laverockn.

Brit.

/ˈlavərək/, U.S.

/ˈlævərək/, Scottish English

/ˈlevrək/

Forms:

α. early Old English lauricae, early Old English laurice.

β. early Old English lauuercae, early Old English lauuercæ, Old English lauerce, Old English lauwerce, Old English lawerce.

γ. Old English læuerce, Old English læwerce.

δ. early Middle English lauerche, Middle English lauercok, Middle English lauerke, Middle English laueroc, Middle English lauerok, Middle English lauyrok, Middle English laveroc, Middle English laverok, Middle English laverokkes (plural), Middle English 1600s– laverock, 1500s lauerocke, 1500s lauorocke, 1600s lauerock, 1700s–1900s lavrock (poetic or English regional); English regional (northern) 1600s 1900s lavroc, 1800s laverack, 1800s lavrick, 1800s lav'rock; Scottish pre-1700 laferok (plural), pre-1700 lauerock, pre-1700 lauerok, pre-1700 laueroke, pre-1700 laveirk, pre-1700 laveracke, pre-1700 lavrok, pre-1700 lawerok, pre-1700 lawrok, pre-1700 1700s–1800s lavrock, pre-1700 1700s– laverock, pre-1700 1800s laverok, 1700s laveruck, 1700s lavrack, 1700s–1800s lav'rock, 1800s laverack, 1800s laverik (Shetland), 1800s laveroc, 1800s lavrick, 1800s lavrie, 1800s lavroc, 1800s lav'roc, 1800s– lavro (Orkney), 1900s laveree, 1900s laveric (Orkney), 1900s lawrook, 1900s– laverick (Shetland), 1900s– laveroo (Orkney); also Irish English 1800s lavrick (northern), 1900s lavrock (northern).

ε. early Middle English leuerche, Middle English leuerock (south-western), Middle English leuerok (south-west midlands), 1600s leuerucke, 1600s leverock; Scottish pre-1700 laiurok, pre-1700 leauroke, pre-1700 leuerok, pre-1700 leurok, 1700s leverook, 1700s levrick, 1800s laeverik (Shetland), 1800s levroc, 1800s liverick, 1800s liverock (north-eastern), 1800s livrick, 1900s– leverick, 1900s– livrock (north-eastern); also Irish English 1900s leverock (northern), 1900s levrock (northern).

ζ. English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s–1800s lairock, 1800s la'lack, 1800s la'rock, 1800s layruck, 1800s layruk, 1800s learock, 1800s–1900s layrock, 1900s larrock; Scottish 1700s–1900s larick, 1800s laerock, 1800s lairick, 1800s lairik, 1800s lairock, 1800s learock, 1800s lerrick, 1800s lerrik, 1800s lerrock, 1800s lerruck, 1800s– lairag (Caithness), 1800s– layrag (Caithness), 1900s laerag (Caithness), 1900s lerick, 1900s– laarag (Caithness), 1900s– larik, 1900s– larrik; also Irish English 1800s lereke (Wexford), 1800s lerock (Wexford), 1900s larrack (northern), 1900s– larock (Wexford).

See also lark n.¹

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with West Frisian †lirts , (regional: Schiermonnikoog) lerts , (regional: Workum) larts , lorts , North Frisian (Insular) laask , (Mainland) loosk , Middle Dutch lewerke , leewerike (Dutch leeuwerik ), Old Saxon lēwerka (Middle Low German lēwerke , lērke ), Old High German lērihha , lēwerka (Middle High German lērche , lerche , German Lerche ), and also (either cognate or < a West Germanic language) Old Icelandic lævirke (rare), Old Swedish lärikia (rare; Swedish lärka ), Old Danish lærki (Danish lærke ), apparently < a Germanic base of uncertain origin (perhaps borrowed into Finnish as leivo lark) + a velar suffix (perhaps related to -ock suffix). Compare lark n.¹The Germanic base may be related to the unattested Gaulish word borrowed into classical Latin as alauda lark (not paralleled in any other Celtic languages), ultimately perhaps < a non-Indo-European substrate language. It has also been suggested that the Germanic base may be related to Byzantine Greek λαίειν to sound, but this is itself isolated and of uncertain origin. Form history. The early (Mercian) Old English α. forms preserve inherited unstressed i , while Old English lāwerce (see β. forms) shows syncope of i , with subsequent development of e by epenthesis. The γ. forms are rare in Old English and show i-mutation of the vowel of the first syllable. The δ. forms (with a in Middle English) continue both β. and γ. forms; the ε. forms (with e in Middle English) apparently continue the γ. forms only. The development of the current form laverock began at an early date. The change from the semivowel /w/ (in Old English lāwerce ) to the fricative /v/ (in Old English usually spelt f ) is earliest seen unambiguously in a boundary marker in charter bounds: on lafercan beorh , Cutsdean, Gloucestershire (10th cent.) (with the second element compare barrow n.¹). The development of epenthetic -o- is similarly first attested in a boundary marker to laurocan beorhge , Buckland, Berkshire (second half of the 12th cent.). The original long vowel ā (or ǣ ) in the first syllable would have been subject to trisyllabic shortening in late Old English and early Middle English, resulting in forms with short ă (Middle English forms with short ĕ reflect later shortening of long open ē < earlier ǣ ). In later forms (especially in regional use), final -ock was probably reinforced by association with -ock suffix. The form lauercok at δ. forms shows remodelling of the final syllable after cock n.¹

Now chiefly Scottish and English regional.

A lark; spec. the Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis. Cf. sand laverock n., sandy laverock n. at sandy adj. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 71/2 Laudae, laurice.

OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 71 Alauda, lauerce.

c1300 St. Francis (Laud) l. 458 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 67 For þe lauerke is a foul þat muche louez liȝht And herethþ þane dai with hire song, and restez hire a-niȝht.

a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 36 Other smalle bryddes..As osel, smityng, laveroc gray, Pertryk, werkock.

c1650 (a1500) Eger & Grine (Percy) l. 922 in F. J. Furnivall Percy Folio Old Eng. Ballads & Romances (1905) I. 231 The throstlecocke, the nightingale, The laveracke and the wild woodhall.

1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd ii. iv Hark how the lav'rocks chant aboon our heads.

a1810 R. Tannahill Poems & Songs (1815) 191 Now lavrock's sing, to hail the Spring, And Nature all is cheary.

1897 Outing 29 595/1 A colony of tuneful lavrocks darted their almost perpendicular flight above our heads.

a1974 G. Heyer My Lord John (1977) iii. iv. 229 Somewhere a laverock was trilling in a cloudless sky.

2017 M. McCabe Two Closes & Referendum ix. 293 The laverock tweetlin in the caller air.

Phrases

In various proverbial, similative, and allusive phrases, as to rise with the laverock, to be up with the laverock: to get out of bed very early in the morning (cf. lark n.¹ Phrases 2); as blithe as a laverock: very happy and carefree (cf. lark n.¹ Phrases 4), etc.

ΚΠ

1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 234 Lye down with the Lamb, and rise with the Laverock.

1737 A. Ramsay Coll. Scots Prov. 45 Live upon Love as Lav'rocks do on Leeks.

1817 A. M'Gennis Strathbogie I. ix. 188 With the laverock they quitted their downy beds.

1818 J. Hogg Brownie of Bodsbeck II. 144 Molly was as light-hearted as a kid, an' as blithe as a laverock.

1833 M. L. Grimstone Character I. vi. 130 She's as gay as the laverock, an sweet as the lintie!

1913 J. Macfarlane Songs of Thistle & Maple 37 My heart sings an' soars wi' the laverock, For joy that the gloamin' gi'es me.

1942 R. A. Hood Case of Kinnear xxiii. 267 Now she's..as cheery as a laverock.

2016 @billykayscot 12 Nov. in twitter.com (accessed 1 Nov. 2021) Sunday 6.am for thaim up afore the laverock.

Compounds

† laverock-height adv. Obsolete to the height of a soaring lark; very high.

ΚΠ

a1779 D. Graham Coll. Writings (1883) II. 35 He gart me loup laveruck height.

1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 162 Poor Leezie's heart maist lap the hool; Near lav'rock-height she jumpet.

1842 Gardener's Mag. Dec. 607 He..hoped that Bauldy would give up all thoughts of going to the dancing... ‘They may wallop laverock height for me,’ replied Bauldy; ‘I am determined to see the end o' this wark.’

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022).

单词	laverock
释义	laverockn. Brit. /ˈlavərək/, U.S. /ˈlævərək/, Scottish English /ˈlevrək/ Forms: α. early Old English lauricae, early Old English laurice. β. early Old English lauuercae, early Old English lauuercæ, Old English lauerce, Old English lauwerce, Old English lawerce. γ. Old English læuerce, Old English læwerce. δ. early Middle English lauerche, Middle English lauercok, Middle English lauerke, Middle English laueroc, Middle English lauerok, Middle English lauyrok, Middle English laveroc, Middle English laverok, Middle English laverokkes (plural), Middle English 1600s– laverock, 1500s lauerocke, 1500s lauorocke, 1600s lauerock, 1700s–1900s lavrock (poetic or English regional); English regional (northern) 1600s 1900s lavroc, 1800s laverack, 1800s lavrick, 1800s lav'rock; Scottish pre-1700 laferok (plural), pre-1700 lauerock, pre-1700 lauerok, pre-1700 laueroke, pre-1700 laveirk, pre-1700 laveracke, pre-1700 lavrok, pre-1700 lawerok, pre-1700 lawrok, pre-1700 1700s–1800s lavrock, pre-1700 1700s– laverock, pre-1700 1800s laverok, 1700s laveruck, 1700s lavrack, 1700s–1800s lav'rock, 1800s laverack, 1800s laverik (Shetland), 1800s laveroc, 1800s lavrick, 1800s lavrie, 1800s lavroc, 1800s lav'roc, 1800s– lavro (Orkney), 1900s laveree, 1900s laveric (Orkney), 1900s lawrook, 1900s– laverick (Shetland), 1900s– laveroo (Orkney); also Irish English 1800s lavrick (northern), 1900s lavrock (northern). ε. early Middle English leuerche, Middle English leuerock (south-western), Middle English leuerok (south-west midlands), 1600s leuerucke, 1600s leverock; Scottish pre-1700 laiurok, pre-1700 leauroke, pre-1700 leuerok, pre-1700 leurok, 1700s leverook, 1700s levrick, 1800s laeverik (Shetland), 1800s levroc, 1800s liverick, 1800s liverock (north-eastern), 1800s livrick, 1900s– leverick, 1900s– livrock (north-eastern); also Irish English 1900s leverock (northern), 1900s levrock (northern). ζ. English regional (chiefly northern) 1700s–1800s lairock, 1800s la'lack, 1800s la'rock, 1800s layruck, 1800s layruk, 1800s learock, 1800s–1900s layrock, 1900s larrock; Scottish 1700s–1900s larick, 1800s laerock, 1800s lairick, 1800s lairik, 1800s lairock, 1800s learock, 1800s lerrick, 1800s lerrik, 1800s lerrock, 1800s lerruck, 1800s– lairag (Caithness), 1800s– layrag (Caithness), 1900s laerag (Caithness), 1900s lerick, 1900s– laarag (Caithness), 1900s– larik, 1900s– larrik; also Irish English 1800s lereke (Wexford), 1800s lerock (Wexford), 1900s larrack (northern), 1900s– larock (Wexford). See also lark n.¹ Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with West Frisian †lirts , (regional: Schiermonnikoog) lerts , (regional: Workum) larts , lorts , North Frisian (Insular) laask , (Mainland) loosk , Middle Dutch lewerke , leewerike (Dutch leeuwerik ), Old Saxon lēwerka (Middle Low German lēwerke , lērke ), Old High German lērihha , lēwerka (Middle High German lērche , lerche , German Lerche ), and also (either cognate or < a West Germanic language) Old Icelandic lævirke (rare), Old Swedish lärikia (rare; Swedish lärka ), Old Danish lærki (Danish lærke ), apparently < a Germanic base of uncertain origin (perhaps borrowed into Finnish as leivo lark) + a velar suffix (perhaps related to -ock suffix). Compare lark n.¹The Germanic base may be related to the unattested Gaulish word borrowed into classical Latin as alauda lark (not paralleled in any other Celtic languages), ultimately perhaps < a non-Indo-European substrate language. It has also been suggested that the Germanic base may be related to Byzantine Greek λαίειν to sound, but this is itself isolated and of uncertain origin. Form history. The early (Mercian) Old English α. forms preserve inherited unstressed i , while Old English lāwerce (see β. forms) shows syncope of i , with subsequent development of e by epenthesis. The γ. forms are rare in Old English and show i-mutation of the vowel of the first syllable. The δ. forms (with a in Middle English) continue both β. and γ. forms; the ε. forms (with e in Middle English) apparently continue the γ. forms only. The development of the current form laverock began at an early date. The change from the semivowel /w/ (in Old English lāwerce ) to the fricative /v/ (in Old English usually spelt f ) is earliest seen unambiguously in a boundary marker in charter bounds: on lafercan beorh , Cutsdean, Gloucestershire (10th cent.) (with the second element compare barrow n.¹). The development of epenthetic -o- is similarly first attested in a boundary marker to laurocan beorhge , Buckland, Berkshire (second half of the 12th cent.). The original long vowel ā (or ǣ ) in the first syllable would have been subject to trisyllabic shortening in late Old English and early Middle English, resulting in forms with short ă (Middle English forms with short ĕ reflect later shortening of long open ē < earlier ǣ ). In later forms (especially in regional use), final -ock was probably reinforced by association with -ock suffix. The form lauercok at δ. forms shows remodelling of the final syllable after cock n.¹ Now chiefly Scottish and English regional. A lark; spec. the Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis. Cf. sand laverock n., sandy laverock n. at sandy adj. Compounds 2. ΚΠ eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 71/2 Laudae, laurice. OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 71 Alauda, lauerce. c1300 St. Francis (Laud) l. 458 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 67 For þe lauerke is a foul þat muche louez liȝht And herethþ þane dai with hire song, and restez hire a-niȝht. a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 36 Other smalle bryddes..As osel, smityng, laveroc gray, Pertryk, werkock. c1650 (a1500) Eger & Grine (Percy) l. 922 in F. J. Furnivall Percy Folio Old Eng. Ballads & Romances (1905) I. 231 The throstlecocke, the nightingale, The laveracke and the wild woodhall. 1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd ii. iv Hark how the lav'rocks chant aboon our heads. a1810 R. Tannahill Poems & Songs (1815) 191 Now lavrock's sing, to hail the Spring, And Nature all is cheary. 1897 Outing 29 595/1 A colony of tuneful lavrocks darted their almost perpendicular flight above our heads. a1974 G. Heyer My Lord John (1977) iii. iv. 229 Somewhere a laverock was trilling in a cloudless sky. 2017 M. McCabe Two Closes & Referendum ix. 293 The laverock tweetlin in the caller air. Phrases In various proverbial, similative, and allusive phrases, as to rise with the laverock, to be up with the laverock: to get out of bed very early in the morning (cf. lark n.¹ Phrases 2); as blithe as a laverock: very happy and carefree (cf. lark n.¹ Phrases 4), etc. ΚΠ 1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 234 Lye down with the Lamb, and rise with the Laverock. 1737 A. Ramsay Coll. Scots Prov. 45 Live upon Love as Lav'rocks do on Leeks. 1817 A. M'Gennis Strathbogie I. ix. 188 With the laverock they quitted their downy beds. 1818 J. Hogg Brownie of Bodsbeck II. 144 Molly was as light-hearted as a kid, an' as blithe as a laverock. 1833 M. L. Grimstone Character I. vi. 130 She's as gay as the laverock, an sweet as the lintie! 1913 J. Macfarlane Songs of Thistle & Maple 37 My heart sings an' soars wi' the laverock, For joy that the gloamin' gi'es me. 1942 R. A. Hood Case of Kinnear xxiii. 267 Now she's..as cheery as a laverock. 2016 @billykayscot 12 Nov. in twitter.com (accessed 1 Nov. 2021) Sunday 6.am for thaim up afore the laverock. Compounds † laverock-height adv. Obsolete to the height of a soaring lark; very high. ΚΠ a1779 D. Graham Coll. Writings (1883) II. 35 He gart me loup laveruck height. 1786 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 162 Poor Leezie's heart maist lap the hool; Near lav'rock-height she jumpet. 1842 Gardener's Mag. Dec. 607 He..hoped that Bauldy would give up all thoughts of going to the dancing... ‘They may wallop laverock height for me,’ replied Bauldy; ‘I am determined to see the end o' this wark.’ This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022). < n.eOE
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