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单词 lettuce
释义

lettucen.

Brit. /ˈlɛtᵻs/, U.S. /ˈlɛdəs/
Forms:

α. Middle English letes, Middle English letous, Middle English letouse, Middle English letows, Middle English letuze, Middle English letwese, Middle English letys, Middle English–1500s letews, Middle English–1500s letuce, Middle English–1500s letus, Middle English–1500s letuse, Middle English–1500s letyse, Middle English–1600s lettuse, late Middle English betus (transmission error), 1500s letise, 1500s lettes, 1500s lettesse, 1500s letties, 1500s lettus, 1500s lettuze, 1500s lettyce, 1500s lettyse, 1500s–1600s lettis, 1500s–1600s lettise, 1500s–1700s lettice, 1500s– lettuce; Scottish pre-1700 letteis, pre-1700 lettouse, pre-1700 lettus, pre-1700 letus, pre-1700 letuse, pre-1700 1700s– lettuce, 1700s lattice.

β. Middle English latewes, late Middle English lattuce, late Middle English lotuse (transmission error), 1600s latice, 1700s lattice; Scottish pre-1700 latace, pre-1700 latows, pre-1700 lattouce, pre-1700 lattuce, pre-1700 latuce, pre-1700 latus.

γ. Middle English–1600s lactuce, 1500s lacteux, 1500s lactuse, 1500s laictuce, 1500s lectuse, 1600s lactise, 1600s lectuce.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French letuse, letues, letue.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman letuse (13th cent. or earlier), inferred singular of letues, plural of letue, leitue, lettue (c1130; compare Old French, Middle French, French laitue , Middle French, French †laictue ) < classical Latin lactūca lettuce ( < lact- , lac milk (see lacto- comb. form) + -ūca, suffix forming nouns), so called with reference to the milky juice of the plant. Compare Old Occitan lachuga, Catalan lletuga (14th cent.), Spanish lechuga (c1250), Italian lattuga (a1363; 1310 as †latuga).Although Palsgrave (1530) records lectus as a Middle French variant of laitue , neither such a form nor any forms with final -s(e are attested in continental French. Occasional instances of post-classical Latin letusa in British sources (1414, c1475) apparently show an adaptation of the English word; compare e.g.:?a1500 Nominale (Yale Beinecke 594) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 787/15 Hec letusa, letuse. Forms with medial -ct- (see γ. forms) are influenced by the ulterior etymon classical Latin lactūca; compare Middle French lactue, laictue (14th–15th cent.). It is unlikely that such forms show a survival of early Middle English lactuce (see below). Compare Old English leahtric, lehtric, lectric, and lactuc, lactuca, lactuce, representing respectively an early borrowing and a later reborrowing of classical Latin lactūca (see A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §§495, 541.4, 544.2, 545); both words survived into early Middle English in late copies of material of (probably) Old English composition; compare:eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 268 Lactuca, þuðistel, leahtric.eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. xvi. 194 Him is nyt þæt he hlaf þicgen [read þicge] on cealdum wætre oððe on ecede..& wyrta & lactucas, þæt is leahtric, & mealwan & hænne flæsc næs swiþe gesoden.OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xv. 150 Etan siððan ðæs lambes flæsc gebræd, and ðeorfe hlafas mid feldlicere lactucan.OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 146 Sarrabum, wilde lactuce.OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) 7 (table of contents) Herba lactuca siluatica þæt is wudulectric.OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) 19 (table of contents) Herba lactuca leporina þæt is lactuca.OE Byrhtferð Enchiridion (Ashm.) (1995) iii. i. 126 Þæt wat eall ceorlisc folc þæt grene lactucas beoð bitere.a1200 ( Laud Plant Gloss. 47 Lactuca siluatica, wydelectric.?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 29 Nim betan ane handfulle and lactucan ane handfulle. The Latin noun was also borrowed into other Germanic languages at an early date; compare Middle Dutch lacteke, lachteke (Dutch latuw), Middle Low German lattuke, lattike, Old High German lattuh, lattuhha, lattih, latihha (Middle High German latech, lattech, lattich, etc., German Lattich).
1.
a. Any plant of the genus Lactuca (family Asteraceae ( Compositae)) comprising annual and perennial plants with milky sap, native chiefly to north temperate regions; esp. (more fully garden lettuce) any of numerous cultivated varieties of Lactuca sativa, a short-stemmed plant with edible leaves used in salads or (less commonly) cooked as a vegetable. Also (as a mass noun): the leaves of this plant, or a number of these plants collectively.cabbage-, cos, prickly, romaine, wild lettuce, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > leaf vegetables > [noun] > lettuce
lettucec1300
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > leaf vegetables > lettuce
sleepworta1300
lettucec1300
c1300 Holy Cross (Laud) l. 598 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 18 A fair herbe, þat men cleopez letuse.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xcii. 982 Letuse hatte lactuca... Þerof is double kynde, wilde and tame.
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 351 (MED) Make poudre..& distempere it wiþ þe iuys of lactuce & plaunteyn.
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. l. 176 Letuce is to be sette in Ianyueer.
1480 Table Prouffytable Lernynge (Caxton) (1964) 12 Yet ben in the gardynes..Letews porselane.
1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 39 Breade steped in white brothe, with sodden lettyse, or cykorie, are good to be vsed.
1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 26 Muche vse of lettes hurteth the eysight.
1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. viii. f. 24 When the yonge lactuse beginne to growe, I cutte of the bitter and sower stalkes from the same.
1614 J. Cooke Greenes Tu Quoque L 3 b Did I eate any Lettice to supper last night, that I am so sleepie.
1651–3 Bp. J. Taylor Serm. for Year (1678) 108 A dish of Lettice and a clear Fountain can cool all my Heat.
1671 H. M. tr. Erasmus Colloquies 100 It is very fine Broth which he is served up in; the Lettice are very choyce ones.
1733 A. Pope 1st Satire 2nd Bk. Horace Imitated ii. i. 7 If your Point be Rest, [take] Lettuce and Cowslip Wine.
1776 R. Edmeades Gentleman & Lady's Gardener Dec. 91 Examine Cauliflowers and Lettuces under frames, pull off decayed leaves and stir up the earth betwixt them with your fingers.
1821 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 17 318 Among others, the Lactuca sativa, or common garden lettuce, had long been known to possess narcotic properties.
1828 C. McIntosh Pract. Gardener 123 The crops of lettuce sown upon slight hot-beds will be ready by the end of the month to plant out in sheltered places.
1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 540 Lettuce has glaucous vertical leaves.
1905 H. W. Collingwood Farmer's Garden i. 7 Garden lettuce is a narcotic; it induces quiet and actually helps those who cannot sleep if eaten at night.
1930 A. Ransome Swallows & Amazons vi. 71 Mother says I must give you plenty of lettuces and peas and things, or else you'll all get scurvy.
1988 J. Allen Awaiting Developments (1989) iv. 42 She tweezed up some lettuce with the wooden tongs and dropped it onto my plate.
2008 Hobby Farms May–June 43/1 Thin any succession plantings of lettuce, beets and Swiss chard.
b. With distinguishing word: any of various plants of other genera and families which resemble lettuce or are used in a similar way.frog's, hare's, lamb's, sea, water lettuce, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > leaf vegetables > [noun] > other leaves
nettle top?1585
lettuce1597
green food1658
peppergrass1696
Welsh onion1731
lamb's quarter1773
Shawnee salad1780
puha1843
poke greens1848
rauriki1848
swede greens1887
swede tops1887
lettuce green1900
leafy greena1918
rapini1959
1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 229 The stalk of hares lettuce or smooth Sowthistle, is oftentimes a cubite high.
1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. ii. iv. §3. 71 Sea-lettice.
1746 W. Ellis Agric. Improv'd I. May xxi. 161 In June, at a Distance, the Fields look as if all covered with spilt Milk; which is from a Flower, for that reason called Milk-Grass—(Lamb-Lettuce).
1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 197 The young leaves of the species of Valerianella are eaten as salad, under the French name of Mâche, or the English one of Lamb's Lettuce.
1897 M. E. Parsons Wild Flowers Calif. 16 Montia perfoliata... The succulent leaves and stems are greedily eaten by the Indians, from which it is called ‘Indian lettuce’.
1920 A. Arber Water Plants xvii. 213 In Africa, the River Lettuce, Pistia Stratiotes, plays a similar part to the Water Hyacinth of America in hindering navigation.
1945 Science 1 June 561/1 Common wildflowers such as redmaids and miner's lettuce.
1979 Harrowsmith No. 11. 55/1 Branch Lettuce (Saxifraga nicranthidifolia) is a plant with four-to-eight-inch, shiny green, succulent leaves with scalloped edges.
1996 R. Mabey Flora Britannica 363/1 Wall lettuce, Mycelis muralis, is quite common on shady banks and walls and in open woods.
2006 A. G. van der Valk Biol. Freshwater Wetlands vii. 139 Water hyacinth..and Water lettuce (Pistia stratiodes) are two other common invasive species that are common in canals.
2. [After post-classical Latin similem habent labra lactucam, an alleged saying of M. Crassus (according to Lucilius, cited in Jerome Epistles 7), when he saw an ass eating thistles.] Coupled with lips in allusive and proverbial contexts, with reference to two things which are suitable or appropriate for each other. Frequently in the proverb like lips, like lettuce (also such lips, such lettuce). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1540 R. Barnes Wks. (1573) 189/1 No doubt the prouerbe is true, such lippes such lectuse, such saintes such miracles.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1017/2 Like lips like lettice, as is their cause, so are the rulers.
1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. L2v He lefte such lettice as were too fine for his lips.
1599 H. Buttes Dyets Dry Dinner To Rdrs. sig. Aav Here are Lettuses for euery mans lips.
?a1600 ( R. Sempill Legend Bischop St. Androis in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlv. 367 Sic lipps, sic lattouce; lordis and lownes.
1619 Pasquils Palinodia To Rdr. sig. A2v If he like not these Lettice, let him pull backe his lips.
1677 W. Hughes Man of Sin iii. iv. 140 Well, but the Lettice and the Lips do well together.
1713 C. Place Heretical Char. ii. 158 The Devil knows..that the Lettice is fit for the Lips 'tis design'd for.
1897 19th Cent. Oct. 550 Shakespeare and Marlowe to the vile seem vile: Filths savour but themselves. Themselves, that is, and their Ibsens. ‘Like lips, like lettuce.’
3. slang (originally and chiefly U.S.). Money. Cf. cabbage n.1 8. [Probably with allusion to the green colour of U.S. banknotes.]
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > [noun]
silverc825
feec870
pennieseOE
wortheOE
mintOE
scata1122
spense?c1225
spendinga1290
sumc1300
gooda1325
moneya1325
cattlec1330
muckc1330
reasona1382
pecunyc1400
gilt1497
argentc1500
gelta1529
Mammon1539
ale silver1541
scruff1559
the sinews of war1560
sterling1565
lour1567
will-do-all1583
shell1591
trasha1592
quinyie1596
brass1597
pecuniary1604
dust1607
nomisma1614
countera1616
cross and pilea1625
gingerbreada1625
rhinoa1628
cash1646
grig1657
spanker1663
cole1673
goree1699
mopus1699
quid1699
ribbin1699
bustle1763
necessary1772
stuff1775
needfula1777
iron1785
(the) Spanish1788
pecuniar1793
kelter1807
dibs1812
steven1812
pewter1814
brad1819
pogue1819
rent1823
stumpy1828
posh1830
L. S. D.1835
rivetc1835
tin1836
mint sauce1839
nobbins1846
ochre1846
dingbat1848
dough1848
cheese1850
California1851
mali1851
ducat1853
pay dirt1853
boodle?1856
dinero1856
scad1856
the shiny1856
spondulicks1857
rust1858
soap1860
sugar1862
coin1874
filthy1876
wampum1876
ooftish1877
shekel1883
oil1885
oof1885
mon1888
Jack1890
sploshc1890
bees and honey1892
spending-brass1896
stiff1897
mazuma1900
mazoom1901
cabbage1903
lettuce1903
Oscar Asche1905
jingle1906
doubloons1908
kale1912
scratch1914
green1917
oscar1917
snow1925
poke1926
oodle1930
potatos1931
bread1935
moolah1936
acker1939
moo1941
lolly1943
loot1943
poppy1943
mazoola1944
dosh1953
bickies1966
lovely jubbly1990
scrilla1994
1903 K. E. Harriman Homebuilders 37 Unroll that bunch of lettuce you got in your mit and count out thirty-five bucks.
1932 J. Dos Passos 1919 57 He still had more'n fifty iron men, quite a roll of lettuce for a guy like him.
1967 P. G. Wodehouse Company for Henry v. 84 How are you fixed for lettuce, Hank?.. Dough. Cash. Glue... Money.
1974 J. Wainwright Cause for Killing 216 Any out-of-this-world luxury. Any service. Anything! You have the lettuce... Phoenicia Street can oblige.
1995 W. Friedwald Sinatra! (1997) x. 476 Trilogy was a smash hit, going gold in a matter of weeks.., which at $21 a pop added up to a lot of lettuce.
4. A medium shade of green resembling that of lettuce; = lettuce green n. 1. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > green or greenness > [noun] > shade or tint of green > other greens
beech-greenc1450
frost on green1559
sap1572
apple green1648
sap-green1686
myrtle green1717
Brunswick green1790
pistachio1791
pistachio green1793
mountain green1794
lettuce green1834
copper-green1843
canard1872
myrtle1872
leaf-green1880
cress-green1883
cresson1883
watercress green1883
lizard-green1897
jade1921
apple1923
laurel1923
mango1930
laurel-green1938
lettuce1963
mint1967
1963 New Yorker 1 June 115 These shirts..in..cedar, lettuce, navy or red.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
lettuce bed n.
ΚΠ
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. vi. vi. 196 Those that will be good husbands may sow Radishes in their Lettuce Beds.
1788 tr. J. H. Campe New Robinson Crusoe II. vii. 4 To-day we have only been weeding and watering our lettuce beds.
1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 380 The fierce currents of the wet season..play great havoc with these lettuce beds.
1999 K. Oshiro Growing Veg. Hawai'i 57 Carefully dig up the largest seedlings and transplant them into a lettuce bed.
lettuce leaf n.
ΚΠ
?a1547 Ten Recipes Henry VIII in Vicary's Anat. Bodie of Man (1888) App. ix. 227 Nightshade leaves, lactuce leaves, henbayne leaves.
1675 J. Blagrave New Additions Art Husbandry (new ed.) sig. H5v Be sure to give her [sc. a linnet] a Beet-Leaf, or Lettice-Leaf upon the day that you give her Plantain-Water.
1747 tr. J. Astruc Academical Lect. Fevers 195 To fulfill the same intention, we may apply lettice-leaves to the patient's forehead.
1831 Naturalist 1 251 This lady had become convinced that silkworms could not safely be fed on lettuce leaves for a longer period than three weeks.
1911 F. M. Farmer Catering for Special Occasions iv. 84 Mix with Mayonnaise dressing, arrange in nests of lettuce leaves for individual service.
1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 200 I forked out the last potato salad then folded over the lettuce leaf holding it secure with the knife.
lettuce seed n.
ΚΠ
1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Norbert (1977) l. 2160 Lich a letuse seed, þei sey, was his mette.
1549–50 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1911) IX. 385 Tua unce of letteis seid, v s.
1683 W. Salmon Doron Medicum iii. 660 Oyl of Lettice Seeds.
1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. i. i. 9 Some Lettice-Seed being sown..in the open Air.
1806 B. M'Mahon Amer. Gardener's Cal. 180 You may sow..different sorts of lettuce-seed.
1949 E. P. Abraham & H. W. Florey in H. W. Florey et al. Antibiotics I. vii. 306 Germination of lettuce seeds was entirely suppressed by a concentration of 1 in 20,000 of javanicin.
2001 Your Garden Jan. 70/2 For fun, try packets of mixed red and green lettuce seed.
C2.
lettuce cabbage n. Obsolete = cabbage lettuce n. at cabbage n.1 Compounds 4.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > leaf vegetables > [noun] > lettuce > types of lettuce
cabbage lettuce?1537
minion1693
passion-lettuce1704
cos lettuce1706
lettuce cabbage1731
rabbit food1772
romaine1865
grass1867
iceberg lettuce1893
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > leaf vegetables > lettuce > types of
cabbage lettuce?1537
Roman lettuce1577
minion1693
passion-lettuce1704
cos lettuce1706
shell-lettuce1707
lettuce cabbage1731
Silesia1731
rabbit food1772
Tom Thumb1847
romaine1865
oak leaf1892
iceberg lettuce1893
mignonette1923
lollo biondo1987
lollo rosso1987
1731 Gentleman's Mag. 1 408 Make Plantations of Lettuce Cabbage for Winter use.
1789 J. Abercrombie Compl. Kitchen Gardener 176 To have lettuce cabbages in winter, sow some green Cos, Ægyptian, and cabbage lettuce, in the beginning and middle of August.
lettuce juice n. juice extracted or made from lettuce and formerly used as a sedative.
ΚΠ
1774 Gazetteer & New Daily Advertiser 23 May 1/1 Lettuce Juice, which supplies the place of laudanum without its mischief.
1832 E. Lankester Veg. Substances Food 299 The narcotic property of lettuce-juice has been long familiarly known.
1915 Urol. & Cutaneous Rev. Dec. 707/1 Internally the patient was given decoctions of lettuce juice, hemp, orchis root, water-lily, etc.
1997 N. J. Coney Compl. Soapmaker vii. 76 Liquefy, and weigh the lettuce juice, adding water to make 9 ounces.
lettuce opium n. = lactucarium n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > an intoxicating drug > [noun] > a) narcotic drug(s) > miscellaneous narcotic drugs from plants
henbane?a1425
metel1528
datura1598
carpese1605
cabbage bark1777
majoun1780
lettuce opium1799
stramonium1802
niopo1821
tea oil1837
khat1858
pituri1861
steppe rue1881
ololiuqui1894
toloache1894
yopo1916
mellow yellow1966
1799 J. R. Coxe in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 4 395 The quantity of extractive matter in the lettuce opium, is considerably greater than in the common.
1816 A. Duncan in Mem. Caled. Hortic. Soc. (1819) II. 312 A substance..which I have denominated Lactucarium or Lettuce Opium.
1901 Pharmaceut. Jrnl. 15 June 771/1 Lactucarium or lettuce opium is formed by the hardening of that fluid into yellowish-brown masses.
1999 S. Foster & V. E. Tyler Tyler's Honest Herbal (ed. 4) 237 Over the years, repeated attempts have been made to demonstrate sedative and painkilling effects in lettuce opium.
lettuce water n. an infusion of lettuce, used esp. as an ingredient in medicinal remedies.
ΚΠ
1575 G. Turberville Bk. Faulconrie 222 You must..bathe the perche, & also hir [sc. a hawk's] legges..wt Lettice water, or Nightshade water.
1704 tr. P. Dubé Poor Man's Physician & Surgeon iii. i. 80 All these bruise in a Mortar with two Pugils of the Water of Lillies, and a little Rose or Lettuce-water.
1836 J. M. Gully tr. F. Magendie Formulary (ed. 2) 104 Lettuce water 4 ounces.
1910 A. C. Wootton Chron. Pharmacy I. xiii. 374 With plantain water it [sc. spirit of vitriol] was a remedy against diarrhœa; and with lettuce water it became a narcotic.
2004 M. Roberts Herbal Beauty for Healthy Living viii. 75 Lettuce water will soothe sunburn and rough, wind-burned skin.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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