landaun.1
/ˈlandɔː/, /ˈlandaʊ/, U.S. /ˈlænˌdaʊ/ A four-wheeled carriage, the top of which, being made in two parts, may be closed or thrown open, When open, the rear part is folded back, and the front part entirely removed. Also landau carriage.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > carriage for conveying persons > [noun] > types of carriage > for private driving > specific types
landau1743
landaulet1771
Tib1793
barouche1801
German wagon1805
barouchet1807
brougham1851
Sefton1885
shelburne1889
1743 in J. Strang Glasgow (1856) 17 The coach or lando to contain six passengers.
1748 St. James's Evening Post No. 5982 Three Landaus with six Horses each..waited his coming.
1753 W. Shenstone Wks. & Lett. III. 218 There were near 200 people gathered round Lady Luxborough's landeau at Birmingham.
1786 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) XI. 322 The Pope was in an open landau.
1794 W. Felton Treat. Carriages I. 39 Landau or landaulet bodies. These kinds of bodies differ nothing in shape from those last mentioned. The landau is the coach, the landaulet the chariot form.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 306/1 The landau..combines more than the advantages of three distinct vehicles—a close carriage, a barouche or half-headed carriage, and one entirely open.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
Landaun.2
/ˈlandɔː/, /ˈlandaʊ/, U.S. /ˈlænˌdaʊ/ Physics.
Used attributively to designate concepts introduced by Landau or arising out of his work, as Landau damping n. the damping of a plasma oscillation through conversion of some of its kinetic energy into the potential energy of plasma particles, rather than through loss of momentum in collisions between particles. Landau level n. each of a series of discrete energy levels into which a magnetic field splits the continuous energy distribution of the conduction electrons of a metal at very low temperatures.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > superconductivity > [noun] > discrete energy level
Landau level1960
the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > plasma or ionized gas > [noun] > oscillation of electrons in > reduction of
Landau damping1960
1960 G. Francis Ionization Phenomena in Gases vii. 260 A physical picture of Landau damping, i.e. without collisions, now emerges.
1963 Bull. Amer. Physical Soc. 8 309/1 These oscillations can be explained by the scattering of electrons from the 1st to the 2nd or 3rd Landau levels through the absorption of optical phonons.
1968 Jrnl. Physics C 1 1711 In the magnetophonon effect an oscillatory variation of resistance with magnetic field is caused by resonant scattering of electrons between Landau levels by longitudinal optical phonons.
1973 Appl. Physics Lett. 23 41/1 Because of the quantizing longitudinal magnetic field, the conduction band is split into Landau levels.
1987 Nature 9 Apr. 563/2 As a result..the paradox arises of the disappearance of Landau damping in the magnetic field.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1997; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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