in his absence to execute his place.

1757 T. Smollett Reprisal ii. ix Lieftenant Lyon commands a tender of twelve guns.

1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Lieutenant The youngest lieutenant of the ship, who is also stiled lieutenant at arms..is particularly ordered..to train the seamen to the use of small arms.

1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple II. ii. 27 The Admiralty..had..promoted him to the rank of lieutenant.

c. An officer in the Salvation Army.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > salvationism > [noun] > person > officer

captain1878

lieutenant1884

major1907

1884 W. Booth General's Lett. 6 Dec. (1890) 18 Go to the crowd of sinners, or spot them individually..because out of them you may make Lieutenants, and Captains, and Majors, and Generals.

c1897 A. E. Housman Lett. (1971) 45 Lieutenant Isabella..comes Dealing blows with her umbrella.

1970 Guardian 2 May 10/4 I love the Salvation Army through which I found my Saviour... Yours faithfully, Lars Juhlin. Lieutenant.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, signifying generally one who acts as deputy to the superior officer designated.

† lieutenant-admiral n. Obsolete (In the Dutch navy.)

ΚΠ

1693 London Gaz. No. 2867/3 On Sunday last Lieutenant Admiral Allemond passed by Dover with 4 great Dutch Men of War.

lieutenant-bailiff n. (In Guernsey.)

ΚΠ

?c1682 J. Warburton Treat. Hist. Guernsey (1822) 49 The Bailiff..is the chief judge of the royal court; his office may be executed by deputy, who is called the lieutenant-bailiff.

† lieutenant-fire-worker n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 Characters 51/2 Mr. Harris was soon after appointed a Lieutenant Fire-worker.

C2. See lieutenant-general n.

† lieutenant-captain n. Obsolete (see quot.).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > lieutenant

legate1474

petty captainc1475

locum tenent1492

lieutenant1578

lieutenant-captain1728

teniente1798

luff1836

loot1898

looey1916

tenente1929

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Captain Lieutenant Captain, is the Captain's Second; or the Officer who commands the Company under the Captain, and in his absence... In some Companies, &c. he is call'd Captain Lieutenant.

lieutenant-colonel n. an army officer of rank next below that of a colonel, having the actual command of a regiment.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > colonel

colonel1548

lieutenant-colonel1616

col1707

chicken colonel1942

bird colonel1945

light colonel1950

bird1955

1616 B. Jonson Every Man in his Humor (rev. ed.) iii. v, in Wks. I. 39 He might haue beene Serieant-Maior, if not Lieutenant-Coronell to the regiment.

1707 Vulpone 8 Collonels, Lieutenant Collonels, Majors, Captains.

1866 G. Bancroft Hist. U.S. IX. xix. 329 The subject was referred on the part of Howe to Lieutenant-Colonel Walcott.

lieutenant-colonelcy n. the office or rank of lieutenant-colonel.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > colonel > position of

colonelship1591

lieutenant-colonelcy1797

colonelcy1864

1797 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 446 Your good father tells me you are in great hopes of the Lieutenant-Colonelcy.

1842 W. M. Thackeray Fitz-Boodle Papers (1887) Pref. 14 His papa would have purchased him..a lieutenant-colonelcy.

lieutenant-commander n. a naval officer who is in rank next below a commander and next above a lieutenant.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > seafaring warrior or naval man > leader or commander > [noun] > naval officer > lieutenant-commander

lieutenant-commander1878

spun-yarn major1929

1878 N. Amer. Rev. Sept. 224 Lieutenant-Commander J. G. Walker had been sent in the iron-clad Baron de Kalb.

1914 Navy List Oct. 109 List of Officers on the Active List of Royal Navy... Commanders... Temporary Commanders... Lieutenant-Commanders.

lieutenant-governor n. the deputy of a governor, esp. (a) in the British colonies, the actual governor of a district or province in subordination to a governor-general; (b) in the United States, the deputy-governor of a state with certain independent duties and the right of succession to the governorship, in case of its becoming vacant.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > deputy governor

stewardc1275

lieutenant-governorc1595

vice-governor1598

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > of a state of U.S. > deputy

lieutenant-governor1849

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > British governor under governor-general

lieutenant-governor1880

c1595 T. Maynarde Sir Francis Drake his Voy. (1849) 13 The Leiftenant-governor and some others were taken prisoners.

1707 London Gaz. No. 4341/3 Colonel Richard Sutton is made Lieutenant-Governor of Hull.

1849 R. Cobden Speeches 72 If we take the case of our North American colonies: we have five colonial and five lieutenant-governors.

1880 V. Ball Jungle Life India i. 47 The official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal.

† lieutenant-governancy n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > deputy governor > position of

lieutenancy1450

lieutenantship1467

locumtenentry1544

lieutenantry1604

lieutenant-governorship1745

lieutenant-governancy1784

vice-governorship1876

1784 Laura & Augustus (1794) II. 50 Lieutenant Governancy.

† lieutenant-governorship n. Obsolete (a) the office of a lieutenant-governor; (b) the province under his government.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > deputy governor > position of

lieutenancy1450

lieutenantship1467

locumtenentry1544

lieutenantry1604

lieutenant-governorship1745

lieutenant-governancy1784

vice-governorship1876

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > territory under a governor or official > [noun] > under a lieutenant-governor

lieutenant-governorship1886

1745 Observ. conc. Navy 44 Many have either had Governments or Lieutenant-Governorships.

1886 Athenæum 24 Apr. 556/1 The Reports on Public Instruction in Bengal and the North-Western Provinces..show considerable difference in the state of education in the two lieutenant-governorships.

† lieutenant-praetor n. Obsolete = Latin proprætor.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > praetor > propraetor

propraetor1579

lieutenant-praetor1619

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > ancient Roman > propraetor

propraetor1579

lieutenant-praetor1619

praetorian1641

1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. ii. xiii. 195 Anicius, Lieutenant-Praetor, subdued them in an instant.

Draft additions 1997

a. A police officer next in rank below a captain; also, a senior prison officer. Chiefly U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun] > policeman > policeman of specific rank > foreign

duffadar1782

police captain1832

lieutenant1907

captain1909

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > jailer > senior jailers

gold braid1753

lieutenant1942

1907 Daily Chron. 11 Apr. 3/5 [In Glasgow] when a prisoner was brought into a police station the lieutenant on duty would not accept the charge..unless [etc.].

1909 L. F. Fuld Police Admin. ii. 58 In Boston, St. Louis, Baltimore, and a few other cities,..provision has been made for a lieutenant of police. Such lieutenants of police exercise all the powers and discharge all of the duties of captains, in the event of the sickness or absence of the latter.

1940 B. Smith Police Syst. in U.S. vii. 256 In the small force..which consists of one lieutenant, one sergeant, and nine patrolmen, subdivision by levels of activities has not been carrried far.

1942 Handbk. Amer. Prisons & Reformatories (ed. 5) ii. 8 Promotion to the rank of lieutenant is made only from the senior officer's group.

1965 G. Jackson Let. June in Soledad Brother (1970) 63 I talk to fewer convicts every day. Just one lieutenant here has tried to do anything for me.

1985 E. Kuzwayo Call me Woman ii. xiv. 207 I asked the prison lieutenant to phone a woman doctor friend of mine.

b. The title, until 1966, of an assistant to the captain of a company of Girl Guides (subsequently officially called an Assistant Guide Leader).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [noun] > specific youth organizations > members of scouts or guides

Boy Scout1908

patrol leader1908

scout1908

scoutmaster1908

tenderfoot1908

captain1909

Girl Guide1909

Girl Scout1909

lieutenant1909

pathfinder1911

sea scout1911

rosebud1914

brownie1916

sixer1916

tenderpad1916

Brown Owl1918

rover1918

Rover Scout1918

ranger1920

tawny owl1921

Cub1922

Akela1924

scouter1930

Guider1931

den mother1936

Queen's Guide1946

Queen's Scout1952

Venture Scout1966

Beaver1975

skipper1986

1909 R. Baden-Powell Girl Guides: Suggestion for Character Training (Pamphlet A) 6 The unit for work or play is the ‘Patrol’ of eight girls, of whom one is ‘Patrol Leader’, another the ‘Corporal’. Three or more Patrols form a Company under a ‘Captain’ and a ‘Lieutenant’.

1932 R. Kerr Story of Girl Guides vi. 92 There is not much objection to ‘captain’, which is not exclusively military..; but there was at one time a great agitation against the term ‘lieutenant’. Suggestions were invited from the Movement, but no better name was sent in.

1966 Tomorrow's Guide (Girl Guides Assoc.) iii. 21 Guide Leader [and] Assistant Guide Leader..should be used instead of Captain and Lieutenant. We believe that the time has come to drop the terms Captain and Lieutenant which, when used in conjunction with each other, have a military sound.

1976 Norwich Mercury 10 Dec. 2/1 She is retiring from her post of Captain..and handing over to Mrs. Dianne Perrott—who..is her present lieutenant.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1903; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	lieutenant
释义	lieutenantn. Brit. /lɛfˈtɛnənt/, /ləfˈtɛnənt/, U.S. /l(j)uˈtɛnənt/ Forms: α. Middle English lutenand, lutena(u)nt; Middle English leu(e)-, leuȝ-, lyeu-, Middle English–1600s lieu-, 1500s lyue-, liue-, lieue-, leaue-, lew-, 1600s leiu-; Middle English–1600s -tenante, -aunt, Middle English–1500s -aunte, Middle English–1600s -ant, 1500s–1600s -ent, -tennent, -ante; 1500s Scottish lewtennand, Middle English– lieutenant. β. Middle English leef-, Middle English leyf-, lyef-, Middle English–1500s leve-, Middle English–1500s lyff(e-, Middle English–1700s lief-, 1500s lefe-, lyffe-, lyve-, lieuf-, 1500s–1600s live-, liefe-, leive-, leif-, 1600s liev-, life-, + second element as in α; Middle English luf-tenand, luff tenande, 1500s leftenaunt, leftennant, leftenant. Etymology: < French lieutenant, < lieu place + tenant holding (see tenant n.); compare locum tenens n.The origin of the βtype of forms (which survives in the usual British pronunciation, though the spelling represents the αtype) is difficult to explain. The hypothesis of a mere misinterpretation of the graphic form (u read as v ), at first sight plausible, does not accord with the facts. In view of the rare Old French form luef for lieu (with which compare especially the 15th cent. Scots forms luf- , lufftenand above) it seems likely that the labial glide at the end of Old French lieu as the first element of a compound was sometimes apprehended by English-speakers as a v or f . Possibly some of the forms may be due to association with leave n.¹ or lief adj. In 1793 Walker gives the actual pronunciations as /lɛv-//lɪvˈtɛnənt/, but expresses the hope that ‘the regular sound, lewtenant’ will in time become current. In England this pronunciation /ljuːˈtɛnənt/ is almost unknown. A newspaper quot. of 1893 in Funk's Standard Dict. Eng. Lang. says that /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ is in the U.S. ‘almost confined to the retired list of the navy’. 1. a. One who takes the place of another; usually, an officer civil or military who acts for a superior; a representative, substitute, vicegerent. ΘΚΠ society > authority > delegated authority > one having delegated or derived authority > [noun] > deputy or representative of person in authority lieutenant1387 secondarya1616 adjoint1645 vice1894 1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Rolls) VIII. 143 Hubert archebisshop of Caunterbury was leeftenaunt [v.rr. lutenant, levetenaunt] of þe pope and of the kyng of Engelond. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 73 I his grace have so poursuied, That I was mad his lieutenant. 14.. J. Lydgate Secrees 2194 Oon singuler man to make thy leyf tenaunt, To the ne thyne is not avayllable. 1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. (1482) ccli. 322 He beyng that tyme lyeutenaunt of the kyng in Normandye. c1480 (a1400) St. Eugenia 40 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 125 To quham..þe hale senat gef þe cure of Alysandir þe cyte, þar lutenand þar-of to be. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xiv. 139 Schir richard of clare, That..luf-tenend [1489 Adv. lufftenande] Maid be the king of yngland. c1500 Melusine (1895) lxii. 369 Sersuell..held the said Fortres as lieuftenaunt & Captayne there for the kyng of England. 1534 Act 26 Hen. VIII c. 4 §1 Any Justiciar, Steward, Lieuetenaunte, or other officer within wales or the marches of the same. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 4271 in Wks. (1931) I To Christe he [the Pope] is gret Lewtennand. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. O5^v They are his Liefetenants, his vicegerents in his Church. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. ii. 15 By this light thou shalt bee my Lieutenant Monster, or my Standard. View more context for this quotation 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxv. 218 God was King, and the High priest was to be (after the death of Moses) his sole Viceroy, or Lieutenant. 1703 J. Logan in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania (1870) IX. 192 It will be extremely necessary to procure a lieutenant for some time at least in thy interest. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1869) III. lxvii. 698 His lieutenants were permitted to negociate a truce. 1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany III. 231 Though called king, he was in fact only a lieutenant of the sultan. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) III. xi. 49 He had the trustiest of lieutenants in his brothers. †b. figurative. (Now not used, on account of the specific associations of the word.) ΚΠ 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xvi. 47 Ac liberum arbitrium letteth hym some tyme, Þat is lieutenant to loken it wel by leue of myselue. c1425 J. Lydgate Assembly of Gods 1254 Then made Vertu Reson hys lyeftenaunt. a1500 Liber Pluscardensis (Marchm.) (1877) I. 385 He [sc. God] maid Natur to be his luff tenande. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) iii. xxi. sig. Vu2 Where..foresight, with (his Lieutenant Resolution) had made ready defence. 1629 F. Quarles Argalus & Parthenia iii. 136 Parthenia, (whose teares Are turnd Lieutenants to her tongue). a1708 W. Beveridge Thes. Theologicus (1711) III. 241 The Holy Ghost, Christ's Lieutenant, that supplies the place of the absent Captain. c. As a formal title of office, usually with defining phrase indicating the object or locality of delegated command, as in Lieutenant of the Tower (of London), the acting commandant delegated by the Constable; Lieutenant of Ireland, Lieutenant of a county (now always Lord Lieutenant n.), and in various other designations now Historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] grievec950 warden1297 presidenta1382 procuratora1382 governora1393 seneschalc1400 lieutenant1423 promissary?c1500 governator1522 provincial1590 ethnarch1602 state governor1608 proconsul1650 stadholder1704 superintendent1758 meridarch1866 prez.1919 1423 Rolls of Parl. IV. 198/2 He beyng the Kynges Lieutenaunt in the said Londe [of Ireland]. 1454 Rolls of Parl. V. 240/2 The Duk of York, the Kynges Lieutenant of his Parlement. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde iii. xxiv. 192 Lieutenaunt of the toun of Calays. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 35 Preamble His Lyeutenaunte of Ireland and Gardeyn of the..Marches. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 206 Henrie Stuart, quhom the king..maid leauetennant of the gret Gunis. 1596 J. Smythe in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eminent Lit. Men (1843) (Camden) 89 Mr. Leivetenant of the Tower. a1604 M. Hanmer Chron. Ireland 140 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) Whereupon he made Reimond Lievetenant of the forces. 1615 T. Overbury et al. New & Choise Characters with Wife (6th impr.) sig. L^v He do's not feare the Lieutenant a' th' Shire. c1667 Cotton in Notes & Queries 9th Ser. VIII. 41/1 I am through his Magestyes gratyouse Favor lieutennant off y^e Forrest. 1679 A. Wood Life 30 Apr. He was lieftenant of the ordinance. 1702 London Gaz. No. 3810/8 Her Majesty has been pleased to appoint Sir George Rooke..Lieutenant of the Navies and Seas of this Kingdom. 1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad I. ii. 61 King Robert III had a younger brother Alexander, who was made lieutenant of the northern part of the kingdom. †d. Used as an equivalent for Latin legatus, proconsul, suffectus, Greek ἡγεμών. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > ancient Roman > proconsul proconsulc1384 lieutenant1388 vice-consul1559 1388 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) 2 Macc. iv. 31 Suffectus..ether lutenaunt. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke ii. f. lxxiiij^v Syrenus was leftenaunt in Siria. 1553 R. Eden in tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India Pref. sig. Aj Metellus celer, proconsull or leauetenaunte of Fraunce. 1557 Bible (Whittingham) Luke iii. 1 Lieutenant of Jurie. 1636 E. Dacres tr. N. Machiavel Disc. Livy II. 639 Fulvius remaining Lieftenant in the army..for that the Consull was gon to Rome. 1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall ii. 16 A great overthrow was given unto the Iceni, by the Romane Lieutenant Ostorius. 1741 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero I. vi. 408 The whole administration of the corn and provisions of the Republic was to be granted to Pompey for five years, with a power of chusing fifteen Lieutenants to assist him in it. †e. (See quot. 1655) Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > persons and characters > [noun] > presiding > at Christmas festivities Lord of Misrule1491 Christmas King1537 Christmas Lord1555 Christmas Prince1598 lieutenant1655 1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 72 That Christmas the Temple Sparks had enstalled a Lieutenant, a thing we Country folk call a Lord of Misrule. 2. Military and Navy. (As a prefixed title, often abbreviated Lieut., and in combinations Lt.) a. In the army: The officer next in rank to the captain. †Also in captain-lieutenant (see quot. 1728; cf. lieutenant-captain n. at Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > lieutenant legate1474 petty captainc1475 locum tenent1492 lieutenant1578 lieutenant-captain1728 teniente1798 luff1836 loot1898 looey1916 tenente1929 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 1 Who in his youth applied himselfe to the warres, and was lieutenant to a companie of horsemen. 1642 Althorp MS. in J. N. Simpkinson Washingtons (1860) p. lxxxii To liefetennant Scotts horse of oates j. pecke. 1653 R. Baxter Christian Concord 82 The Lieutenant of the Troop..needs no new Commission. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 22 A Lievtenant of a Foot company. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Captain Captain Lieutenant, is he who commands a Troop, or Company, in the Name and Place of some other Person, who has the Commission, with the Title, Honour, and Pay thereof; but is dispens'd withal, on account of his Quality, from performing the Functions of his Post. 1844 Queen's Regulations & Orders Army 3 Second Lieutenants take rank of Cornets and Ensigns. 1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) In the footguards 24 of the lieutenants have the rank of captain in the army, and are called lieutenants and captains. b. In the navy: The officer next in rank and power below the commander. †Also lieutenant at arms (see quot. 1769). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > seafaring warrior or naval man > leader or commander > [noun] > naval officer > lieutenant lieutenant1626 1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 6 The Lieutenant is to associate the Captaine, and in his absence to execute his place. 1757 T. Smollett Reprisal ii. ix Lieftenant Lyon commands a tender of twelve guns. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Lieutenant The youngest lieutenant of the ship, who is also stiled lieutenant at arms..is particularly ordered..to train the seamen to the use of small arms. 1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple II. ii. 27 The Admiralty..had..promoted him to the rank of lieutenant. c. An officer in the Salvation Army. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > salvationism > [noun] > person > officer captain1878 lieutenant1884 major1907 1884 W. Booth General's Lett. 6 Dec. (1890) 18 Go to the crowd of sinners, or spot them individually..because out of them you may make Lieutenants, and Captains, and Majors, and Generals. c1897 A. E. Housman Lett. (1971) 45 Lieutenant Isabella..comes Dealing blows with her umbrella. 1970 Guardian 2 May 10/4 I love the Salvation Army through which I found my Saviour... Yours faithfully, Lars Juhlin. Lieutenant. Compounds C1. General attributive, signifying generally one who acts as deputy to the superior officer designated. † lieutenant-admiral n. Obsolete (In the Dutch navy.) ΚΠ 1693 London Gaz. No. 2867/3 On Sunday last Lieutenant Admiral Allemond passed by Dover with 4 great Dutch Men of War. lieutenant-bailiff n. (In Guernsey.) ΚΠ ?c1682 J. Warburton Treat. Hist. Guernsey (1822) 49 The Bailiff..is the chief judge of the royal court; his office may be executed by deputy, who is called the lieutenant-bailiff. † lieutenant-fire-worker n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1801 Asiatic Ann. Reg. 1800 Characters 51/2 Mr. Harris was soon after appointed a Lieutenant Fire-worker. C2. See lieutenant-general n. † lieutenant-captain n. Obsolete (see quot.). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > lieutenant legate1474 petty captainc1475 locum tenent1492 lieutenant1578 lieutenant-captain1728 teniente1798 luff1836 loot1898 looey1916 tenente1929 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Captain Lieutenant Captain, is the Captain's Second; or the Officer who commands the Company under the Captain, and in his absence... In some Companies, &c. he is call'd Captain Lieutenant. lieutenant-colonel n. an army officer of rank next below that of a colonel, having the actual command of a regiment. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > colonel colonel1548 lieutenant-colonel1616 col1707 chicken colonel1942 bird colonel1945 light colonel1950 bird1955 1616 B. Jonson Every Man in his Humor (rev. ed.) iii. v, in Wks. I. 39 He might haue beene Serieant-Maior, if not Lieutenant-Coronell to the regiment. 1707 Vulpone 8 Collonels, Lieutenant Collonels, Majors, Captains. 1866 G. Bancroft Hist. U.S. IX. xix. 329 The subject was referred on the part of Howe to Lieutenant-Colonel Walcott. lieutenant-colonelcy n. the office or rank of lieutenant-colonel. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer by rank > [noun] > colonel > position of colonelship1591 lieutenant-colonelcy1797 colonelcy1864 1797 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 446 Your good father tells me you are in great hopes of the Lieutenant-Colonelcy. 1842 W. M. Thackeray Fitz-Boodle Papers (1887) Pref. 14 His papa would have purchased him..a lieutenant-colonelcy. lieutenant-commander n. a naval officer who is in rank next below a commander and next above a lieutenant. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > seafaring warrior or naval man > leader or commander > [noun] > naval officer > lieutenant-commander lieutenant-commander1878 spun-yarn major1929 1878 N. Amer. Rev. Sept. 224 Lieutenant-Commander J. G. Walker had been sent in the iron-clad Baron de Kalb. 1914 Navy List Oct. 109 List of Officers on the Active List of Royal Navy... Commanders... Temporary Commanders... Lieutenant-Commanders. lieutenant-governor n. the deputy of a governor, esp. (a) in the British colonies, the actual governor of a district or province in subordination to a governor-general; (b) in the United States, the deputy-governor of a state with certain independent duties and the right of succession to the governorship, in case of its becoming vacant. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > deputy governor stewardc1275 lieutenant-governorc1595 vice-governor1598 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > of a state of U.S. > deputy lieutenant-governor1849 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > British governor under governor-general lieutenant-governor1880 c1595 T. Maynarde Sir Francis Drake his Voy. (1849) 13 The Leiftenant-governor and some others were taken prisoners. 1707 London Gaz. No. 4341/3 Colonel Richard Sutton is made Lieutenant-Governor of Hull. 1849 R. Cobden Speeches 72 If we take the case of our North American colonies: we have five colonial and five lieutenant-governors. 1880 V. Ball Jungle Life India i. 47 The official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal. † lieutenant-governancy n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > deputy governor > position of lieutenancy1450 lieutenantship1467 locumtenentry1544 lieutenantry1604 lieutenant-governorship1745 lieutenant-governancy1784 vice-governorship1876 1784 Laura & Augustus (1794) II. 50 Lieutenant Governancy. † lieutenant-governorship n. Obsolete (a) the office of a lieutenant-governor; (b) the province under his government. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > deputy governor > position of lieutenancy1450 lieutenantship1467 locumtenentry1544 lieutenantry1604 lieutenant-governorship1745 lieutenant-governancy1784 vice-governorship1876 society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > territory under a governor or official > [noun] > under a lieutenant-governor lieutenant-governorship1886 1745 Observ. conc. Navy 44 Many have either had Governments or Lieutenant-Governorships. 1886 Athenæum 24 Apr. 556/1 The Reports on Public Instruction in Bengal and the North-Western Provinces..show considerable difference in the state of education in the two lieutenant-governorships. † lieutenant-praetor n. Obsolete = Latin proprætor. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > praetor > propraetor propraetor1579 lieutenant-praetor1619 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > ancient Roman > propraetor propraetor1579 lieutenant-praetor1619 praetorian1641 1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. ii. xiii. 195 Anicius, Lieutenant-Praetor, subdued them in an instant. Draft additions 1997 a. A police officer next in rank below a captain; also, a senior prison officer. Chiefly U.S. ΘΚΠ society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun] > policeman > policeman of specific rank > foreign duffadar1782 police captain1832 lieutenant1907 captain1909 society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > jailer > senior jailers gold braid1753 lieutenant1942 1907 Daily Chron. 11 Apr. 3/5 [In Glasgow] when a prisoner was brought into a police station the lieutenant on duty would not accept the charge..unless [etc.]. 1909 L. F. Fuld Police Admin. ii. 58 In Boston, St. Louis, Baltimore, and a few other cities,..provision has been made for a lieutenant of police. Such lieutenants of police exercise all the powers and discharge all of the duties of captains, in the event of the sickness or absence of the latter. 1940 B. Smith Police Syst. in U.S. vii. 256 In the small force..which consists of one lieutenant, one sergeant, and nine patrolmen, subdivision by levels of activities has not been carrried far. 1942 Handbk. Amer. Prisons & Reformatories (ed. 5) ii. 8 Promotion to the rank of lieutenant is made only from the senior officer's group. 1965 G. Jackson Let. June in Soledad Brother (1970) 63 I talk to fewer convicts every day. Just one lieutenant here has tried to do anything for me. 1985 E. Kuzwayo Call me Woman ii. xiv. 207 I asked the prison lieutenant to phone a woman doctor friend of mine. b. The title, until 1966, of an assistant to the captain of a company of Girl Guides (subsequently officially called an Assistant Guide Leader). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > specific societies or organizations > [noun] > specific youth organizations > members of scouts or guides Boy Scout1908 patrol leader1908 scout1908 scoutmaster1908 tenderfoot1908 captain1909 Girl Guide1909 Girl Scout1909 lieutenant1909 pathfinder1911 sea scout1911 rosebud1914 brownie1916 sixer1916 tenderpad1916 Brown Owl1918 rover1918 Rover Scout1918 ranger1920 tawny owl1921 Cub1922 Akela1924 scouter1930 Guider1931 den mother1936 Queen's Guide1946 Queen's Scout1952 Venture Scout1966 Beaver1975 skipper1986 1909 R. Baden-Powell Girl Guides: Suggestion for Character Training (Pamphlet A) 6 The unit for work or play is the ‘Patrol’ of eight girls, of whom one is ‘Patrol Leader’, another the ‘Corporal’. Three or more Patrols form a Company under a ‘Captain’ and a ‘Lieutenant’. 1932 R. Kerr Story of Girl Guides vi. 92 There is not much objection to ‘captain’, which is not exclusively military..; but there was at one time a great agitation against the term ‘lieutenant’. Suggestions were invited from the Movement, but no better name was sent in. 1966 Tomorrow's Guide (Girl Guides Assoc.) iii. 21 Guide Leader [and] Assistant Guide Leader..should be used instead of Captain and Lieutenant. We believe that the time has come to drop the terms Captain and Lieutenant which, when used in conjunction with each other, have a military sound. 1976 Norwich Mercury 10 Dec. 2/1 She is retiring from her post of Captain..and handing over to Mrs. Dianne Perrott—who..is her present lieutenant. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1903; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1377
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